渭河盆地地裂缝群发机理及东、西部地裂缝分布不均衡构造成因研究

利用渭河盆地2001—2008年高精度GPS监测资料,结合区域构造特点建立了渭河盆地有限元动力学模型,基于此研究了区域现今地壳应力场特征,深入分析了构造应力场与盆地内地裂缝群发之间的内在关系,首次基于空间大地测量定量的揭示出了区域构造应力场与盆地内地裂缝群发的内在动力学联系,及盆地东、西部地裂缝分布不均衡的根本成因.研究结果表明:渭河盆地现今地壳应力场差异性显著,主要呈现出中、东部以NW-SE向拉张为主,西部则以NW-SE向压缩应力为主,整体具有相对左旋运动趋势,与区域以往长期构造变形具有较好的继承性;分析揭示出区域NW-SE向拉张构造应力正是盆地内中、东部地裂缝群发的力源机制,而盆地内差异性构造应力场也正是导致盆地东、西部地裂缝发育不均衡的根本原因所在,由此进一步证实了渭河盆地地裂缝的强构造属性,其是由活断层在上述力源机制作用下,以蠕滑形式错断地层使土层破裂而形成的.本文研究结果为盆地地裂缝灾害防治、城市安全建设提供了重要信息.     

临汾盆地北张地裂缝发育特征与成因分析

临汾盆地位于山西地堑系的南部,地裂缝灾害频发且成因复杂多样;特别是20世纪90年代以后出现在侯马凹陷盆地的地裂缝,发育规模大,灾害严重,给当地居民造成了严重的经济损失。以2007年出现在侯马凹陷盆地区的北张地裂缝为例,通过详细的地面调查和地表测绘查了地裂缝的平面展布特征,利用槽探揭示地裂缝的剖面结构特征。根据物探、钻探和InSAR监测结果,分析构造断裂和超采地下水与地裂缝的关系,并得出北张地裂缝的成因机理,并据此提出地裂缝的防治措施。     

深井盆地南缘断裂特征与活动性研究

深井盆地是山西断陷盆地带北段内部一个规模很小的次级盆地,为中更新世以来发育的三角型山间小型盆地。盆地附近断裂发育,构造复杂,深井盆地南缘断裂为主控边界断裂,控制着盆地的发展演化。本文通过对地形地貌、断裂剖面、地层测年及地震活动等方面的分析和研究,获得了断裂活动时代和活动速率等参数,综合阐述了断裂的空间展布及活动特征。研究表明:深井盆地南缘断裂晚第四纪期间仍在活动,最新活动时代为晚更新世晚期;断裂具有分段性,西段长约6km,多处可见断裂错断晚更新世地层剖面,属正断倾滑性质;东段表现为盆地与黄土斜坡直接接触,由西向东断裂地貌表现逐渐减弱,未见明显的断裂剖面,止于NW向构造,附近发生的4次4 3/4级地震与该段断裂关系密切。     

漳州好坑古地裂缝及其构造意义

作者在福建漳州盆地进行新构造研究期间,在漳州市以东约10公里处的好坑村(图1)发现了发育较好的晚更新世(Q_3)地层剖面及其中发育的规模较大的古地裂缝。这一发现,为人们提供了一个可供野外观测研究的新构造现象,这对于研究该地区第四纪时期的构造应力场、地震活动以及构造与地热资源形成分布的关系等均具有一定意义。本文介绍了发现的新地层、古地裂缝的基本特征及其构造涵义     

蓝田盆地典型第四纪黄土剖面磁性地层学研究回顾

蓝田盆地新生代时期地层以蕴含丰富的哺乳动物化石而备受关注,尤其是公王岭和陈家窝第四纪黄土地层中曾经分别发掘出了蓝田猿人头骨和下颌骨化石.基于过去对中国北方黄土高原第四纪黄土的深入研究,针对本区沉积物的磁性地层的研究似乎变得相对容易.但由于蓝田盆地毗邻秦岭北麓,区域构造地貌发育,第四纪风成沉积序列发育常常并不完整,这给特...     

