吕宋海峡M2内潮生成与传播数值模拟研究

本文在z坐标海洋数值模式HAMSOM中引入了内潮黏性项(Internal-tide viscosity term),将之运用到吕宋海峡M2内潮的生成与传播过程的数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:(1)在250 m以浅,吕宋海峡产生的M2内潮振幅于温跃层处最大,岛坡附近的内潮明显强于别处,且最大振幅可达到40 m左右;(2)M2内潮的生成源主要集中在伊特巴亚岛西北、巴丹岛西南以及巴布延群岛西北的岛坡;(3)海峡产生的M2内潮向东西2个方向传播。巴丹岛以西的西向能量在吕宋海沟斜向下传播,在到达恒春海脊附近发生反射返回海面,到达海面后再次反射回海底,在此过程中,有高模态的内潮被激发,不同模态间有相消干涉的现象产生。西传的内潮能量分为2支进入南海,产生于巴布延群岛西北的能量分支直接向西南折转进入南海海盆,而产生于伊特巴亚岛和巴丹岛岛坡附近的主要能量则以束状向南海陆架传播,在到达118°E后部分能量折向西南的海盆,其余的能量则沿西北方向传入中国近岸,陆架陆坡地形起着重要的耗散作用。伊特巴亚岛西北有最大的能量产生,向东北传入太平洋。在122°E以东,能量主要以束状向东南传入太平洋。     

吕宋海峡M2内潮生成与传播数值模拟研究

本文在z坐标海洋数值模式HAMSOM中引入了内潮黏性项(Interhal-tide viscosity term),将之运用到吕宋海峡M2内潮的生成与传播过程的数值模拟研究.研究结果表明:(1)在250 m以浅,吕宋海峡产生的M2内潮振幅于温跃层处最大,岛坡附近的内潮明显强于别处,且最大振幅可达到40 m左右;(2)M2内潮的生成源主要集中在伊特巴亚岛西北、巴丹岛西南以及巴布延群岛西北的岛坡;(3)海峡产生的M2内潮向东西2个方向传播.巴丹岛以西的西向能量在吕宋海沟斜向下传播,在到达恒春海脊附近发生反射返回海面,到达海面后再次反射回海底,在此过程中,有高模态的内潮被激发,不同模态间有相消干涉的现象产生.西传的内潮能量分为2支进入南海,产生于巴布延群岛西北的能量分支直接向西南折转进入南海海盆,而产生于伊特巴亚岛和巴丹岛岛坡附近的主要能量则以束状向南海陆架传播,在到达118°E后部分能量折向西南的海盆,其余的能量则沿西北方向传入中国近岸,陆架陆坡地形起着重要的耗散作用.伊特巴亚岛西北有最大的能量产生,向东北传入太平洋.在122°E以东,能量主要以束状向东南传入太平洋.     

全南海内潮生成与传播的数值模拟研究

利用边界八分潮驱动的MITgcm模式,对整个南海海区的内潮进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:在吕宋海峡出现因内潮引起的强烈等密面起伏,其振幅可以达到30m;在西沙群岛西侧海域和南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处也出现因内潮引起的小振幅等密面起伏,振幅可达到10m以上,这表明该两处海域也是南海内潮的可能源地。通过断面分析,验证了西沙群岛西侧海域和南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处均有内潮射线产生。内潮能通量的分析表明,吕宋海峡处大潮期间东传的平均斜压潮能功率为11.4GW,西传的斜压潮能功率为14.6GW;在西沙群岛西侧海域,东南方向传播的斜压潮能功率为0.28GW,西北方向传播的斜压潮能功率为0.08GW;在西沙群岛西侧海域和南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处海域的斜压潮能通量的量级可达20kW/m。在南海南部陆架、陆坡坡折处海域,东北方向传播的内潮能通量为0.54GW。通过分析上述三个典型海域内潮能通量的时间序列发现,第一模态内潮在吕宋海峡的传播相速度可达3.1m/s,在南海中部的传播速度可达2.2m/s;在上述三处内潮源地均有高模态内潮产生。     

