氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床中碲、硒、铊富集机制的研究进展

富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床目前提供了全球几乎所有的硒、碲及部分铊产量,其中氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床可共伴生碲、硒、铊等稀散金属。文章从元素地球化学行为、矿床类型、岩浆作用、赋存状态、稀散金属与铜金关系等方面,总结了氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床中有关碲、硒、铊富集机制的研究进展。碲、硒具有亲铁和亲硫的特征,而铊具有亲硫和亲石的双重特征,三者具有不同程度的挥发性。岩浆热液型矿床伴生有碲、硒、铊矿化。基性岩浆的注入和岩浆硫化物熔离可能是氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床碲、硒、铊富集的主要岩浆作用。氧化性富金斑岩-矽卡岩矿床中铜和金含量通常呈正相关性,发育有丰富的含碲/硒/铊矿物,但碲、硒、铊与铜、金的关系还不清楚。长江中下游成矿带发育多个氧化性矽卡岩金矿、矽卡岩铜金矿,伴生大规模的碲、硒、铊矿化,且已被综合回收利用,该带是探讨氧化性富金矽卡岩矿床中碲、硒、铊富集机制的理想对象。     

安徽和县香泉独立铊矿床的地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

安徽和县香泉铊矿床位于长江中下游成矿带北侧的皖东地区,是目前为止发现的罕见独立铊矿床。和县地区位于扬子板块、华北板块和大别造山带之间的过渡带,区内无岩浆岩出露。矿床的赋矿围岩为奥陶系下统仑山组微晶灰岩、泥灰岩和泥岩,主要控矿构造为断裂和褶皱。矿床主要由一个矿体组成,矿体总体上为似层状和透镜状,分布与地层走向大体一致。矿床中铊高度富集,黄铁矿是铊的主要载体矿物,铊主要以类质同象形式替代铁进入黄铁矿晶格,其次以纳米级、次纳米级铊矿物颗粒形式产出。矿床的围岩主要蚀变类型有萤石化、重晶石化、硅化和碳酸盐化等。矿床的地质地球化学特征研究表明,铊矿床的形成经历了两个成矿期,即海底热水沉积成矿期和低温热液改造成矿期。奥陶纪海底热水形成含铊黄铁矿建造,早白垩纪低温成矿流体对黄铁矿建造进行叠加改造,并使铊进一步活化富集。香泉铊矿床的发现和研究表明,分散元素铊不仅可以富集形成伴生型多元素矿床,还可以形成单一元素的独立铊矿床。     

扬子克拉通前寒武纪基底对中生代大面积低温成矿的制约

大面积低温成矿主要见于扬子克拉通和美国中西部,且扬子克拉通比美国中西部具有更多的矿床类型,在全球极具特色,是建立大面积低温成矿理论的理想区域。前人对扬子克拉通中生代大面积低温矿作用进行了较系统的研究,在矿床地质特征、矿床物质组成、成矿流体特征、成矿时代和成矿动力学背景等方面,已取得重要进展。进一步的研究表明,扬子低温成矿域不同矿种的矿床组合(Pb-Zn、Au-Hg-Sb-As、Au-Sb等)在地理位置上是分区产出的,而这种不同矿床组合的分区对应着不同类型的前寒武纪基底。初步证据显示,扬子克拉通前寒武纪基底(含寒武纪)富含低温成矿元素,深循环流体浸取基底岩石中的成矿元素发生了大面积低温成矿,而基底岩石成矿元素组成的空间不均一分布则控制了不同区域矿床组合的差异。应指出的是,由于成矿金属元素来源示踪的复杂性,大面积低温成矿的物质基础尚需更系统的研究进一步证实。     

铊──寻找微细浸染型金矿床的指示元素

本文对桂西北几个微细浸染型金矿床研究表明：Tl在矿石中富集，K／Tl、Ba／Tl比值，在矿石中明显低于围岩，Tl含量、K／Tl、Ba／Tl比值离差小，变化稳定，利用他们作为指示元素及特征比值寻找微细浸染型金矿床是一条可行途径。     

Geological and geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Xiangquan Tl-only deposit,eastern China

