用实测海水透明度数据和NOAA卫星数据计算黄海悬浮体含量

用国家海洋局1975—1982年间在黄东海调查的海水透明度数据换算为悬浮体含量,用NOAA卫星高分辨率辐射计数据计算悬浮体含量,以绘制悬浮体含量分布图。分布图显示,研究区有三个悬浮体含量高值区,位于苏北浅滩、长江口、成山角沿岸水域。研究表明,风浪是影响悬浮体含量的海洋外部的主要因素。层化参量是影响悬浮体含量海洋内部的主要因素。     

2011年长江口-东海P-PN断面碳酸盐体系参数的季节分布特征及影响因素

海水碳酸盐体系参数是反映碳循环调控机理和季节性酸化过程的重要海水化学参数.本文根据2011年3月、7月、11月和12月4个不同季节航次获取的长江口海域海水碳酸盐体系参数,探讨了长江口-东海P断面溶解无机碳(DIC)和总碱度(T A)的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:内陆架区,DIC和T A的平均值均表现为:夏季<秋季<冬季<春季;垂直分布上,夏季和秋季受长江冲淡水影响出现层化现象,春季和冬季均垂直混合较均匀.东海内陆架DIC与温度和DO呈显著负相关;T A则受温度和DO变化影响较小,与盐度呈正相关.结合2011年东海外陆架的PN断面数据分析,DIC和pH分别与表观耗氧量(AOU)呈显著正相关和负相关,东海外陆架的pH/AOU的斜率为-0.0027 pH/(μmol·kg-1);而内陆架区的pH/AOU的斜率为-0.0018 pH/(μmol·kg-1),低于黑潮次表层水中pH/AOU的斜率.东海内陆架区由于存在季节性的通风作用以及较强的海水碳酸盐体系缓冲能力,底层水体中因有机质耗氧降解导致的季节性酸化信号在一定程度上得到了缓解.     

BEHAVIOURS OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATERIALS IN CHANGJIANG ESTUARY

The paper deals with the distribution of suspended particulated materials (SPM) in the Changjiang Estuary, the relation of salinity to particulated organic carbon and particulated organic nitrogen, and behaviour of SPM in mixing river-sea water. At the same time, the article shows that the SPM in Changjiang River emptying into the sea contains a large amount of organic matter. The relative concentrations of suspended particulate organic matter and living organic matter gradually increase seaward. In the estuarine environment, there is a linear relationship between log SPM and C/N ratio during the mixing of fresh water with seawater.     

长江河口及邻近海域表层沉积物中铁溶解和磷释放活性的动力学表征

运用溶解动力学实验及活性连续体模型表征了长江河口至东海邻近海域表层沉积物中铁(Fe)和磷(P)的活性。通过动力学数据拟合得到了活性组分的理论含量m₀和表观速率常数k。结果表明，Fe(Ⅱ)普遍存在于表层沉积物中，这应是高活性有机络合态Fe(Ⅲ)絮凝/沉淀到沉积物中后快速还原的结果。沉积物中黏土及总有机碳（TOC）含量对Fe(Ⅱ)的m₀及其k值起重要控制作用。从长江河口至邻近海域沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)均以FeCO₃形态为主，FeCO₃的溶解及与之相结合磷(主要为交换态P和自生P)的释放导致Fe(Ⅱ)和P具有相似的溶解动力学特征。与吸附于Fe(Ⅱ)矿物相的P相比，与Fe(Ⅱ)矿物相共沉淀的P的m₀较高，但k较低。与TOC含量较低的粗粒沉积物中的Fe(Ⅲ)相比，TOC含量较高的细粒沉积物中Fe(Ⅲ)的m₀值较小，但k值较大。以上特征是Fe不同的氧化还原过程导致的。Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的含量(m₀)和活性(k)总体上控制着与之相结合P的含量(m₀)及溶解活性(k)。虽然传统活性Fe形态分析未能揭示出长江河口沉积物中活性Fe的富集作用，但溶解动力学表征结果表明，Fe的絮凝/沉淀导致河口沉积物中活性Fe的明显富集，且该过程主要发生在盐度明显增加的低盐度河口区。     