汾渭地裂缝与现代地震活动

近年来在汾渭地区出现地裂缝101处,其空间分布62%受活断层控制,20%是区域性黄土构造节理破裂面这些弱剪切强度带的扩展,18%是重力和湿陷等非构造型地裂缝。调查中发现,汾渭盆地中地下水位、水温异常、现代小震活动与地震活动都有4年一次的周期性起伏,它们是区域构造应力不断加强的信息。地下水对区域应力活动最敏感,故最早出现异常高潮,断裂再破裂并发震要有一定过程,而震源破裂传到地表造成地裂缝又要一定时间,所以汾渭盆地地震和地裂活动高潮分别滞后地下水异常1至2年。      

三阳川盆地渭河阶地发育与河谷地貌演化

阶地是研究现代河谷形成发育的重要地貌标志,结合年代学研究可以为区域古环境提供丰富的构造、气候和古水文变化信息.通过古地磁、电子自旋共振、光释光及黄土-古土壤地层序列的对比,初步确定渭河上游三阳川盆地1.2Ma以来共发育和保存着13级河流阶地.阶地特征与成因分析表明,阶地是在构造抬升背景下,河流系统对轨道尺度气候变化的响应,侧蚀堆积和深切下蚀作用交替进行.阶地序列的河漫滩顶部大多对应于古土壤层发育,表明河流下切阶地形成主要发生在古土壤开始发育的冰期向间冰期过渡阶段.河流两侧阶地时空展布的差异表明,0.62Ma三阳川盆地发生了构造反转,由过去盆地的整体抬升为主逐渐转变为断陷沉降.综合流域内阶地序列的研究,表明渭河上游现代河谷的形成发育起始于早更新世晚期1.4~1.2Ma.     

运城地裂缝

引言 1975年以来,在运城地区出现多处地裂缝,(图一),除①一⑤号发生在煤矿采空区,库岸、渠旁、河边外,绝大多数发生在地貌为陡坎的断裂构造附近。运城县上王—半坡—五曹地裂缝(以下简称半坡地裂缝)和83年7月发生在万荣县王亚公社薛店村的地裂缝(以下简称薛店地裂缝),规模较大,其破坏程度相当于Ⅶ度地震。这两起地裂缝,在成因上有不同的看法。本文就这两起地裂缝的成因谈一些看法。 一、地裂缝分布区的地质构造背景 运城地区位于祁吕贺“山”字型构造东翼转折部位,是一系列“多”字型展布的新生代断陷盆地与隆起相间展布地带,     

黄土地区地震滑坡的分布特征及其影响因素分析

黄土地区极易形成地震滑坡灾害。现场调查显示，受大地构造单元、基底岩层结构、地形地貌条件、地震烈度、断裂构造和马兰黄土临空厚度等因素影响，地震黄土滑坡的展布形态较为复杂，在空间上分布很不均匀，常表现为片状、带状和线状展布，并在不同区域有不同的发育特点。在地震黄土斜坡稳定性分析和灾害预测中，必须考虑多项影响因子。     

小江断裂带南段新寨盆地新构造运动特征

小江断裂带是新构造时期以来十分活跃的活动断裂带,沿线地震活动频繁,新寨盆地是其控制下发育的串珠状盆地之一.通过野外第四纪地质与构造地质填图,LiDAR扫描,无人机移动摄影测量等手段,对新寨盆地内部第四系地层分布和控盆断裂以及其反映的构造活动期次进行研究,认为新近纪以挤压为主的应力过后,早更新世晚期小江断裂南段受元谋运动影响开始强烈左旋走滑运动,新寨盆地受其控制开始发育,全新世以来,断层偏离原先构造位置再次活动,具有一定的新生性和发震能力,晚更新世存在一个活动间歇期.     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Seismicity at Fuego,Pacaya, Izalco,and San Cristobal Volcanoes,Central America, 1973–1974

Seismic data collected at four volcanoes in Central America during 1973 and 1974 indicate three sources of seismicity: regional earthquakes with hypocentral distances greater than 80 km, earthquakes within 40 km of each volcano, and seismic activity originating at the volcanoes due to eruptive processes. Regional earthquakes generated by the underthrusting and subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate are the most prominent seismic feature in Central America. Earthquakes in the vicinity of the volcanoes occur on faults that appear to be related to volcano formation. Faulting near Fuego and Pacaya volcanoes in Guatemala is more complex due to motion on a major E-W striking transform plate boundary 40 km north of the volcanoes. Volcanic activity produces different kinds of seismic signatures. Shallow tectonic or A-type events originate on nearby faults and occur both singly and in swarms. There are typically from 0 to 6 A-type events per day withb value of about 1.3. At very shallow depths beneath Pacaya, Izalco, and San Cristobal large numbers of low-frequency or B-type events are recorded with predominant frequencies between 2.5 and 4.5 Hz and withb values of 1.7 to 2.9. The relative number of B-type events appears to be related to the eruptive states of the volcanoes; the more active volcanoes have higher levels of seismicity. At Fuego Volcano, however, low-frequency events have unusually long codas and appear to be similar to tremor. High-amplitude volcanic tremor is recorded at Fuego, Pacaya, and San Cristobal during eruptive periods. Large explosion earthquakes at Fuego are well recorded at five stations and yield information on near-surface seismic wave velocities (α=3.0±0.2 km/sec.).