Linking remotely sensed Urban Green Space (UGS) distribution patterns and Socio-Economic Status (SES) - A multi-scale probabilistic analysis based in Mumbai,India

Urban Green Spaces (UGS) offer social and environmental benefits that enhance quality of life of the residents. However, due to the underlying social and economic disparities, different sections of urban population have disproportionate level of access to UGS. The environmental inequity owing to the varied UGS distribution poses a challenge to urban planners in efficient resource allocation. This study attempts to counter this challenge using a novel remote sensing-based approach. The variations in UGS distribution (in terms of quantity, quality and accessibility) across the neighbourhoods in Mumbai vis-à-vis the socio-economic status (SES) of neighbourhood residents are assessed using remote sensing-based indicators. Further, as these indicators are susceptible to the effect of changing scales, a multi-scale approach is adopted to study the potential variations in the relationship between SES and spatial metrics of UGS with spatial resolution. The neighbourhood SES was assessed using the newly developed Socio-Economic Status Index (SESI) and the neighbourhoods were classified into multiple SES categories. The UGS were extracted from remotely sensed data using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and their spatial distribution aspects were characterized using indicators at neighbourhood level. The variations in indicators of UGS distribution in the neighbourhoods belonging to different SES categories were analysed using a logistic regression model. The results showed that, while quantity of UGS is not statistically associated with neighbourhoods SES, the quality and accessibility aspects of UGS share a statistically significant relation with SES. Also, this relation was found to vary significantly with spatial resolutions. Further, it was found that the neighbourhoods with higher SES in Mumbai have a better access to green spaces, indicating spatial inequities in UGS distribution in Mumbai. This study has important implications for planning equitable green spaces in cities that are currently in urbanization transition.     

An effective Building Neighborhood Green Index model for measuring urban green space

Urban green space forms an integral part of urban ecosystems. Quantifying urban green space is of substantial importance for urban planning and development. Considering the drawbacks of previous urban green space index models, which established either through a grid method or green distribution, and the difficulty of the validation process of earlier urban green space index models, this study exploits the advantages of multisource high-resolution remote sensing data to establish a Building Neighborhood Green Index (BNGI) model. The model which analyzes the spatial configuration of built-up areas and the vegetation is based on the building-oriented method and considers four parameters – Green Index (GI), proximity to green, building sparsity, and building height. Comparing BNGI with GI in different types of characteristic building regions, it was found that BNGI evaluates urban green space more sensitively. It was also found that high-rise low-sparsity area has a lower mean value of BNGI (0.56) as compared with that of low-rise low-sparsity neighborhood (0.62), whereas mean GI (0.24) is equal for both neighborhoods. Taking characteristics of urban building and green types into consideration, BNGI model can be effectively used in many fields such as land suitability analysis and urban planning.     

Spatially explicit urban green indicators for characterizing vegetation cover and public green space proximity: a case study on Brussels,Belgium

ABSTRACT

Cities often have a substantial green infrastructure, which provides local ecosystem services that improve the quality of life of urban residents. These services should be explicitly addressed in urban development policies, and areas with insufficient vegetation and limited access to public green spaces should be identified. This paper presents two spatially explicit urban green indicators that are derived using remote sensing imagery, freely available map data and spatial analysis tools from open source geospatial libraries and commercial software. The first indicator represents proportional green cover (public as well as private) in the vicinity of each building within a city. The second indicator quantifies the proximity of public green spaces as walking distances from buildings to actual park entrances. A dasymetric mapping approach was used to take spatial variations in population density into account. This allows representing the indicators from the perspective of citizens instead of buildings, which may be more meaningful for deriving statistics at city level or at the level of neighbourhoods or administrative zones. The potential use of these indicators in a planning context is discussed on a case study carried out for the city of Brussels, Belgium.     