利用多源高度计资料提取南海低模态内潮能量

吕宋海峡由于剧烈变化的地形成为内潮产生的源地,内潮是海洋混合的重要原因。为了认知南海的内潮能通量分布,对南海的内潮有更好的理解,本文利用21世纪以来发射的多颗高度计卫星:J2、J1T、GFO以及EN,提取了吕宋海峡附近内潮的能通量。研究使用了调和分析和高通滤波等方法来提取第一模态内潮,主要提取K_1,K_2,M_2,N_2,O_1,P_1,Q_1和S_2八个分潮。同时结合WOA数据对能通量进行计算。结果表明,目标区域潮汐以全日分潮为主,所选区域的全日分潮中K_1所占比例最大;半日分潮中M_2分潮最强,而内潮的能通量则是M_2分潮所占最大,在吕宋海峡区域M_2能通量为6.45GW。内潮主要产生在地形变化剧烈的地方,海域的大部分地区内潮能量很小。在吕宋海峡中部,全日分潮能通量要小于南部地区,而半日分潮则有较大值。     

内潮耗散与自吸-负荷潮对南海潮波影响的数值研究

利用非结构三角形网格的FVCOM海洋数值模式,在其传统二维潮波方程中加入参数化的内潮耗散项和自吸-负荷潮项,计算了南海及其周边海域的M_2、S_2、K_1和O_1分潮的分布。与实测值的比较表明,引入这两项对模拟准确度的提高有明显效果。根据模式结果本文计算分析了研究海域的潮能输入和耗散。能量输入计算表明,能通量是潮能输入的最主要构成部分,通过吕宋海峡断面进入南海的M_2和K_1分潮能通量分别为38和29GW;半日周期的自吸-负荷潮能量输入以负值居多,而全日周期的自吸-负荷潮能量输入以正值居多,因而自吸-负荷潮减弱了南海的半日潮,并加强了南海的全日潮。引潮力的作用也减弱了半日潮而加强了全日潮,但其作用要小于自吸-负荷潮。潮能耗散的分析显示底摩擦耗散在沿岸浅水区域起主导作用,内潮耗散则主要发生在深水区域。内潮耗散的最大值出现在吕宋海峡,且位于南海之外的海峡东部的耗散量大于位于南海之内的海峡西部的耗散量。对M_2和K_1分潮吕宋海峡的内潮耗散总值分别达到16和23GW。     

南海风生正压环流动力机制的数值研究

利用ECOM si模式 ,1 0′× 1 0′水平分辨率 ,垂向 2 0个σ层 ,由H/R( 1 983)气候学月平均风应力场和开边界流量驱动 ,模拟了南海风生环流的季节变化 ,并针对南海冬夏季风生正压环流的动力机制进行了数值实验。实验中考虑以下动力因子对南海冬夏季环流的影响 :1 )开边界入流和出流 ;2 )风应力旋度 ;3)地形 ;4)惯性效应 ;5 ) β效应。数值实验表明 ,通过开边界进入南海的流量与风应力在南海内部引起的流量量值相当 ,特别是冬季两者对北部陆坡边界流和南海西边界流均有重要贡献 ;冬季南海海盆尺度气旋式流圈主要是由风应力旋度引起的 ,但平均风应力可以加强卡里马塔海峡的出流 ,而北部反气旋风应力旋度可引起南海暖流 ;陆坡地形使得海盆尺度冬季气旋式流圈中心限制在深海区 ,南海北部陆架的存在大大削弱了南海暖流的强度 ;惯性效应对南海环流的整体结构无明显影响 ,但使得黑潮入侵和台湾西南的流套变弱 ;深海海盆环流中 β项是与风应力旋度平衡的基本项 ,且 β效应对环流的西向强化和吕宋海峡入侵作用至关重要     

不考虑局地引潮势的南海正压潮能通量与潮能耗散

利用ECOM模式模拟南海正压M2、S2、K1、O1分潮, 对南海潮能通量及潮能耗散进行研究.结果显示, M2、S2、K1和O1分潮分别有38.93、5.77、29.73和28.97GW的能通量经吕宋海峡传入南海, 并有2.42、0.36、8.67和7.86GW的能通量由南海经卡里马塔海峡传入爪哇海.由东海及吕宋海峡西北部传入台湾海峡的M2分潮能通量为25.28GW.半日潮进入北部湾和泰国湾的能通量较少(6.52GW), 全日潮则较大(24.74GW).通过民都洛和巴拉巴克海峡断面, 全日潮由南海向苏禄海共输送12.28GW的能通量, 而半日潮则由苏禄海向南海输送1.92GW的能通量.由模式输出结果估计得到的南海各局部海域的底摩擦耗散与净潮能通量存在差异, 为使二者平衡, 可对南海不同海域的底摩擦系数进行调整.依净潮能通量与底摩擦耗散平衡关系计算得到台湾海峡、北部湾、泰国湾及南海深水海域的底摩擦系数分别为0.0023、0.0024、0.0023和0.0021.     

