溢油乳化过程C波段微波散射特性实验研究

本文基于水槽溢油观测实验，研究溢油乳化过程中表面散射特性的变化。利用全极化C波段微波散射计和矢量网络分析仪等测量设备对易发生乳化反应沥青含量小于3%的原油（A型油）、油田中开采出的新鲜原油（B型油）和经过脱水去杂质处理的工业原油（C型油）进行观测。文中详细分析了在C波段微波下乳化油膜与平静水面的后向散射差异，以及油膜乳化过程对后向散射的影响，结果显示在低风速、无浪的条件下（最大波高低于3mm），原油的乳化反应可通过表面粗糙度和自身介电常数的变化来调制雷达后向散射，并且这两种方式中表面粗糙度的影响占主导地位。对比B型和C型原油在乳化状态和未乳化状态下的表面后向散射，结果显示在各状态下B型油膜表面后向散射均大于C型油，且在VV、HH、HV/VH极化方式下两者后向散射平均差异分别为2.19 dB、2.63 dB、2.21 dB，在20%油膜含水率的乳化状态下差异较未乳化状态时小，平均差异分别为0.98 dB、1.49 dB、1.5 dB，结果表明不同类型油种间由于成分和油膜属性的不同会在一定程度上导致油膜表面粗糙度存在差异，影响油膜表面后向散射。     

基于微波散射实验的油种识别研究

海上溢油来源复杂,溢油种类多样,正确识别溢油类型对于溢油应急的快速反应具有重要意义。合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)具有全天时全天候的监测优势,在海面溢油监测中发挥着主力军作用,但在油种识别方面存在不足。利用C波段全极化散射计对柴油、原油、油水混合物和棕榈油进行外场实验观测,探究微波识别油膜的敏感特征参数,并将敏感特征参数应用于海上油膜实验获取的SAR图像进行油种识别。结果表明,在垂直(vertical transmission vertical reception,VV)极化方式下的油水差(?σ⁰)可以有效识别植物油和矿物油;基于d B和linear units表达的后向散射系数(NRCS)计算的抑制比(DR)在垂直(VV)和水平(horizontal transmission horizontal reception,HH)极化方式下可以有效识别植物油和矿物油,并且在交叉(vertical transmission horizontal reception/horizontal transmission vertical...     

基于二维激光观测的溢油及其乳化过程散射模式研究进展

合成孔径雷达(SAR)以其高分辨率、能不受雨云影响实施全天时全天候全方位监测,在海面溢油灾害应急监测过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用。溢油是因为海面油膜抑制了毛细波和重力波,在SAR图像上呈暗斑而被识别。然而,海面溢油的乳化过程直接影响SAR对海面溢油后向散射截面的观测精度。本研究以物理海洋学和激光原理以及海面电磁散射理论为基础,通过实验利用激光扫描仪观测海面溢油粗糙度,分别与溢油特征参数、后向散射系数建立对应关系;耦合海面溢油参数与后向散射截面的关系,利用电磁散射数值建模方法,建立海面溢油散射模型,研究海面溢油乳化过程对微波后向散射截面的影响。本项目的研究将为SAR监测海面溢油量、溢油厚度及油品分布格局提供了可能;将进一步揭示海面溢油的散射机制,提高SAR海面监测溢油的精度和能力。     

基于极化特征SERD的SAR溢油检测

与单极化SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)相比,全极化SAR图像中不仅包含散射目标的几何特征和后向散射特征,还包含散射目标的极化特征。因此,基于极化特征的SAR图像分类能够更全面地描述海面目标的物理特性。单次反射特征值相对差异度(Single Bounce Eigenvalue Relative Difference,SERD)能够比较单次散射机制的相对大小,并且可以反映散射表面的粗糙度情况。而海面油膜的存在抑制了海面的短重力波和毛细波,改变了海表面的粗糙度。基于此,本文将SERD应用到海面溢油检测中。利用两景Radarsat-2全极化SAR数据对比分析了SERD与极化散射熵的溢油检测效果,实验发现:(1)SERD能够较好地区分溢油与海水。(2)对原油而言,SERD的油水对比度与极化散射熵的油水对比度在数值上差异较小;对生物油膜而言,SERD的油水对比度在数值上远小于极化散射熵。利用这一特性,SERD在区分生物油膜与原油方面更具优势。     