城市公共交通覆盖度空间统计分析研究

为了合理分析城市公共交通发展现状并对其发展提供可参考的依据,本文利用地理信息系统空间分析和统计方法,在确立多个评价指标的基础上,对城市公共交通覆盖度情况进行不同角度、不同方面的评价。以沈阳市内部分区域为研究对象,提取研究区域基础地理数据,结合人口数据以及公共交通线网缓冲区,选取城市主次干道为边界划分分析单元,将人口密度与道路数据相结合,将评价体系与数据进行对比分析。根据评价指标,得到研究范围内城市公交资源的分布状况。实验结果表明,该方法能够较好地分析城市公共交通分布特征,为城市交通规划设计提供思路。     

The development of spatial decision support system tool for marine spatial planning

A major problem associated with marine spatial planning (MSP) involves the difficult and time-consuming practice of creating a scenario that encompasses complex datasets in near real time via the use of a simple spatial analysis method. Moreover, decision-makers require a reliable, user-friendly system to quickly and accessibly acquire accurate spatial planning information. The development of national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI), which links the spatial data of a nation’s many diverse institutions, may pave the way for the development of a tool that can better utilize spatial datasets, such as a spatial decision support system (SDSS). Thus, this project aimed to develop an SDSS for MSP and to evaluate the feasibility of its integration within the NSDI framework. The seaweed culture was selected as an example due to its economic and technological acceptance by traditional fishers. Additionally, a multi-criteria analysis was used to develop the tool. Furthermore, a feasibility evaluation of its implementation within the NSDI framework was conducted based on the Delphi method. The results of the assessment indicated that the SDSS can be incorporated into the NSDI framework by addressing the policy issue – one map policy, updating custodians’ decree and data, and improve the standard and protocol.     

地理国情普查在城市空间形态演变中的应用

以地理国情普查数据为基础,结合历史高分辨率遥感影像和规划成果数据,采用地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)空间叠置分析和形态指数测度方法,研究2004-2015年江门市主城区的空间形态演变规律。研究结果表明:(1)2004-2015年,江门市主城区的建设用地规模以低速度和低强度的模式平稳增长52.06 km²,增长幅度达到40.91%,总体发展方向为东北向。(2)2004-2015年,江门市主城区的城市发展模式先外扩后内充,城市形态先离散后聚集,城市边界先复杂后简单。(3)地理国情普查成果与多源规划耦合分析的结果不容乐观。虽然部分耦合指数还比较高,均达到70%以上,但是建设用地规划完成率还不到60%,用地指标留存的形势颇为严峻。     

基于GIS的城中村改造规划绿地景观格局分析

城市绿地是改善生态环境,提高市民生活质量的公益性基础设施。武汉市城中村改造工作十分注重城市公共利益的保障,在改造规划中优先落实绿地、规划道路等强制控制用地的指标,因而必然对城市绿地空间格局产生影响。本研究以景观生态学基础理论为依据,利刚地理信息系统技术,对武汉市中心城区城中村改造规划范闱内的绿地空间信息进行处理。然后进行景观格局分析,进而依据分析结果对城市绿地布局规划进行评价,以期为今后的城中村改造规划编制提供一定的参考借鉴。     

沈抚“同城区”生态空间遥感自动识别及动态检测研究

以辽宁省沈抚新城区为研究对象,选择2006、2010及2014年Landsat影像为数据源,利用面向对象方法提取城市生态空间信息,并对研究区内的景观格局动态特征和多方向变化特征进行了相关计算和分析。结果表明:1)多方向变化分析研究区南部城市增长最多,沈抚新城发展中抚顺区域推进较快,不断向沈阳方向发展;2)绿地整体的增加和城市建筑增加呈显著正相关,沈抚新城生态空间结构逐渐靠拢,并向着规划中的打造浑河景观带的目标努力;3)2006~2014年期间,平均斑块面积和最大斑块指数呈增加趋势,散布与并列指数和蔓延度指数逐年递减,说明沈抚同城化过程中景观具有均衡性和规划性。     