南黄海海水中悬浮体垂向分布类型及跃层

海水中悬浮体的垂向分布并非上下均匀,而是具有明显的层化现象,这种情况与海水中的温度、盐度、密度等物理性质的层化现象一样,不是偶然的,而是常年存在的,同时,悬浮体含量的层化分布对于海水的某些物理性质有较大影响。 1958年中国科学海洋研究所在南黄海南部海水中悬浮体的调査中已发现了悬浮体含量分布的层化现象。1981年, Kanau Matsuike等(1983)在东海区悬浮体的调查中发现了长江口外浅滩区海水中光束衰减的层化现象。Gorsline和Swift (1977)在关于大陆架沉积动力学的论述中指出,海水密度的层化现象总是伴随着悬浮体浓度的层化现象。1983-1984年中美南黄海沉积动力学联合调查中,作者(秦蕴珊等,1986)也发现了该区内海水中悬浮体含量的层化分布现象,并且提出了“悬浮体跃层”的概念。同期,赵保仁等(1986)在研究秋末南黄海海水透光度及其与环流的关系时指出,水体中透光度存在着一个“跃变层”。实际上,影响海水透光度衰减的主要因素是悬浮体浓度,因而,上述透光度之“跃变层”乃是悬浮体跃层在光学方面的表现。上述报道结果说明,悬浮体垂向分布的层化现象及悬浮体跃层的存在已经引起了有关学者的注意。但是,其性质、季节变化及成因等问题却很少有人研究,它们对海水许多重要物理性质的影响也鲜为人知,因而这些问题的解决在理论和实践方面均具有重要意义。 在总结了历年调查资料基础上,作者于1988年4月又在南黄海进行了补充调査,共设55个站位(图1),对本区悬浮体分布中的层化现象、跃层问题及季节变化等进行了系统分析,并且对其成因及其物理意义进行了初步探讨。关于悬浮体的平面分布问题作者已有专文讨论,兹不赘述。     

Distribution of rare earth elements and neodymium isotopes in suspended particles of the tropical Atlantic Ocean (EUMELI site)

We analyzed the REE, Mn and Al concentrations and Nd isotopic ratios in marine suspensions collected on filters (0.65 μm porosity) with in situ pumping systems in the tropical northeastern Atlantic (20°N, 18–31°W). Previously we reported the same parameters on large sinking particles collected with moored sediment traps at the sites. Shale-normalized REE patterns of the filtered suspensions are characterized by a larger light REE (LREE) to heavy REE (HREE) enrichment compared to the trapped material and a Ce anomaly that evolves positively with depth. Depth profiles of REE/Al show maximum values at 50–100 m, where the Mn/Al ratio also reaches a maximum. The profile of the Nd isotopic ratios of the filtered suspensions shows variations similar to those of the seawater. These results suggest that the filtered suspensions preferentially scavenge the LREE, especially Ce, and that the particulate Mn oxides are potential REE carriers. The relationship between the Ce anomaly and the Ce/Al ratio demonstrates that the particulate Ce anomaly is formed by (1) the LREE adsorption onto the particulate Mn oxides in the surface water, (2) Ce(III) oxidation to insoluble Ce(IV)O₂ and (3) preferential desorption of strict trivalent REE from the Mn oxides in deep water. Estimated authigenic Nd contents, using Nd isotopic ratios, decrease with depth. This is consistent with the adsorption of the REE in surface water and their desorption in deep water, suggested by the Ce anomaly formation. All the results show that the suspended particles record more clearly the authigenic REE contribution than the trapped material does. The suspended matter plays a key role in the scavenging of particle-reactive elements.     

HY-1 CCD宽波段水色要素反演算法

利用2003年春季黄海、东海区现场实测数据,建立了HY1卫星4波段CCD成像仪水色要素反演算法.由于HY1CCD的宽波段特性阻碍了黄色物质的反演,因此反演的水色要素仅包括水体表层的总悬浮物、悬浮泥沙(SS)以及叶绿素a的浓度.现场遥感反射率光谱由ASD地物波谱仪测量,对于叶绿素a的浓度利用现场萃取荧光法测量,总悬浮物、悬浮泥沙由实验室滤膜称重法获得.反演算法的拟合相关系数均大于0.88,平均相对误差在40%以下.对反演算法进行了误差灵敏度分析,结果表明对于总悬浮物、悬浮泥沙和低浊度水体中的叶绿素a的浓度反演算法能够满足日常的业务运行要求,但是对于高浊度水体中叶绿素a的浓度反演算法对某个波段组合比较敏感,仍需要进一步探讨.     

长江口、济州岛海域温、盐分布探讨

分析了长江口及济州岛以南海域温盐分布特征,指出黄海沿岸水在向南运动过程与外海水混合变性的某些规律;指出表层长江冲淡水影响的厚度及范围;阐述了黄海低温低盐水与黑潮高温高盐水的侧向相互作用,在济州岛南部海域形成了多跃层结构和逆盐逆温现象,并对整个调查海区的跃层现象进行了分类和分析。此外还分析了黄海沿岸水下沉与黑潮次—中层水爬升对东海北部底层冷水的影响。     

The black water around the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary in the spring of 2003

The Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary is located in the East China Sea shelf with shallow water. Affected by the tide mixing and the runoff of the Changjiang River and the Qiantang River, the turbidity is very high. Generally, the water-leaving radiance is high in the turbid water because of the large particle scattering. