太阳活动,磁暴与震前大气电场异常关系研究

通过对太阳活动,磁暴与大气电场异常关系的研究及１９９７年９月至１９９８年８月白家疃台大气电场和磁暴实际观测结果的分析,论述了震前观测到的大气电场负异常现象与太阳活动和磁暴现象无明显相关。     

我国中高层大气观测研究的新进展

中高层大气是与人类生存环境关系极为密切、又易受太阳活动影响的层次，它的研究在日地物理研究中占有特殊的地位．近年来，我国在中高层大气行星波、重力波、光化过程和太阳活动与人类活动影响等方面取得了可喜的进展，获得一系列重要成果；在观测方面，VHF雷达、钠荧光激光雷达、中间层大气毫米波探测和倾斜滤光片光度计等一批新型观测设备投入使用，增强了对中高层大气的探测能力.本文重点介绍了近年来我国在高平流层、中间层和低热层大气方面的主要研究情况．     

10 观测仪器、场地选择及日常维护和资料处理

10.1观测仪器 大气电场强度是大气电学的基本参数,它在大气电特征、雷暴的产生与发展、太阳活动及环境监测、航空航天器的发射以及地震预报研究中具有重要意义.     

太阳活动影响地震现象的机制

俄文版的《全球地震活动性与太阳活动及大气过程的关系》一书所叙述的各种结果互相验证和补充,并综合证实了全球地震活动性与太阳活动以及行星际介质中和大气圈中的一些现象有关。应当指出,奠定全球地震活动性与太阳活动、行星际介质状态和大气过程之关系的那些成果,皆据观测资料而得,也就是说确实找到了地震活动性与某些自然现象的实际上前所未有的经验关系。即使所获得的地震活动性与太阳活动和大气过程依赖关系的物理解释,从地质学和地球物理学现代概念来看不是十分明显的,然而所研究的全部资料毕竟为在     

高层大气测风用地基F-P干涉仪的数值模拟

热层大气风场、温度场对热层-电离层耦合研究、热层环流特性研究以及太阳活动和地磁活动研究等有着重要意义,同时其也是航天器飞行环境预报的重要物理基础.目前,由于热层所处位置较高,大气非常稀薄,风场探测难度较大,因此针对热层大气风场的探测手段非常少.Fabry-Perot（FP）光学干涉仪可通过观测气辉来进行风场探测,其对成像系统像质要求不高,在设计中无需过分追求像质,已经成为热层风场测量的重要工具.由于风场观测气辉的辐射强度非常微弱,因此必须进行FP干涉仪测量系统优化,获得相对较强的辐射强度,以提高风场测量精度.但目前,对FP干涉仪系统优化方面的研究较少,且在测风误差评价方面的工作也不充实.本文通过热层测风用固定间距标准具地基FP干涉仪数值模型的建立,解决FP干涉仪设计过程中各参量的优化问题,并提出一种新的测风误差估算方法.数值模型结果分析表明,在目前探测器观测技术水平下,采用全部干涉环参与计算并结合像元合并技术进行风速反演可最大限度地提高测量精度.此外,由于气辉辐射强度是影响热层大气风场测量精度的重要因素,因此在仪器测风精度性能评价时需确定观测对象强度,即气辉的辐射强度.     

利用OI 135.6 nm夜气辉辐射探测电离层峰值电子密度及电子总含量的研究

测量夜间135.6 nm大气气辉辐射强度是目前有效的电离层探测方式之一,我国即将在风云三号卫星上搭载仪器,利用该波段夜气辉辐射测量来反演电子总含量(本文所指电子总含量表示卫星高度以下大气柱的电子含量)及峰值电子密度,因此非常有必要开展相关的气辉发光模型及反演研究.在介绍氧原子135.6 nm波段夜气辉激发机制基础上,考虑辐射在传输过程中受到大气氧原子的散射及氧气分子的吸收,采用迭代法求解包含多次散射及大气吸收衰减的辐射传输方程,得到该波段的体发射率,最终通过考虑包含辐射传输的路径积分计算得到135.6 nm气辉辐射强度值.对结果的分析表明:该气辉模型能较好地描述体发射率随高度的分布特征,计算得到的135.6 nm夜气辉辐射强度在不同时空及太阳活动的分布与相应条件下峰值电子密度(N_mF₂)及电子总含量(TEC)的分布基本一致.相同的时空及太阳活动输入条件下,模式计算的135.6 nm夜气辉辐射强度与国外同类模式结果的值平均偏差约为3%.文中最后介绍了通过135.6 nm夜气辉的辐射强度探测来反演电离层峰值电子密度N_mF₂及电子总含量TEC的反演方法.     