建筑用途的城市职住空间组织特征研究

针对现有职住空间关系的研究难以在微观维度上有效促进大城市职住功能空间的均衡发展以及规划政策与现状发展存在的时序错位问题,该文以北京市为例,从房屋建筑使用用途的角度切入,运用空间自相关分析模型、热点分析模型和职住用地比三个评价方法,同时借用ArcGIS软件平台进行空间分析与可视化表达,探究北京职住空间在乡镇尺度下的组织特征。研究发现:北京市职住空间表现为聚类分布的空间格局特征,以首都功能核心区为中心,大致呈现出环状圈层分布,北京市职住空间的“热点区”在空间分布上存在差异,而“冷点区”在空间分布上基本相同,职住空间关系存在失衡,与规划目标存在一定的偏差。提出的研究方法从微观维度分析了城市职住空间的组织特征,促进了城市规划与发展时序的有效结合,可在特大城市的职住空间关系的研究中进行推广应用。     

Examining urban sprawl in Europe using spatial metrics

Urbanisation is a global phenomenon with an important impact on the quality of human life. Europe has been widely affected by urbanisation. One of the main characteristics of urban growth is sprawl, a negative form of urban expansion, which affects large cities and most types of urban landscapes. Spatial indicators are applied to CORINE Urban Morphological Zones (UMZ) changes in order to measure urban sprawl between 1990–2000 and 2000–2006 in 24 European countries. The indicators calculate urban morphological properties such as shape, aggregation, compactness and dispersion. The results revealed that the urban areas (UMZ) increased by 146% during 1990–2006 and the urbanisation becomes more circle-shaped and less complex where mostly sprawl occurs. Moreover, urban form becomes less clumped or aggregated. Therefore, due to accelerating rates of urban sprawl, European urban planning should intensify appropriate initiatives to avoid negative impacts on human life.     

徐州市城市空间扩展与交通脉动研究

本文利用多时段TM影像图和城市规划图,采用GIS空间分析技术,运用象限方位分析方法对徐州市城市空间扩展强度、重心坐标等指数进行定量分析,生成交通建设与城市规模的相关系数矩阵,研究该市城市空间扩展与交通脉动的变化规律.结果表明:1979 2008年间,受城区主干道路、高速公路、高速铁路等重大交通设施建设影响,徐州市城市...     

DBSCAN空间聚类算法及其在城市规划中的应用

空间聚类是空间数据挖掘和知识发现的主要方法之一。DBSCAN算法可以从带有“噪声”的空间数据库中发现任意形状的聚类,是一种较好的聚类算法。本文介绍了DBSCAN算法的基本概念和原理,并应用GIS二次开发组件MapObjects予以了实现。然后,本文将该算法应用于城市规划中,对某城市中小学和商业网点等公共设施的分布进行了聚类分析,并根据聚类结果对城市规划设计规范中的某些条款进行了讨论。     

面向建设选址的多智能体城市空间规划模型

基于多智能体(Multi-agent)之间的动态信息反馈提出了交互式多智能体城市空间规划模型。在模型中,多智能体之间可即时交流信息,并经由反馈与协调等行为获取一致决策意见,最终得到各方可接受的城市规划方案。以长沙市岳麓区内建设项目选址为例,开展了模型实验。研究结果表明:多智能体交互式城市空间规划模型能够较好的模拟不同情景下参与城市空间规划的各类Agent之间的交互行为,并可提供多角色参与城市规划时空间冲突问题的解决方案。     

市县国土空间规划主体功能区划定方法研究

为了健全现行国土空间规划体系中市县尺度主体功能区的划定方法。该文以主体功能区基本理论为指导,综合地理国情信息中的地表现状数据与DEM数据,结合专题调查与经济社会统计数据等空间信息,利用GIS空间分析、多元统计分析、基于规则的分类模型等技术,研究细化上位主体功能区进行市县主体功能区划定的方法、指标与分类体系、与上位主体功能区的衔接机制。提出了一种基于局部功能单元的市县主体功能分区方法和流程。并以榆林市为实证研究对象,进行实证研究,划定了榆林市42920 km²的市县级主体功能分区。探索将主体功能分区的空间尺度延伸到具体的地理单元,发挥主体功能区在国土空间规划体系中基础性作用,为主体功能区战略格局在市县层面落地提供科学依据。     

