中国冰川资源及其分布特征:中国冰川目录编制完成

依据国际冰川编目完成的中国冰川目录１１卷２１册的统计,中国境内共发育冰川４６２９８条,总面积５９４０６ｋｍ＾２,冰储量约５５９０ｋｍ＾３,是中低纬度山地冰川是发育的国家,按山系和水系两种体系分别进行冰川编目,获得了中国西部及其各区域的冰川条数、面积和储量等多项指标的确切数量,发现了中国冰川及其雪线分布的若干新特征,这对于西部山区水资源的开发利用和冰雪灾害的防治等具有重要的科学意义和实用价值。     

关于山谷冰川冰—岩界面地貌过程与冰川动力耦合模式——以中天山冰…

对冰川侵蚀形态的观测与分析得知：（１）冰川槽谷中冰川擦痕的大小和密度在中心较大，鲸背岩出现在冰种槽谷的中部、羊背石发育在槽谷两侧。因此，可以将槽谷分为强烈磨蚀的中部和弱磨蚀而强拔蚀的两侧。（２）冰坎的纵剖面上，迎冰面可见鲸背岩、羊背石以及倾角２０°的剪切裂隙；背冰面以拔蚀为主，见倾角４０°的张性裂隙，沿冰川槽谷纵向，剪切裂隙出现在压缩部位，张裂隙出现在伸张部位，它反映出冷底冰川的动力特性与冰床基岩     

冰川构造浅析

冰川是地壳上重要的地质体之一,开展冰川构造的研究不仅丰富了冰川学的研究内容,而且也开拓了构造地质学的研究领域。文章分析了冰川变形的各种物理参数,并以绒布冰川和阿厄玛卿冰川为例阐明了我国冰川构造的基本特征,如冰川构造变形的多样性,冰川构造发育的层次性及运动学与动力学的某些特点等,提出了我国冰川构造研究的方向和任务。     

梅里雪山明永冰川的特征与变化

梅里雪山主峰卡格薄峰海拔６７４０ｍ,位于怒江与澜沧江之间,是尚未被人类征服的神秘高峰之一。位于卡格薄峰东坡的明永冰川,长１１．７ｋｍ,冰川末端海拔２６６０ｍ,是目前横断山区第二条较长的冰川。这是一条横断山区海拔最低的季风海洋性冰川,其冰舌上部运动速度可达５３３ｍ／ａ。１９７１￣１９８２和１９９８年冰川均处于前进状态。     

贡嘎山海螺沟冰川地质环境的基本特征

贡嘎山海螺沟为冰川地质作用的冰川谷,其中、下游河谷为古冰川谷,上游发育着现代冰川,它是横断山主峰贡嘎山地区冰川群中最宏大的一条冰川.自第四纪以来,强烈的冰川地质作用塑造了海螺沟流域特殊的山地与河谷地貌,因其距大城市较近,成为人们研究和观赏冰川奇观不可多得的地点.使之越来越受到中外游客的青睐.     

北半球冰川物质平衡的突变

据世界冰川监测处（ＷＧＭＳ）收集,编辑和出版的全球冰川物质平衡序列资料,用序列平均滑动ｔ检验,探测了北半球２０ａ以上长序列３３条冰川的１０ａ尺度突变。结果表明,突变发生年代的区域特征与气候环流背景突变很相近。证实冰川年物质平衡序列反映气候背景突出的能力与灵敏性。     

太白山古冰川地貌与地质构造

太白山分布有更新世冰川地形,其冰川槽谷在平面上呈“十”字型排列;横剖面EW向的呈宽谷形,NS向是呈U型:纵剖面EW向比较平坦,SN向呈阶梯状,其中有许多断裂陡坎。冰斗均位于断裂交汇点,面积不大而深度却相当大。这些地形的形态特征可以用构造加以解释,断裂破碎带是最有利于冰川刨蚀的地段。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部中生界地层节理发育特征与古应力场

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部中生代地层中发育有六组节理(E-W、N-S、ENE-WSW、NNW-SSE、WNW-ESE、NNE-SSW),并且构成三期的正交节理系统(E-W与N-S、ENE-WSW与NNW-SSE、WNW-ESE与NNE-SSW).三期正交节理系统形成的先后期次为:E-W向和N-S向两组节理最早形成,WNW-ESE向和NNE-SSW向两组节理为第二期形成,ENE-WSW向和NNW-SSE向两组节理则最晚形成.E-W向、N-S向和ENE-WSW向三组节理的节理间距指数(FSI)分析结果表明,节理间距的发育程度除了受岩层厚度控制外,还受区域应力场的控制.E-W向、N-S向和ENE-WSW向三组节理的节理间距率(FSR)值分布范围指示不同组节理在区域上发育程度具有差异性.此外,E-W向的优势节理组的FSR值有超过间距与层厚比值的临界值,而非优势组的SN向节理的FSR值则全部小于临界值,表明E-W向和N-S向两组节理组成最早一期的正交节理系统.盆内中生代地层中的三期正交节理系统,所对应的古应力场分别为:(1)晚侏罗世盆地处在近E-W向的挤压环境下,形成了第一期正交节理系统,为E-W向和N-S向两组节理;应力来源于古太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲所产生的NW-SE向的挤压分量.(2)晚白垩世时,来自于古太平洋板块俯冲产生的NW-SE向挤压应力形成了第二期正交节理系统的WNW-ESE向和NNE-SSW向两组节理.(3)晚白垩世末至新生代,印度板块向欧亚板块下的俯冲产生NE-SW向的远程挤压应力,形成第三期正交节理系统的ENE-WSW向和NNW-SSE向两组节理.     

秦岭造山带的构造格架和构造单位新划分

构造格架和构造单位是造山带中最重要的两个结构特征。秦岭构造格架是东西向与南北向构造共存的造山带。笔者以秦岭最新的实际资料按板块构造学说和抽拉－－逆冲岩片构造（或抽拉构造）观点编出新的地质构造图，提出秦岭是四类岩石地层－－地质体按非线性、混沌动力学的关系组合而成的拼贴叠置堆垛体，不存在自北而南或自南而北按时代形成的碰撞增生构造带。     

The northern New Hebrides back-arc troughs: history and relation with the North Fiji basin

The New Hebrides back-arc troughs (southwest Pacific) are located between the New Hebrides trench-arc system and the active North Fiji marginal basin. They are restricted to the southern and northern segments of the arc and were generally related to effects of the Indo-Australian subducting plate (rolling-back and/or subduction of the d'Entrecasteaux ridge). A detailed bathymetric and magnetic survey over the northern back-arc troughs is used to propose a new model for the origin of the New Hebrides back-arc troughs. The northern troughs extend over a width of 60 km and are composed of N-S trending grabens and horsts, discontinuous along strike and associated with volcanism. The troughs are disrupted southward at 13° 30′S, where the Hazel Holme fracture zone intercepts the New Hebrides island arc. The E-W trending Hazel Holme fracture zone is an extensional feature bisecting the North Fiji basin. In its western end, the Hazel Hohne fracture zone is composed of a succession of horsts and grabens striking N90 ° –N100 ° E. Geometrical and structural relationships between the back-arc troughs and the Hazel Holme fracture zone suggest that both these extensional features result from the same process and are closely linked. The northern troughs-western end of the Hazel Holme fracture zone region is dominated by N130°–135°E trending magnetic lineations typical of oceanic crust. These lineations are oblique to the horsts and grabens systems, and are characteristic of the old North Fiji basin oceanic crust. Consequently we conclude that the northern back-arc troughs are partly developed on the North Fiji basin oceanic basement and that extensional tectonic processes postdate the oldest North Fiji basin oceanic crust. Morphological and structural evidence suggests that both the back-arc troughs and the Hazel Holme fracture zone are recent, still active and result from NE-SW extensional tectonics. Because other tectonic features throughout the North Fiji basin are related to the same stress field, it is inferred that such a NE-SW extension could be a large-scale deformation affecting the North Fiji basin. It is proposed that the back-arc troughs are primarily related to this recent extension within the North Fiji basin, but their locations along the arc are also influenced by the subduction of the d'Entrecasteaux ridge which produces, south of 13°30′S, nearly E-W trending compression and prevents the formation of troughs. Possibly, these recent extensional tectonic processes result from a major reorganization in the spreading process of the North Fiji basin, and could be as young as 0.6–0.7 Ma.     