地磁活动对气候要素影响的研究进展

地磁活动是太阳爆发现象引起地球近地空间磁场扰动的重要空间天气过程之一.地球磁场的变化具有多种时间尺度,其中从数十年到数世纪的长时间地磁场变化主要是由地核磁场引起的,而从数秒到数年的短时间地磁变化与太阳活动有关.近年来,越来越多的统计研究表明,地磁活动与太阳活动和地球气候变化之间存在着显著的相关性.地球磁场和地球大气系统的耦合现象驱动着人们探索地磁活动对地球天气和气候系统影响的研究.本文的目的就是综述国内外地磁变化对气候影响的研究进展,介绍我们最新的研究成果,探索地磁活动对气候要素的影响特征和可能机理过程,为深入研究地磁活动对地球天气和气候的影响提供基础和依据,以期对地磁活动和气候要素关系有进一步的认识.     

100-200km热层大气光电离率及电子密度剖面对太阳活动的响应

本文利用新的太阳EUV辐射资料、中性大气结构模式及大气成分的吸收及电离特性,计算了100-200km大气的光电离率随高度、太阳天顶角及太阳活动的变化,求得了E-F₁谷的变化特征;利用完整的光化模式求得了电子密度随太阳天顶角的变化及对太阳活动的响应,并与IRI模式作了比较.结果表明,1.太阳活动指数与光电离率间的相关关系一般为正,但在一定的高度范围内,或在天顶角大于临界值X_cr=60°时,两者之间可出现负相关;2.太阳活动明显地影响E-F₁谷高与谷厚,当天顶角不变时,谷高与谷厚均与太阳活动成正相关;3.本模式与IRI间的偏差因子明显随高度及太阳天顶角而变化.     

关于太阳活动预测与自然灾害预测

日地系统学中, 自然灾害与太阳活动的关系研究, 导致了自然灾害预测与太阳活动预测之间关系的探讨本文比较了太阳活动预测与自然灾害预测, 指出它们在目的、用户、观测资料的特征、预报方法以及面临的问题几方面的差异; 介绍了自然灾害预测与太阳活动预测的几点可能的关系; 简单讨论了衡量预报水平的指标问题最后列出了第２３ 黑子周特征值的一些预测结果     

电离层突发E层与太阳活动的相关性

通过对195-1990年3个太阳黑子周期期间不同纬度台站的ES层的临界频率f0ES的观测数据进行统计分析,研究了太阳活动对ES层的强度与出现率的影响,主要结果为:f0ES的年平均值在白天与太阳活动呈强正相关,在夜间呈负相关. 同样,ES的出现率的年变化与太阳活动的关系也是白天呈正相关,夜间呈负相关. 进一步分析表明,上述白天ES层临界频率与太阳活动的正相关性的主要贡献来自于常规E层与太阳活动的强烈相关性. 消除了背景E层电子密度的作用后,ES层的强度在白天与太阳活动呈微弱的正相关,在夜间呈负相关,其相关系数有比较规则的周日变化或半日变化.     

Toward Improved Solar Irradiance Forecasts: a Simulation of Deep Planetary Boundary Layer with Scattered Clouds Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

Accurate forecasts of solar irradiance are required for electric utilities to economically integrate substantial amounts of solar power into their power generation portfolios. A common failing of numerical weather models is the prediction of scattered clouds at the top of deep PBL which are generally difficult to be resolved due to complicated processes in the planetary boundary layer. We improved turbulence parameterization for better predicting solar irradiance during the scattered clouds’ events using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Sensitivity tests show that increasing the exchange coefficient leads to enhanced vertical mixing and a deeper mixed layer. At the top of mixed layer, an adiabatically ascending air parcel achieved the water vapor saturation and finally scattered cloud is generated.     

The impact of cloud inhomogeneities on the Earth radiation budget: the 14 October 1989 I.C.E. convective cloud case study

Through their multiple interactions with radiation, clouds have an important impact on the climate. Nonetheless, the simulation of clouds in climate models is still coarse. The present evolution of modeling tends to a more realistic representation of the liquid water content; thus the problem of its subgrid scale distribution is crucial. For a convective cloud field observed during ICE 89, Landsat TM data (resolution: 30m) have been analyzed in order to quantify the respective influences of both the horizontal distribution of liquid water content and cloud shape on the Earth radiation budget. The cloud field was found to be rather well-represented by a stochastic distribution of hemi-ellipsoidal clouds whose horizontal aspect ratio is close to 2 and whose vertical aspect ratio decreases as the cloud cell area increases. For that particular cloud field, neglecting the influence of the cloud shape leads to an over-estimate of the outgoing longwave flux; in the shortwave, it leads to an over-estimate of the reflected flux for high solar elevations but strongly depends on cloud cell orientations for low elevations. On the other hand, neglecting the influence of cloud size distribution leads to systematic over-estimate of their impact on the shortwave radiation whereas the effect is close to zero in the thermal range. The overall effect of the heterogeneities is estimated to be of the order of 10 W m⁻² for the conditions of that Landsat picture (solar zenith angle 65○, cloud cover 70%); it might reach 40 W m⁻² for an overhead sun and overcast cloud conditions.     