Locally weighted linear combination in a vector geographic information system

Weighted linear combination is a multi-criteria decision analysis technique that can be used by decision-makers to select an optimal location from a collection of alternative locations. Its local form takes into account the range of attribute values within a user-defined neighbourhood in accordance with the range-sensitivity principle. This research explores locally weighted linear combination in a vector-based geographic information system. A custom application in ArcGIS 10 allows the user to select a neighbourhood definition from a standard set including contiguity, distance, and k-nearest neighbours, for which local weights are generated. A case study on vulnerability to heat-related illness in Toronto is used to illustrate the technique. The impact of local weighting on the heat vulnerability index is examined using visual analysis of the spatial patterns of heat vulnerability under the global and local approaches, as well as the sensitivity of the local approach to the selected neighbourhood definition. A trade-off analysis of the local weights is also presented. The combination of socio-demographic and environmental determinants in a locally weighted index results in patterns of heat vulnerability that could support targeted hot weather response at a micro-geographic level within urban neighbourhoods.     

顾及兴趣点潜在上下文关系的城市功能区识别

城市功能结构的探索对人们理解城市及城市规划有着重要的作用。兴趣点(point of interest,POI)数据作为城市设施的代表,被广泛应用于城市功能区提取。以往对城市功能区研究大多只考虑了POI统计信息,忽略了POI中丰富的空间分布信息,而POI空间分布特征与区域功能密切相关。本文利用空间共位模式挖掘方法挖掘POI潜在上下文关系,提取POI空间分布信息,构建区域特征向量,并进行区域聚类;再利用POI类别比例、居民的出行特征等对聚类结果进行识别。以北京市核心城市功能区为例,将研究结果与北京市百度地图、居民出行特征进行对比验证分析。试验表明,本文方法能识别出具有明显特征的城市功能区,如成熟的娱乐商业区、科教文化区、居住区等。同时,与基于POI语义信息的LDA方法及顾及POI线性空间关系的Word2Vec方法进行对比分析,证明了本文方法的优越性。     

北京市城市扩展空间格局变化监测与分析

本文基于地理国情监测数据,结合同期城市经济、人口等统计数据,利用高分辨率卫星遥感影像数据提取北京市建成区边界要素。采用地理国情与城市空间扩展相融合的监测分析模型及相关评价指标开展空间格局变化分析研究,揭示北京市2000—2017年间城市扩展的空间格局及其变化规律,并对其变化原因进行分析。其成果可为北京市科学规划与可持续发展提供决策依据。     

山地丘陵与平原地区城乡聚落空间分布分形特征研究

本文以河南省区域系统的不同地域单元为例,运用城镇体系研究的空间关联维数模型对山地丘陵区及平原地区城乡聚落体系空间结构进行分析,结果表明农村聚落具有与城市聚落相同的空间分布分形特征;山地丘陵城市的城乡聚落空间可达性不及平原城市;城乡聚落空间分布的乌鸦维数集中在1左右,差别不大,表明河南省作为中原地区所具有的城乡聚落空间布局的总体均衡性。基于此提出了中部农区城乡聚落空间优化、撤乡并镇、新农村社区建设应结合地域城乡聚落分布特点制定适宜的规划方案等有益的建议。     

基于空间粒度的矢量空间数据比例尺估算方法

志愿者地理信息近年已得到广泛应用,鉴于有些来源数据可能缺少比例尺说明,因此对矢量空间数据比例尺的估算十分必要。本文提出了一种通过计算和统计矢量空间数据的空间粒度,估算矢量空间数据比例尺的方法。首先,以道路要素为例选取多种空间粒度,包括单类别道路空间数据的最短直线段长度和弯曲的最小面积等,并通过线性插值方法拟合空间数据比例尺估算函数;其次,以北京市1∶25万、1∶100万、1∶400万比例尺道路矢量空间数据作为试验样本数据,详细阐述了基于空间粒度估算比例尺的过程;然后,统计了不同类型空间粒度的数量分布,基于开方根规律量化了比例尺与空间粒度单元数量之间的对应关系;最后,试验验证了该方法的可行性和有效性,有利于多尺度多源数据的融合和应用。