The Xiangquan Tl deposit, located in the northern part of the Middle–Lower Yangtze Valley metallogenic belt, eastern China, is the only known Tl-only deposit. It is hosted in micritic limestone, marl and mudstone of the Lower Ordovician Lunshan Formation. The orebodies are controlled by the Xiao–Xiaolongwang–Dalongwang anticline and two reverse faults, and are generally stratabound and lenticular. Tl is only ore metal contained in disseminated, massive, brecciated and banded ores. The ore is composed of Tl-bearing pyrite, and gangue minerals quartz, fluorite, barite and carbonate. Alteration minerals include fluorite, barite, fine grained quartz and carbonate. Tl occurs isomorphously replacing iron in the lattice of pyrite, and less commonly as tiny independent Tl-bearing minerals which may be lafossaite (TlAsS₂) or lorandite (TlCl) appearing as 0.1–1 μm-sized cubic crystals. Xiangquan is a submarine sedimentary deposit and demonstrates that Tl, as a normally dispersed element, can form not only part of poly-metallic deposits but also as independent Tl deposits.     

贵州兴仁生物成因红铊矿及其地质意义

贵州兴仁滥木厂铊矿床中主要工业矿物红铊矿(lorandite )是在沉积成岩时由生物富集形成的铊矿物,在铊矿石中可见到大量的微古动物化石,其中有孔虫和苔藓虫类占绝大部分。绝大部分微古动物化石都被含铊矿液交代,形成保留生物假像的红铊矿物斜硫砷汞铊矿。生物成因红铊矿的发现为矿床成矿模式和成矿时代的厘定提供新的证据。生物富集成矿和热液改造成矿是该矿床最主要的成矿特征。对生物群时限,硫同位素组成和生物富集成矿现象分析表明,生物富集成矿阶段发生在晚二叠世,即海西晚期,而热液改造成矿阶段则发 生在中三叠世,即印支早期。在热液改造成矿阶段形成的矿石中见不到生物假像铊矿物,其完全被典型热液铊矿物所替代。     

A preliminary investigation and evaluation of the thallium environmental impacts of the unmined Xiangquan thallium-only deposit in Hexian,China

The Xiangquan Thallium-only deposit in Hexian, east China is a newly found near-surface and unmined shallow-seated thallium deposit. The 250t Tl deposit is hosted in Lower Ordovician Lunshan Group as lenticular and confined by northeast F1, F2 faults. The metallic minerals are dominated by pyrite, more than 95% Tl occurs in pyrite as tiny individual grains or as ‘‘invisible thallium”. Tl and other trace elements pollution in ecosystems such as soils, surface and ground waters and water sediments, plants and crops, and animal and human beings in Xiangquan near the Tl ore deposit have been investigated and evaluated. Results show that Tl as well as As and Sb in ecosystems in Xiangquan around the deposit have enriched, they came from Tl-pyrite in the ore bodies and in the parent rocks of weathered soils on top of the ore bodies and went into the nearby ecosystems through weathering, leaching and dissolving. In 2 km² around the Xiaolongwang Mountain where the Tl ore deposit seated, soils, vegetables, crops have been polluted or heavily polluted by Tl, As and Sb. Farmlands near the ore body are not fit to grow vegetables and crops. Thermal Spring water in Xiangquan town and pond water close to the Tl deposit are not potable. Tl also enriches in human hair and urinate of villagers who live close to the Tl deposit. Even through the Tl-only deposit has put clear environmental impacts on the local environment and ecosystems around it, no serious consequences of Tl pollution have so far taken place due to unmining of the Tl deposit as well as the screen effect of the silicficious breccia cap on top of it. All this work adds new knowledge to understand Tl behavior in unmined Tl deposit, and also benefit to the local environmental protection and the future mineral resources exploration.     

安徽和县香泉独立铊矿床铊的赋存状态研究

分散元素铊成矿作用的相关研究近年来已经取得了重要进展,但矿床中铊的赋存状态研究仍有待深入.香泉独立铊矿床位于长江中下游成矿带北侧的皖东地区,该矿床中铊的赋存状态研究对拓展铊元素成矿研究具有重要意义.本文通过矿相学、微量元素地球化学、电子探针分析和X射线粉晶分析等方法,确定了香泉铊矿床中黄铁矿是铊的主要载体矿物.铊在黄铁矿中主要以类质同象形式替代铁进入黄铁矿晶格,其次以纳米级、次纳米级铊矿物颗粒形式产出.     

班公湖-怒江成矿带金成矿规律及成矿作用初讨

金矿是班公湖-怒江成矿带的优势矿种之一。由于地质工作程度总体较低,金矿的成矿规律和成矿作用研究相对薄弱,严重制约了金矿的评价。本文在前人已有研究成果的基础上,通过大量的野外地质调查与综合研究成果,初步论述了班公湖-怒江成矿带金的成矿地质背景、金矿床的主要成因类型、时空分布特征和成矿作用。研究结果表明,班公湖-怒江成矿带金矿床(点)在空间分布上具有东西成带,相对集中的分布特征。金主要以共生、伴生的形式存在。矿床类型有矽卡岩型、斑岩型、造山型和浅成低温热液型等4类,其成矿时代集中于晚侏罗世—晚白垩世。依据矿床成因及成矿作用主控因素,可将班公湖-怒江成矿带金矿床归纳为与洋壳俯冲消减作用有关的岩浆热液金成矿系统和与大陆碰撞造山作用有关的金成矿系统。与洋壳俯冲消减作用有关的岩浆热液金成矿系统可进一步划分出浅成低温热液型金矿床、斑岩型铜金矿床、矽卡岩型金铜矿床等3种成因类型;而与大陆碰撞造山作用有关的金成矿系统包括浅成低温热液型铜金矿床、造山型金矿床、矽卡岩型金铜矿床等3种成因类型。     

The main geochemical biological and reworking metallogenic models of the Lanmuchang independent Tl deposit

Thallium(Tl)is dispersed element and it seldom occurs in the form of independent minerals.So the element is hard to form any independent deposit.The world annual production of Tl is about 13 ton.most of which is recovered as by-product from non-ferrous metal metallurgical products.Reported in this paper is the only large-sized independent tl deposit in the world,of which the tl ores can be mined,ore-dressed and smelted independently.Bio-enrichment and hydrothermal reworking are the two important metallogenic mechanisms of this Tl deposit.This paper will give a discussion to the Lanmuchang Tl deposit in the following respects including its geolgical characteristics,element association of Tl,Hg,As and Au and W,sulfur isotopic composition.involvement of hallogens in metallogenesis and the metallogenic models.     

黔西南铊矿床（点）赋矿地层中成矿元素的若干地球化学问题研究

本文以地球化学过程基本定律为指导，根据区域和矿区外围八条剖面１６９件样品的分析数据，采用柯尔莫各洛夫非参数正态检验法，对黔西南铊矿床（点）赋矿地层中成矿元素Ｔｌ、Ａｕ、Ｈｇ、Ｓｂ、Ａｓ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ的丰度值进行了研究。     

铜陵地区微量元素铊与金在成矿中的相关性初步探讨

古铜陵地区是长江中下游成矿中重要的多金属成矿区,有着独特的多位一体、"层".带"结合、多矿种、多种成因类型复合的成矿地质环境,产生了丰富的接触交代与层控式夕卡岩-热液充填交代的块状硫化物型的铜、金、银、硫等内生矿产,成为国内外地学研究的热点地区.本文从铊元素的地球化学研究探寻其作为金(铜)矿床的探途元素的可能,从本区一些主要矿床中过铊与金(铜)相关性的研究,得出铊与金(铜)密切正相关的结论,并进行了微量元素铊在找矿方面应用的一些初步探读者论坛,指出下一步找矿方向及预测靶区.     

Mineralogy and composition of Kuroko deposits from northeastern Honshu and their possible modern analogues from the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc south of Japan: Implications for mode of formation

The Kuroko deposits of NE Honshu are a key type deposit for the study of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. However, these deposits have not been studied in detail since the early 1980's and knowledge of their mode of formation is now dated. In this study, we present the analysis of 12 samples of the Kuroko deposits, 12 samples of submarine hydrothermal minerals from the Sunrise deposit and 6 samples from Suiyo Seamount, both of which are located on the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc, for 27 elements. For the Kuroko deposit, Cd>Sb>Ag>Pb>Hg>As>Zn>Cu are highly enriched, Au>Te>Bi>Ba>Mo are moderately enriched, In>Tl are somewhat enriched and Fe is not significantly enriched relative to the average continental crust. Within each of these deposits, a similar pattern of element associations is apparent: Zn–Pb with As, Sb, Cd, Ag, Hg, Tl and Au; Fe–Cu–Ba with As, Sb, Ag, Tl, Mo, Te and Au; Si–Ba with Ag and Au; CaSO₄. The enrichment of the chalcophilic elements in these deposits is consistent with hydrothermal leaching of these elements from the host rocks which are dominantly rhyolite–dacite in the case of the Kuroko deposits, rhyolite in the case of the Sunrise deposit and dacite–rhyolite in the case of the Suiyo Seamount deposit. However, this pattern of element enrichment is also similar to that observed in fumarolic gas condensates from andesitic volcanoes. This suggests that there may be a significant magmatic contribution to the composition of the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the formation of the Kuroko deposits, although it is not yet possible to quantify the relative contributions of these two sources of elements.The compositional data show that Sunrise and Suiyo Seamount deposits are much closer compositionally to the Kuroko deposits from NE Honshu than are the submarine hydrothermal deposits from the JADE site in the Okinawa Trough which contain, on average, significantly higher concentrations of Pb, Zn, Sb, As and Ag than each of these deposits. In spite of the greater similarity in tectonic setting of the Hokuroku Basin in which the Kuroko deposits formed to the Okinawa Trough (intracontinental rifted back-arc basin) compared to Myojin Knoll and Suiyo Seamount (active arc volcanoes), it appears that submarine hydrothermal deposits from Myojin Knoll and Suiyo Seamount are closer analogues of the Kuroko deposit than are those from the Okinawa Trough. The present data are consistent with the magmatic hydrothermal model for the formation of Kuroko-type deposits as formulated by Urabe and Marumo [Urabe, T., Marumo, K., 1991. A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan. Episodes 14, 246–251].     

Mineralogy and composition of Kuroko deposits from northeastern Honshu and their possible modern analogues from the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc south of Japan: Implications for mode of formation

The Kuroko deposits of NE Honshu are a key type deposit for the study of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. However, these deposits have not been studied in detail since the early 1980's and knowledge of their mode of formation is now dated. In this study, we present the analysis of 12 samples of the Kuroko deposits, 12 samples of submarine hydrothermal minerals from the Sunrise deposit and 6 samples from Suiyo Seamount, both of which are located on the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Arc, for 27 elements. For the Kuroko deposit, Cd>Sb>Ag>Pb>Hg>As>Zn>Cu are highly enriched, Au>Te>Bi>Ba>Mo are moderately enriched, In>Tl are somewhat enriched and Fe is not significantly enriched relative to the average continental crust. Within each of these deposits, a similar pattern of element associations is apparent: Zn–Pb with As, Sb, Cd, Ag, Hg, Tl and Au; Fe–Cu–Ba with As, Sb, Ag, Tl, Mo, Te and Au; Si–Ba with Ag and Au; CaSO₄. The enrichment of the chalcophilic elements in these deposits is consistent with hydrothermal leaching of these elements from the host rocks which are dominantly rhyolite–dacite in the case of the Kuroko deposits, rhyolite in the case of the Sunrise deposit and dacite–rhyolite in the case of the Suiyo Seamount deposit. However, this pattern of element enrichment is also similar to that observed in fumarolic gas condensates from andesitic volcanoes. This suggests that there may be a significant magmatic contribution to the composition of the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the formation of the Kuroko deposits, although it is not yet possible to quantify the relative contributions of these two sources of elements.The compositional data show that Sunrise and Suiyo Seamount deposits are much closer compositionally to the Kuroko deposits from NE Honshu than are the submarine hydrothermal deposits from the JADE site in the Okinawa Trough which contain, on average, significantly higher concentrations of Pb, Zn, Sb, As and Ag than each of these deposits. In spite of the greater similarity in tectonic setting of the Hokuroku Basin in which the Kuroko deposits formed to the Okinawa Trough (intracontinental rifted back-arc basin) compared to Myojin Knoll and Suiyo Seamount (active arc volcanoes), it appears that submarine hydrothermal deposits from Myojin Knoll and Suiyo Seamount are closer analogues of the Kuroko deposit than are those from the Okinawa Trough. The present data are consistent with the magmatic hydrothermal model for the formation of Kuroko-type deposits as formulated by Urabe and Marumo [Urabe, T., Marumo, K., 1991. A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan. Episodes 14, 246–251].     