三种渤海原油蒸发特性及对溢油分散剂乳化作用影响的实验研究

作为海面溢油风化的重要过程之一,蒸发会导致溢油组分和性质发生显著变化,从而对溢油分散剂的使用效果产生明显影响。本研究选取三种渤海原油样品开展油品蒸发实验,并对蒸发过程对溢油分散剂乳化效果的影响进行评价。结果表明,在72h蒸发周期内,渤西、旅大10-1和蓬莱19-3原油的蒸发率和运动黏度随蒸发时间的延长均呈逐渐增大的趋势。原油蒸发会减弱溢油分散剂对油品的乳化分散效果。在油品蒸发过程的前12h内,溢油分散剂对油品的乳化率显著降低,12h之后乳化率变化不大。溢油分散剂对不同类型原油的乳化效果不同。与旅大10-1和蓬莱19-3原油相比,尽管渤西原油密度较低,但由于其含蜡量高,溢油分散剂对该原油的乳化效果并没有表现出明显优势。研究结果对于海上溢油事故处置中溢油分散剂的使用具有指导意义。     

渤海冰期溢油特性变化规律研究

当溢油事件发生在有冰覆盖海域时,海面油膜的各项特性的变化规律将发生显著变化。针对这一问题,采用室内试验的方法对渤海可能发生的冰期溢油事件进行了模拟,重点针对溢油在有冰覆盖海面上的特性变化进行了详细观测,并依据观测数据对相关变化规律进行了探讨。试验中分别对轻质原油和重质原油试样进行了测试,并针对渤海常年遇冰条件进行了模拟。试验内容包括:油膜厚度、油膜蒸发率以及乳化黏度在不同冰块覆盖率下随时间的变化情况。试验测试结果表明,溢油的各项风化进程均将受到海冰的影响。     

基于简缩极化SAR的溢油检测与分类方法

针对简缩极化SAR在海上溢油的检测与分类应用开展研究,利用欧式距离全面分析了简缩极化SAR的36种极化特征在溢油检测与油膜分类中的性能,发现简缩极化特征中的奇次散射系数的溢油检测性能最好,简缩极化熵的疑似溢油鉴别性能最好。在此基础上,提出了结合二叉树原理的简缩极化SAR溢油检测与油膜分类算法,并分析了RADARSAT-2和SIR-C全极化溢油数据模拟的简缩极化数据。结果表明,此方法对溢油的检测精度可达95.67%,对于疑似溢油的识别精度可达95.71%,证明了简缩极化SAR在溢油检测与分类中具有较好的应用前景。     

浅海原油净化过程的模拟实验──分散油的挥发降解过程

于1989年3－7月在青岛海洋大学进行“河口”原油和“东营”原油实验室模拟实验，以了解海上溢油进入海水中的分散（溶解和乳化）油的挥发降解过程。结果表明，分散油的蒸发速率除与原油本身性质有关外，还与环境温度、水体盐度和水面风速有关。水体中油含量随时间变化可表示为：，温度、盐度和风速增大时，均有助于分散油的挥发，其中风速变化对Kv的影响最大，而盐度变化的影响最小。     

原油红外光谱鉴别中的小波分析法

本文对渤海海上 2个不同区块所产原油的红外光谱进行小波分析 ,分别获得不同尺度下的光谱信息。通过观察比较不同尺度下的光谱信息 ,包括谱图的大体形状 (谱图的低频部分 )和特征峰信息 (谱图的高频部分 ) ,更好地对 2种原油进行了分辨 ,为提高用红外光谱法进行海上溢油鉴别的准确度探索出 1种新的方法     

渤海原油的蒸发风化对油指纹的影响

选取渤海3个不同区块不同平台的原油样品,进行室内蒸发风化模拟实验.采用气相色谱法和气相色谱一质谱联用法,分析了在不同风化程度(最大风化、最大风化的1/3、最大风化的2/3)下正构烷烃、生物标志化合物以及用于溢油鉴别的诊断比值在风化过程中的变化特征,探讨了渤海不同原油的蒸发变化过程,对渤海溢油鉴定具有重要的借鉴作用.     