Correlation between the structural pattern and the development of the hydrographic network in a portion of the Western Thessaly Basin (Greece)

In the context of the present study the structural pattern in the Western Thessaly Basin (Greece) has been examined, based on structural data collected from the entire study area that were further correlated to the hydrographic network. The structural pattern of the area was revealed from tectonic analysis. Additionally, the topography, stratigraphy and sedimentology of the study area were taken into account. GIS techniques were used to map the spatial distribution of the geological and tectonic features on the topographic relief of the area. The oldest structures are contractional in nature, deformed by normal faulting related to the extensional episodes initiated in Serravallian times. It is inferred that the orientation of the stress field in the area has changed several times: the N-S stress field which was dominant during Late Serravallian times changed to NW-SE (Messinian-Zanclian) up to E-W in Zanclian and subsequently to roughly NNW-SSE (in late Piacencian). The NE-SW stress that was dominant in Pleistocene became N-S in later times. In addition, some changes in orientation are also indicated for the transitional periods of the pre-mentioned extensional episodes, possibly related to local events, or as a block-related deformation. The development of the 7^th order streams is probably related to the N-S extensional faulting initiated in Pliocene times, while the dominant direction of the 6^th, 5^th and 4^th order streams is possibly connected with the presence of the NNE-SSW and NW-SE extensional faults. Finally, the lower order streams are probably related to the most recent E-W striking normal faults.     

黄海新生代构造及油气勘探前景

黄海构造是地质领域重要的研究课题,尤其是南黄海油气勘探工作虽然经过了30多年的研究与勘探,但至今仍进展不大;因此,如何突破该区油气勘探的难题引起普遍关注。黄海地区在新生代经历过2次近南北向的缩短与挤压(135~52 Ma,23~0.78 Ma)和2次近东西向的缩短与挤压(52~23 Ma,0.78 Ma—)。新生代的4个构造期对于油气资源的形成、运移和保存产生了重大的影响。白垩纪—古新世是形成盆-山体系的雏型时期,始新世—渐新世(52~23Ma)是生油层形成的主要时期,中新世—早更新世(23~0.78 Ma)的构造作用使NNE向的先存断裂成为油气运移的良好通道,中更新世以来(0.78 Ma—)近东西向的挤压使NNE向的断层闭合,为油气的保存创造了良好的条件。建议大力加强南黄海地区NNE向的先存断裂与古近系相交部位及其上部的油气勘探工作。     

基于V指数的他念他翁山中段冰川槽谷形态特征及影响因素分析

冰川槽谷作为冰川作用区分布最典型的冰川地貌之一,对其形态特征及影响因素的研究,有助于揭示冰川发育的动力学过程。基于V指数模型及MATLAB半自动提取方法,分析并探讨了他念他翁山中段冰川槽谷形态发育特征及造成槽谷形态差异的影响因素。结果表明：研究区共发育206条冰川槽谷,大多为“U”形或偏“U”形,长4.5~26 km之间,平均宽度1.8 km,深200~500 m,海拔高度介于5 730~3 274 m。槽谷形态横向分布规律：V指数多为0.2~0.3,北东向发育V指数大于0.3的谷地多于西南向,说明东坡槽谷侵蚀程度强于西坡。V指数沿槽谷纵向主要有两种变化趋势：V指数增大,冰川槽谷横剖面“U”形发育特点逐渐增强;V指数减小,冰川槽谷横剖面“U”形发育特点减弱。研究区冰川槽谷发育以侧蚀为主,形态的差异性是冰川自身特性、冰川作用区地形与基岩岩性等多种因素共同作用的结果。其中,冰川作用区的平均坡度、平均地形起伏度与古冰川作用区面积是造成这种分布差异的主要因素。     

Successive Extensional Tectonic Regimes during the Mesozoic as Evidenced by Neptunian Dikes in the Pontide Magmatic Arc,Northeast Turkey

The eastern Pontide magmatic arc extends ～600 km in an E-W direction along the Black Sea coast and was disrupted by a series of fault systems trending NE-SW, NW-SE, E-W, and N-S. These fault systems are responsible for the formation of diachronous extensional basins, rift or pull-apart, in the northern, southern, and axial zones of the eastern Pontides during the Mesozoic. Successive extensional or transtensional tectonic regimes caused the abortive Liassic rift basins and the Albian and Campanian pull-apart basins with deep-spreading troughs in the southern and axial zones. Liassic, Albian, and Campanian neptunian dikes, which indicate extensional tectonic regimes, crop out within the Paleozoic granites near Kale, Gumushane, and the Malm–Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates in Amasya and Gumushane. These neptunian dikes correspond to extensional cracks that are filled and overlain by the fossiliferous red pelagic limestones. Multidirectional Liassic neptunian dikes are consistent with the general trend of the paleofaults (NE-SW, NW-SE, and E-W), and active dextral North Anatolian fault (NAF) and sinistral Northeast Anatolian fault (NEAF) systems. The Albian neptunian dikes in Amasya formed in the synthetic oblique left-lateral normal faults of the main fault zone that runs parallel to the active North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ).

Kinematic interpretation of the Liassic and Albian neptunian dikes suggests N-S extensional stress or northward movement of the Pontides along the conjugate fracture zones parallel to the NAFZ and NEAFZ. This northward movement of the Pontides in Liassic and Albian times requires left-lateral and right-lateral slips along the conjugate NAFZ and Northeast Anatolian fault zones (NEAFZ), respectively, in contrast to the recent active tectonics that have been accommodated by N-S compressional stress. On the other hand, mutual relationships between the neptunian dikes and the associated main fault zone of Campanian age extending in an E-W direction in the Kale area, Gumushane suggest the existence of a main left-lateral transtensional wrench zone. This system might be accommodated by the counterclockwise convergence of the Turkish plate with the Afro-Arabian plate relative to the Eurasian plate, and the southward oblique subduction of Paleotethys beneath the eastern Pontide magmatic arc during the Mesozoic.     

胶南晚中生代大珠花岗岩岩体的脆性变形机制

在长期变化的构造应力作用下,胶南大珠山花岗岩岩体自早白垩世冷凝冷却以来发生强烈的脆性破裂变形,形成了多样的破裂类型如岩脉、节理和断层。在该岩体冷凝冷却早期侵入的细晶花岗岩脉和稍后形成的N-S向节理组反映出与同期区域构造应力场协调的N-S向挤压作用,而后伴随着揭顶剥蚀,出现了交替变化的构造应力场形成了岩体内主导的NW-NNW向和NE向节理组。整体上,恢复出的岩体内构造应力场发生顺时针方向旋转,最大水平挤压由早期的N-S向偏转为晚期的近E-W向。构造应力场的长期变化、平行节理作用和节理断层化作用造成了研究区复杂的破裂型式和破裂序列。     

Plio-Quaternary geodynamic evolution of a segment of the Peruvian Andean Cordillera located above the change in the subduction geometry: the Cuzco region

The Cuzco region, which is located above a change in subduction geometry, appears to be characterized by a variable Plio-Quaternary tectono-sedimentary evolution essentially located along the major fault system that separates the High Plateaux from the Eastern Cordillera. After the higher surface formation of the High Plateaux, a set of Neogene basins were filled by Miocene “ fluvio-torrential” series and by Plio-Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits. The Neogene series have been affected by compressional tectonic forces attributed to the Late Miocene. This compression is followed by roughly E-W trending syn-sedimentary extensional tectonics attributed to the Pliocene; it is related to reactivation of the pre-existing major faults, basin evolution, and volcanic activity concentrated along the faults. In the Early Pleistocene, fluvio-lacustrine deposits are affected by syn- and post-sedimentary compressional tectonism it is characterized by shortening that trends both N-S and E-W and produces folding and faulting of the sedimentary cover. Extensional tectonism trending roughly N-S has been taking place from the Middle Pleistocene to the Present; it is coeval with shoshonitic volcanic activity, and with sedimentation of fluvio-lacustrine terraces, torrential fans and moraines. Quaternary and active normal faults due to this tectonism, are located in a narrow zone more than 100 km-long between the High Plateaux and the Eastern Cordillera, and two 15 km-long fault sectors in the Eastern Cordillera. Characteristic Pleistocene scarps, 400 m or more high, are due to the cumulative normal offset, and there are also little scarps, with heights ranging between 2 and 20 m, which are related to Holocene fault reactivations. Recent fault reactivation on the Cuzco fault system, during the April 5, 1986 earthquake (m_b = 5.3), is due to the N-S trending extension. This state of stress, located at a mean elevation of roughly 3730 m, is generally homogeneous to different scales. The active Cuzco normal faults may be a consequence of adjustment between the compensated Western Cordillera and the undercompensated Eastern Cordillera, this latter being uplifted higher than its isostatic equilibrium due to compression acting on its eastern edge. The variation of the state of stress, during the Plio-Quaternary is in agreement with the variations of the compressional boundary forces. It may be explained by variation of the convergence rate or by the variation of pull-slab forces.