The differential enrichment mechanism of thallium in the Huodehong MVT deposit,NE Yunnan Province,China: Evidence from EBSD,LA-ICPMS and TEMSCIEI北大核心CSCD

铊(Tl)是一种战略性关键金属,在高科技领域具有重要用途。作为“稀散元素”之一,Tl主要富集于低温贱金属硫化物矿床中,黄铁矿和白铁矿是其主要载体矿物。滇东北火德红MVT铅锌矿床中黄铁矿和白铁矿显示Tl的富集,其中白铁矿中Tl含量显著高于黄铁矿,为探究Tl在不同矿物之间的差异性富集机制提供了理想对象。本文对火德红矿床共生黄铁矿-白铁矿开展系统的结晶学、矿物学和地球化学研究。电子背散射衍射(EBSD)结果表明,热液黄铁矿、白铁矿晶粒组构具有一定继承性,与闪锌矿紧密共生,暗示为同一成矿事件的产物。激光剥蚀耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICPMS)原位微量元素含量分析结果显示,黄铁矿和白铁矿中的Tl含量分别为127×10^(-6)~516×10^(-6)和356×10^(-6)~1046×10^(-6),不同含量测点Tl的激光剥蚀时间分辨元素信号曲线均较为平滑,暗示Tl主要以类质同象形式进入黄铁矿和白铁矿晶格。透射电镜(TEM)进一步证实Tl类质同象直接替换Fe为主,即2Tl^(+)←→□(空位)+Fe^(2+)。结合黄铁矿和白铁矿中Tl与Zn含量的正相关关系,本文认为白铁矿中Tl的超常富集可能与偏酸性条件下富Tl、Zn和Fe等金属成矿流体有关。综合研究表明,火德红矿床黄铁矿与白铁矿中Tl的差异性富集与晶体结构、Tl赋存状态无关,而是流体成分、物化条件共同制约的结果,受到矿物和矿床等不同尺度苛刻成矿条件的影响。与闪锌矿共生的白铁矿是未来寻找铊资源的重要方向。     

铊同位素分析技术及其在地学中的应用

应用多接收电感耦合等离子质谱(MC-ICP-MS)等分析技术进行铊(Tl)同位素分析已成为非传统稳定同位素地球化学研究的重要内容之一.对近年来Tl同位素的实验测试方法及其地质应用的有关研究进展做了详细论述,包括Tl的地球化学行为、Tl同位素分析测试技术、同位素分馏机理、在各地质储库中的组成特征以及Tl同位素的地质应用等多个方面.这些研究表明该分析技术为行星科学、古海洋学、地幔地球化学、岩石成因以及矿床学等领域的研究提供了其他同位素分析方法难以获得的重要信息,充分展示了该分析技术在地球科学和环境科学领域的应用前景.      

Multiple Mesozoic mineralization events in South China—an introduction to the thematic issue

Mesozoic mineral deposits in South China include world-class deposits of W, Sn and Sb and those that provide the major sources of Ta, Cu, Hg, As, Tl, Pb, Zn, Au and Ag for the entire country. These deposits can be classified into polymetallic hydrothermal systems closely related to felsic intrusive rocks (Sn–W –Mo granites, Cu porphyries, polymetallic and Fe skarns, and polymetallic vein deposits) and low-temperature hydrothermal systems with no direct connection to igneous activities (MVT deposits, epithermal Au and Sb deposits). Recent studies have shown that they formed in the Triassic (Indosinian), Jurassic–Cretaceous (Early Yanshanian), and Cretaceous (Late Yanshanian) stages. Indosinian deposits include major MVT (Pb–Zn–Ag) deposits and granite-related W–Sn deposits. Early Yanshanian deposits are low-temperature Sb–Au and high-temperature W–Sn and Cu porphyry types. Many Late Yanshanian deposits are low-temperature Au–As–Sb–Hg and U deposits, and also include high-temperature W–Sn polymetallic deposits. The formation of these deposits is linked with a specific tectonothermal evolution and igneous activities. This special issue brings together some of the latest information in eight papers that deal with the origins and tectonic environments of mineral deposits formed in these stages. We anticipate that this issue will stimulate more interests in these ore deposits in South China.     

云南富乐铅锌矿床黄铁矿微量(稀散)元素组成及成因信息:LA-ICPMS研究

川滇黔铅锌矿集区是华南大面积低温成矿域的重要组成部分,区内铅锌矿床是否属于MVT型矿床长期存在争议。该区铅锌矿床以富集Ge等稀散元素为特征,闪锌矿是其主要载体矿物,但稀散元素在黄铁矿中是否富集、赋存状态及微量元素组成特征等研究基本属于空白。本文通过LA-ICPMS研究富乐黄铁矿中微量元素(尤其是稀散元素)的富集特征,发现黄铁矿中也相对富集Ge。本研究样品选自富乐矿床的富乐和富盛两个矿段,包括1350、1410和1536三个中段(由深到浅),LAICPMS分析结果表明,该矿床黄铁矿以富集Cu、As、Co、Ni为特征,局部富集Pb(Sb)和Zn(以方铅矿和闪锌矿显微包裹体形式赋存于黄铁矿中),该类黄铁矿富集的稀散元素主要为Se、Ge及少量Tl、Te,而Cd和In以类质同象形式赋存于含Zn的显微包裹体(闪锌矿)中,类质同象是其余稀散元素主要赋存形式,且黄铁矿中Ge与Cu存在较好相关关系,可能存在Cu~(2+)+Ge~(2+)?2Fe~(2+)耦合置换方式。此外,黄铁矿中稀散元素的富集与成矿元素(特别是Cu)的富集密切相关,随着成矿作用的进行,从矿体深部到浅部,成矿温度逐渐降低,Se/Te比值逐渐升高,且稀散元素与成矿元素呈逐渐增加趋势。研究表明,该矿床黄铁矿的Co/Ni比值基本都小于1. 00,暗示其属于沉积改造型黄铁矿,在Co-Ni和稀散元素Se-Tl含量投影图上,富乐矿床黄铁矿的投影点与MVT型矿床投影区基本一致,而明显有别于SEDEX、VMS和矽卡岩型矿床中黄铁矿的投影区,结合富乐矿床类似于MVT型的地质特征,我们认为富乐矿床属于MVT型铅锌矿床。     

南华砷铊矿床铊黄铁矿的发现和研究

铊黄铁矿产在云南省南华砷铊矿床中,是钻的主要工业矿物。矿物是浅黄白色,金属光泽,条痕黑褐色。呈微粒和结核状分散在砷铝矿石中。矿物粒径0．001～0．028mm,HM＝5．4,VHN100＝514kg／mm2,D＝5．2。共生矿物有雄黄、方铅矿、闪锌矿、白云石、石英和流砷铊铅矿等。矿相显微镜下反射色呈灰白色,均质性。电子探针分析平均化学成分及其变化范围（％）：S48．64（45．58～50．12）,As5．31（3．80～6．96）,Fe38．63（37．65～40．50）,T16．96（514～865）,总计99．56。按（Fe,T1）／（S,As）原子数1：2计算,钻黄铁矿理论式为（Fe,Tl）（S,As）2。X射线粉晶分析属等轴晶系,空间群Pa3,Z＝4,a＝0．5442±0．02nm,略大于黄铁矿。从矿物化学式中可看出铊和砷分别替代铁和硫,它们的含量已超出通常黄铁矿中杂质含量范围,放将其定为铊黄铁矿。矿物存放在中国科学院地球化学研究所陈列馆。