南海海面高度季节变化的数值模拟

比较POM模式模拟与观测(TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料)的南海海面高度(SSH)的季节变化在空间分布上的一致性和差异.结果表明:本文使用的POM模式能较好地模拟南海SSH的季节变化;冬季与夏季,春季与秋季南海海面异常场形式完全相反,冬季Ekman输运造成在西海岸的堆积要比夏季在东海岸堆积更明显,而吕宋冷涡中心附近和吕宋海峡海面季节变化振幅最大;除春季以外,在南海绝大部分海域,海面高度的季节变化主要受风力的控制,南海海面热量通量对SSH的季节变化贡献约为20%,风应力对SSH的季节变化的贡献约为80%.     

吕宋海峡黑潮季节变化初步分析

本文根据吕宋海峡所处海域(17°~23°N、117°~122°E)1、4、7、10月的0、100、500m流场图、南海北部和台湾以东海域(17°~30°N、110°~130°E)逐月标准层温度场以及1、4、7、10月平均SSH场等相关资料,分别从冬、夏、春秋三种季节描述吕宋海峡黑潮流的季节特征,并试图从黑潮产生的机制着手,结合季节性风场及实际温盐分布状况,分析吕宋海峡黑潮的季节变化原因以及吕宋海峡黑潮对南海与西太平洋之间的物质能量交换过程的影响。     

吕宋海峡120°E断面水交换特征

利用2007年7～8月吕宋海峡120°E断面(18.5°N～21.5°N)CTD观测数据,分析了该断面的温度、盐度和密度分布特征,并用动力计箅方法计算了断面的流速,得到了通过该断面的海水体积通量.计算结果显示,通过断面的海水主要由南海向太平洋输送,总的交换量为3.15 Sv.19°30'N～20°30'N之间,南海水通过吕宋海峡进入太平洋,而19°30'N以南和20°30'N以北至21°30'N之间.海水由太平洋进入南海.此外,流出吕宋海峡的表层流速最大可达1.3 m/s,流入南海的表层流速最大可达60 cm/s,位于19°30'N以南.     

The variation of turbulent diapycnal mixing at 18°N in the South China Sea stirred by wind stress

The spatial and temporal variations of turbulent diapycnal mixing along 18°N in the South China Sea(SCS) are estimated by a fine-scale parameterization method based on strain, which is obtained from CTD measurements in yearly September from 2004 to 2010. The section mean diffusivity can reach ~10~(–4)m~2/s, which is an order of magnitude larger than the value in the open ocean. Both internal tides and wind-generated near-inertial internal waves play an important role in furnishing the diapycnal mixing here. The former dominates the diapycnal mixing in the deep ocean and makes nonnegligible contribution in the upper ocean, leading to enhanced diapycnal mixing throughout the water column over rough topography. In contrast, the influence of the wind-induced nearinertial internal wave is mainly confined to the upper ocean. Over both flat and rough bathymetries, the diapycnal diffusivity has a growth trend from 2005 to 2010 in the upper 700 m, which results from the increase of wind work on the near-inertial motions.     

Assessing the west ridge of Luzon Strait as an internal wave mediator

The Luzon Strait is blocked by two meridional ridges at depths, with the east ridge somewhat higher than the west ridge in the middle reaches of the Strait. Previous numerical models identified the Luzon Strait as the primary generation site of internal M₂ tides entering the northern South China Sea (Niwa and Hibiya, 2004), but the role of the west-versus-east ridge was uncertain. We used a hydrostatic model for the northern South China Sea and a nonhydrostatic, process-oriented model to evaluate how the west ridge of Luzon Strait modifies westward propagation of internal tides, internal bores and internal solitary waves. The dynamic role of the west ridge depends strongly on the characteristics of internal waves and is spatially inhomogeneous. For M₂ tides, both models identify the west ridge in the middle reaches of Luzon Strait as a dampener of incoming internal waves from the east ridge. In the northern Luzon Strait, the west ridge is quite imposing in height and becomes a secondary generation site for M₂ internal tides. If the incoming wave is an internal tide, previous models suggested that wave attenuation depends crucially on how supercritical the west ridge slope is. If the incoming wave is an internal bore or internal solitary wave, our investigation suggests a loss of sensitivity to the supercritical slope for internal tides, leaving ridge height as the dominant factor regulating the wave attenuation. Mechanisms responsible for the ridge-induced attenuation are discussed.     

The variability of internal tides in the Northern South China Sea

An array of three bottom-mounted ADCP moorings was deployed on the prevailing propagation path of strong internal tides for nearly 1 year across the continental slope in the northern South China Sea. These velocity measurements are used to study the intra-annual variability of diurnal and semidiurnal internal tidal energy in the region. A numerical model, the Luzon Strait Ocean Nowcast/Forecast System developed at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory that covers the northern South China Sea and the Kuroshio, is used to interpret the observed variation of internal tidal energy on the Dongsha slope. Internal tides are generated primarily at the two submarine ridges in the Luzon Strait. At the western ridge generation site, the westward energy flux of the diurnal internal tide is sensitive to the stratification and isopycnal slope associated with the Kuroshio. The horizontal shear at the Kuroshio front does not modify the propagation path of either diurnal or semidiurnal tides because the relative vorticity of the Kuroshio in Luzon Strait is not strong enough to increase the effective inertial frequency to the intrinsic frequency of the internal tides. The variation of internal tidal energy on the continental slope and Dongsha plateau can be attributed to the variation in tidal beam propagation in the northern South China Sea.     

吕宋海峡M2内潮的三维数值模拟

A three-dimensional isopycnic-coordinate internal tidal model is employed to investigate the generation,propagation, vertical structure and energy conversion of M2 internal tides in the Luzon Strait(LS) with mooring observations. Simulated results, especially the tidal current amplitudes, agree well with observations,demonstrating the reasonability and accuracy of the model. Results indicate that M2 internal tides mainly propagate into three directions horizontally, i.e., eastward towards the western Pacific Ocean, westward towards the Dongsha Island and southwestward towards the South China Sea Basin. In the horizontal direction, tidal current amplitudes decrease as distance increases away from the LS; in the vertical direction, they show an obvious decreasing tendency with depth. Between the double ridges of the LS, a clockwise gyre of M2 baroclinic energy flux appears, which is caused by reflections of M2 internal tides at supercritical topographies, and resonance of M2 internal tides happens along 19.5° and 21.5°N due to the heights and separation distance of the double ridges. The total energy conversion in the LS is about 14.20 GW.     

北太平洋涡旋对基于细尺度参数化的海洋内部混合的影响

基于Vector Geometry方法对2016—2018年的高度计资料进行涡旋识别,并使用细尺度参数化方法和Argo数据计算了涡旋附近的海洋内部扩散率,分析了北太平洋的涡旋对海洋内部混合的影响。结果显示,研究区域在涡旋影响下的平均扩散率比无涡旋影响下的值大6%,并且气旋涡增强了600—1200m深度的混合,对600—900m深度的混合影响最大,可达18%;反气旋涡明显增强了300—900m深度的混合,但对900—1200m深度的混合没有明显影响。随着与涡旋中心距离的增大,涡旋外围混合扩散率缓慢减小,涡旋内部混合扩散率变化不明显,此结果与2014年3—10月在24°—36°N、132°—152°E区域的一个个例分析结果一致。此外,随着涡旋强度的增大,海洋内部混合明显增强。统计结果表明,在研究区域, 90%的扩散率值在10~(-5.5)—10~(-4)m~2/s范围内。     

Patterns of K1 and M2 internal tides and their seasonal variations in the northern South China Sea

Seasonal variations of baroclinic tides for K₁ and M₂ constituents were separately studied using two-dimensional numerical simulations along the 21°N section of the northern South China Sea (SCS). Results show that the continental slope of the northern SCS and the west ridge of the Luzon Strait are supercritical to K₁ internal tides, which may be trapped in the deep basin of the SCS and form standing or partial standing waves. Meanwhile, these areas are sub-critical to M₂ internal tides, which can transmit onto the shelf and are seldom reflected back into the basin. The trapped K₁ internal tides are dominated by mode-2 and mode-3 in summer and by mode-1 and mode-3 in winter. Moreover, high mode K₁ internal tides account for nearly 20–40 % of the total energy density in winter and 15–20 % in summer. The pattern of K₁ internal tides in the basin is mainly determined by the percentage of reflected energy from the continental slope. The phase difference between the incoming mode-1 and mode-2 K₁ internal tides near the continental slope are nearly out of phase in winter, which means that the percentage of reflection of the K₁ internal tide is larger than that in summer. Both the convergence and high mode K₁ internal tides can enhance the vertical shear. The above results indicate that, in the deep basin of the SCS, water mixing potentially induced by internal tides in winter is stronger than in summer.     

Numerical study of baroclinic tides in Luzon Strait

The spatial and temporal variations of baroclinic tides in the Luzon Strait (LS) are investigated using a three-dimensional tide model driven by four principal constituents, O₁, K₁, M₂ and S₂, individually or together with seasonal mean summer or winter stratifications as the initial field. Barotropic tides propagate predominantly westward from the Pacific Ocean, impinge on two prominent north-south running submarine ridges in LS, and generate strong baroclinic tides propagating into both the South China Sea (SCS) and the Pacific Ocean. Strong baroclinic tides, ∼19 GW for diurnal tides and ∼11 GW for semidiurnal tides, are excited on both the east ridge (70%) and the west ridge (30%). The barotropic to baroclinic energy conversion rate reaches 30% for diurnal tides and ∼20% for semidiurnal tides. Diurnal (O₁ and K₁) and semidiurnal (M₂) baroclinic tides have a comparable depth-integrated energy flux 10–20 kW m⁻¹ emanating from the LS into the SCS and the Pacific basin. The spring-neap averaged, meridionally integrated baroclinic tidal energy flux is ∼7 GW into the SCS and ∼6 GW into the Pacific Ocean, representing one of the strongest baroclinic tidal energy flux regimes in the World Ocean. About 18 GW of baroclinic tidal energy, ∼50% of that generated in the LS, is lost locally, which is more than five times that estimated in the vicinity of the Hawaiian ridge. The strong westward-propagating semidiurnal baroclinic tidal energy flux is likely the energy source for the large-amplitude nonlinear internal waves found in the SCS. The baroclinic tidal energy generation, energy fluxes, and energy dissipation rates in the spring tide are about five times those in the neap tide; while there is no significant seasonal variation of energetics, but the propagation speed of baroclinic tide is about 10% faster in summer than in winter. Within the LS, the average turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate is O(10⁻⁷) W kg^{− 1} and the turbulence diffusivity is O(10⁻³) m²s⁻¹, a factor of 100 greater than those in the typical open ocean. This strong turbulence mixing induced by the baroclinic tidal energy dissipation exists in the main path of the Kuroshio and is important in mixing the Pacific Ocean, Kuroshio, and the SCS waters.     

Spatial distribution of turbulent diapycnal mixing along the Mindanao current inferred from rapid-sampling Argo floats

The Mindanao Current (MC) bridges the North Pacific low-latitude western boundary current system region and the Indonesian Seas by supplying the North Pacific waters to the Indonesian Throughflow. Although the previous study speculated that the diapycnal mixing along the MC might be strong on the basis of the water mass analysis of the gridded climatologic dataset, the real spatial distribution of diapycnal mixing along the MC has remained to be clarified. We tackle this question here by applying a finescale parameterization to temperature and salinity profiles obtained using two rapid-sampling profiling Argo floats that drifted along the MC. The western boundary (WB) region close to the Mindanao Islands and the Sangihe Strait are the two mixing hotspots along the MC, with energy dissipation rate ε and diapycnal diffusivity K_ρ enhanced up to?~?10^–6 W kg^?1 and?~?10^–3 m² s^?1, respectively. Except for the above two mixing hotspots, the turbulent mixing along the MC is mostly weak, with ε and K_ρ to be 10^–11–10^–9 W kg^?1 and 10^–6–10^–5 m² s^?1, respectively. Strong mixing in the Sangihe Strait can be basically attributed to the existence of internal tides, whereas strong mixing in the WB region suggests the existence of internal lee waves. We also find that water mass transformation along the MC mainly occurs in the Sangihe Strait where the water masses are subjected to strong turbulent mixing during a long residence time.

     

Estimates of Energy Dissipation Rates in the Three-Dimensional Deep Ocean Internal Wave Field

Using the “Eikonal Approach” (Henyey et al., 1986), we estimate energy dissipation rates in the three-dimensional Garrett-Munk internal wave field. The total energy dissipation rate within the undisturbed GM internal wave field is found to be 4.34 × 10⁻⁹ W kg⁻¹. This corresponds to a diapycnal diffusivity of about 0.3 × 10⁻⁴ m²s⁻¹, which is less than the value 10⁻⁴ m²s⁻¹ required to sustain the global ocean overturning circulation. Only when the high vertical wavenumber, near-inertial current shear is enhanced can diapycnal diffusivity reach ∼10⁻⁴ m²s⁻¹. It follows that the energy supplied at low vertical wavenumbers and low frequencies is efficiently transferred to high vertical wavenumbers and near-inertial frequencies in the mixing hotspots in the real ocean.