Exposure of phytoplankton to ekofisk crude oil

Solutions of Ekofisk crude oil in sea water were prepared by slow stirring for 21h in a closed system. Headspace and GC/MS techniques were applied to establish dose composition and levels. The standardized test medium produced in a closed system contained approximately 14 mg oil per litre and was dominated by low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons and phenols.The toxicity of the standarized oil-containing medium to three marine diatoms was studied in a cage culture turbidostat and by conventional batch culture technique. The three algal species differed in sensitivity to the oil compounds, but showed identical ranking in both test systems.Standardized test medium diluted to 50% with respect to oil content stopped the growth of the most sensitive alga, Skeletonema costatum. For comparison naphthalene was applied and gave 50 % growth reduction at a concentration of 400 μg litre^?1. The growth of Chaetoceros ceratosporum was only slighty affected by the full strength standard test medium, which had no influence on the growth of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the least sensitive organism. The presence of an oil layer on the surface of the standard test medium during the growth test greatly increased its toxicity and blocked completely the photosynthesis even of P. tricornutum after 4 days.     

Sensitivity of two psychrophilic diatoms to crude oil and fuel oil

Two pure cultures of diatoms, a Nitzschia sp. and a Chaetoceros sp., were grown at 0°C or 10°C in the presence of two crude oils and two fuel oils. The petroleum samples were absorbed onto filter paper discs and added directly to the algal cultures. In all cases the organisms were much more sensitive to the crude oils or fuel oils when growing at 0°C than at 10°C. The rate of photosynthesis measured by an oxygen electrode for Nitzschia sp. grown and tested at 0°C was not affected during 3 hours' incubation with some four times the amount of a crude oil or fuel oil that blocked growth. The experiments lead to the cautious suggestion that psychrophilic algae will prove some fivefold more sensitive than mesophilic algae to petroleum pollution.     

Experimental degradation of crude oil by marine bacteria

The ability of biodegradation for crude oil was examined for ten strains of marine bacteria. With regard to their degradation ability forn-alkanes the microorganisms tested could be divided into four groups, although the same result was not observed for microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons obtained by the UV measurements.     

Natural seepage of crude oil into the marine environment

Recent global estimates of crude-oil seepage rates suggest that about 47% of crude oil currently entering the marine environment is from natural seeps, whereas 53% results from leaks and spills during the extraction, transportation, refining, storage, and utilization of petroleum. The amount of natural crude-oil seepage is currently estimated to be 600,000 metric tons per year, with a range of uncertainty of 200,000 to 2,000,000 metric tons per year. Thus, natural oil seeps may be the single most important source of oil that enters the ocean, exceeding each of the various sources of crude oil that enters the ocean through its exploitation by humankind.     

An experimental marine ecosystem response to crude oil and corexit 9527: Part 1—Fate of chemically dispersed crude oil

The fate of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. labelled with n(1−¹⁴C)-hexadecane and dispersed with Corexit 9527, was studied for 24 days in a polyethylene bag enclosure of sea water by time-series observations of the alkane composition of the crude oil, oil fluorescence, ¹⁴C-labelled hexadecane in the particulate phase, bacterial biomass, amounts of sedimented material and parameters of temperature, salinity, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, and nutrients. By the seventh day, convective and diffusive mixing, important mechanisms for the dispersion of oil, resulted in a fairly homogeneous distribution of oil throughout the enclosed water column. Rapid bacterial biodegradation removed the n-alkane fraction initially, while oil-Corexit dispersion suppressed phytoplankton growth. After 7 days, with the recovery of phytoplankton growth, much of the aged oil sedimented with sinking of diatoms.     

分散剂对原油影响的主成分分析

以2种原油和3种溢油分散剂的混合物为对象,借助SPSS统计分析软件,采用主成分分析法研究基于诊断比值的原油分类,旨在判别分散剂对原油的影响。KOM值近似等于0.6、Bartlett球形度检验对应概率P值为0,表明原始数据适合做主成分分析;前两个主成分F1和F2的特征值均大于1,累积贡献率为81.433%,多变量可降至2维。根据F1和F2表达式得到主成分分类图可知:两种原油中加入不同分散剂后还可在图中大致区分,富肯-2号分散剂对两种原油几乎没有影响,GM-2分散剂对渤海原油分类程度有一定影响,但对华北原油却有较大影响;海鸥4号分散剂对两种原油分类程度都有影响。结果表明:主成分分析法可用于添加分散剂的溢油分类辨别,研究发现一些分散剂对原油影响较小,而某些分散剂对原油有复杂的影响。因此,溢油指纹鉴定需考虑分散剂的影响。     

Effects of crude oil on the supralittoral meiofauna of a sandy beach

The supralittoral zone of an open sandy beach was dosed with crude oil and changes in the meiofauna monitored. Treatments included weathered and fresh oil on the surface, fresh oil mixed with dispersant on the surface and weathered oil at the water table, all in layers 0·8 cm thick. In all cases the meiofauna was reduced 1 month after dosing but numbers had returned to normal by 5 months except in the site dosed with fresh oil mixed with dispersant. Oil on the surface had greater effects than oil at the water table; fresh oil had a greater effect than weathered oil and fresh oil with dispersant was more toxic than fresh oil alone. Nematodes were least sensitive to the oil and oligochaetes more sensitive, their numbers being correlated with oil concentrations and depth in the substrate. It is concluded that, under all but the heaviest conditions of pollution in their environment, recovery from oil contamination should occur within 5 months in the meiofauna.     

The long-term effects of crude oil on microbial processes in subarctic marine sediments

Subarctic marine sediments were exposed to fresh and ‘weathered’ crude oil from Cook Inlet, Alaska. The crude oil was thoroughly mixed with the sediment at various concentrations and some of the oil-sediment mixtures were placed on top of unamended sediments. Both sediments with added oil and those overlain by oiled sediments were investigated. These sediments were placed either in trays or aquaria. The trays were incubated in situ near the site from which the sediments were originally collected. The aquaria were maintained at simulated in situ conditions by maintaining a continuous flow of fresh seawater through them. The sediments were exposed to crude oil for periods up to 1.5 years. Sediments exposed to 50‰ fresh crude oil showed significant decreases in nitrogen fixation and denitrification rates and redox potentials. Also observed were increases in CO₂ production rates and methane concentrations. These same changes were observed in sediments exposed to 1‰. When ‘weathered’ crude oil was added to the sediments, the same changes were observed except there was no reduction in nitrogen fixation activity. In most cases, the observed effects were less marked when the sediments were amended with ‘weathered’ crude oil than with the same concentration of fresh crude oil. Untreated sediments that were overlain with treated sediments showed the same changes as those sediments that were thoroughly mixed with crude oil. The presence of fresh crude oil at 50‰ essentially eliminated burrowing activity of the benthic infauna. Under these conditions, there was an accumulation of detritus particles on the oiled sediments that was not present in the untreated controls.     

原油中的正构烷烃类在海沙和海水中风化的模拟实验

通过自然条件下沙表层和水面溢油的模拟风化实验,采用GC-MS作为检测器,研究原油中的正构烷烃在厦门地区的风化规律.结果表明,在一个月的风化模拟实验中,两种不同介质溢油风化均明显体现轻组分的正构烷烃丢失现象,且正构烷烃组分在水面溢油的风化速率低于沙表层溢油速率1～2个碳数.沙上模拟实验后期APr/APh比值明显受到风化影响,诊断比值不适用于油源鉴别.诊断比值An-C17/APr、An-C18/APh在短期风化过程中受风化影响小.水面溢油模拟实验结束后发现水体中n-C13-n-C29的正构烷烃组分含量升高2.9%～327.4%.     

基于完好性的石油平台动力系统备品备件研究

基于完好性理论,提出了埕岛油田动力系统的备品备件配置策略,为复杂可维修系统的备品备件配置提供了一个通用的方法。