地震是一种“地壳雷电效应”?——地震成因新探

依据天文地震学所揭示的太阳活动,宇宙线增强与地震活动密切关联,地电学中所揭示的自然电场的存在以及地震前后岩石电阻率显著变化的观测事实和“摩擦带电”原理,提出一种新的地震成因假说,即：地震是一种“地壳雷电效应”,认为地震实质上是发生在地壳中的雷电现象-由于太阳活动如耀斑爆发,太阳黑子,太阳风等向地球辐射大量带静电荷的高能粒子,以及自然电场,板块断层间的挤压,摩擦导致大量静电荷积累,极化从而引起发生在地壳中的雷电现象,强烈的地壳雷电能够导致地内岩石破裂,加剧地震的破坏性,并尝试性地运用这一观点统一地解释了板间地震,板内地震,水库,注水,采矿诱发地震等现象,认为由此可以对地震采取有效的预防,控制措施,另外,仅仅从地应力的角度来认识地震现象是远远不够的,静电力的存在至少是一个不能被忽视的重要因素。     

Effect of remote clouds on surface UV irradiance

Clouds affect local surface UV irradiance, even if the horizontal distance from the radiation observation site amounts to several kilometers. In order to investigate this effect, which we call remote clouds effect, a 3-dimensional radiative transfer model is applied. Assuming the atmosphere is subdivided into a quadratic based sector and its surrounding, we quantify the influence of changing cloud coverage within this surrounding from 0% to 100% on surface UV irradiance at the sector center. To work out this remote clouds influence as a function of sector base size, we made some calculations for different sizes between 10 km × 10 km and 100 km × 100 km. It appears that in the case of small sectors (base size 20 km × 20 km) the remote clouds effect is highly variable: Depending on cloud structure, solar zenith angle and wavelength, the surface UV irradiance may be enhanced up to 15% as well as reduced by more than 50%. In contrast, for larger sectors it is always the case that enhancements become smaller by 5% if sector base size exceeds 60 km × 60 km. However, these values are upper estimates of the remote cloud effects and they are found only for special cloud structures. Since these structures might occur but cannot be regarded as typical, different satellite observed cloud formations (horizontal resolution about 1 km × 1 km) have also been investigated. For these more common cloud distributions we find remote cloud effects to be distinctly smaller than the corresponding upper estimates, e.g., for a sector with base size of 25 km × 25 km the surface UV irradiance error due to ignoring the actual remote clouds and replacing their influence with periodic horizontal boundary conditions is less than 3%, whereas the upper estimate of remote clouds effect would suggest an error close to 10%.     

The influence of cloud structure and droplet concentration on the reflectance of shortwave radiation

The effects of cloud shadowing, channelling, cloud side illumination and droplet concentration are investigated with regard to the reflection of shortwave solar radiation. Using simple geometric clouds, coupled with a Monte Carlo model the transmission properties of idealized cloud layers are found. The clouds are illuminated with direct solar radiation from above. The main conclusion reached is that the distribution of the cloud has a very large influence on the reflectivity of a cloud layer. In particular, if the cloud contains vertical gaps through the cloud layer in which the liquid water content is zero, then, smaller more numerous gaps are more influential on the radiation than fewer, larger gaps with equal cloud fraction. At very low solar zenith angles channelling of the radiation reduces the reflection expected on the basis of the percentage cloud cover. At high solar zenith angles the illumination of the cloud edges significantly increases the reflection despite the shadowing of one cloud by another when the width of the gaps is small. The impact of droplet concentration upon the reflection of cloud layers is also investigated. It is found that at low solar zenith angles where channelling is important, the lower concentrations increase the transmission. Conversely, when cloud edge illumination is dominant the cloud distribution is found to be more important for the higher concentrations.     

Analysis of large-scale horizontal velocities and the magnetic field on the sun during fast reorganization periods

The velocity field of large-scale magnetic structures during fast reorganizations of the global solar magnetic field structure has been analyzed. Some characteristic features of the velocity field have been found during these periods. At that time, a considerable part of the solar surface is occupied by regions with low horizontal velocities, which correspond to the regions of positive and negative velocity field divergence during the solar activity growth and decline phases, respectively. Such character of changes in the velocity field during these periods agrees with the previously proposed scenario of magnetic field variations during global reorganizations of the magnetic field structure. The average horizontal velocities during a Carrington rotation and their divergence have been calculated for Carrington rotations from 1646 to 2006. Relatively slow regular variations in these parameters as well as their abrupt changes, observed during different solar cycle phases, have been revealed. An increase in the average horizontal velocity during the solar activity growth phase is most probably caused by relative motions of the regions with a new emerging magnetic flux. We assume that abrupt increases in the average horizontal velocity divergence are related to fast reorganizations of the magnetic field structure.     

Detection of polar stratospheric clouds with ERS-2/GOME data

Based on radiative transfer calculations, it is studied whether polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) can be detected by the new Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on board the second European Research Satellite (ERS-2) planned to be launched in 1995. It is proposed to identify PSC-covered areas by use of an indicator, the Normalized Radiance Difference (NRD), which relates the difference of two spectral radiances at 0.515 µm and 0.67 µm to one radiance measured in the centre of the oxygen A-band at 0.76 µm. Simulations are carried out for two solar zenith angles, =78.5° and =86.2°. They indicate that, in presence of PSCs and with increasing solar zenith angles above =80°, the NRD decrease to values clearly below those derived under conditions of a cloud-free stratosphere. Results for =86.2° show that the method is successful independent of existing tropospheric clouds, of different tropospheric aerosol loadings, and of surface albedos. Results for =78.5° illustrate that PSC detection under conditions of smaller solar zenith angles <80° needs additional information about tropospheric clouds.     

Stationary strong magnetohydrodynamic discontinuities and pressure balanced structures in the solar wind stream

Strong disturbances of magnetic clouds in the solar wind stream are considered when solar MHD shock waves from the surrounding plasma collide with these inhomogeneities. The boundaries of the considered plasma inhomogeneities are presented as stationary tangential discontinuities. The collision of solar fast shock waves with the back and front boundaries is studied as a decomposition of an arbitrary discontinuity. It is asserted that secondary waves of rarefaction and reverse shock waves arise depending on the initial conditions. It is pointed out that a change occurs in the configuration of the plasma inhomogeneity under study, which is caused by the incoming perturbation repeatedly observed by spacecrafts.     

基于流体动力学的探空仪GTS1湿度测量误差修正研究

准确的湿度垂直廓线对短期数值天气预报和中长期气候研究分析均具有重要参考价值,但太阳辐射与高空云雨等因素导致探空湿度测量精度较低.针对探空仪GTS1白天进行湿度测量时存在明显偏干误差的现象,本文建立了GTS1湿度测量结构模型,采用计算流体动力学方法重点研究了太阳辐射对GTS1湿度测量的影响,同时探讨了其防雨/防辐射罩的防雨效果.结合改进的太阳辐射计算模型,利用Fluent模拟分析了防雨/防辐射罩云雨滴轨迹和内部温度场分布,数值仿真结果表明:在垂直气流下防雨/防辐射罩基本保护湿度传感器免受高空云雨的影响,对太阳辐射也起到一定防护作用.但太阳辐射对GTS1湿度测量的偏干影响仍较显著,海拔30km左右相对误差甚至高达70%.通过与RS92及GTS1探空湿度测量中的太阳辐射偏干误差相对比,发现基于流体动力学数值计算的湿度相对误差随海拔高度的变化趋势与之基本吻合.本文也给出了理论计算与实验测量存在一定差异的原因,进而以南京探空站2014年不同季节的温度、气压、气球的上升速度等探空数据为计算参数,获取了太阳辐射误差与海拔及环境温度的关系,并对四组探空湿度廓线进行太阳辐射误差修正,提升了GTS1探空仪高空湿度测量的精度.本文研究结果为探空湿度测量太阳辐射偏干误差的有效修正提供了一定的参考.     

Solar infrared spectral observations around the 1999 solar eclipse

An experiment was performed at the Roseland Community Observatory, Cornwall, during the 11 August 1999 total solar eclipse. The main objective was to search for strong infrared coronal lines with a view to identifying candidates for subsequent coronal magnetic field measurements. In particular we hoped to measure the intensity of the Si IX line at 3.93 m, the most likely candidate line. The secondary aim of the experiment was to search for Rydberg transitions of neutral hydrogen and helium in the corona, previous observations of the infrared corona having produced evidence that cool, in coronal terms, material may co-exist in the corona with the hot (10⁶ K) plasma. The experiment did not succeed in the above aims as the Sun was obscured by cloud on the morning of the eclipse at the Roseland Observatory site. However, infrared observations of the sunlight scattered through the clouds produced a remarkable result. The infrared intensity fell precipitously 6.5 minutes before second contact and rose just as suddenly 6.5 minutes after third contact. The authors are unable to explain this result but suggest that it might be a terrestrial atmospheric rather than a solar phenomenon.
Intriguing observations from the total solar eclipse in Cornwall last year are reported by A Ridgeley, B Sheen, G Barnard, C Corrigan, G E Derbyshire, R Jones, P Moir-Riches, C Purchase, P D Read and T Richards.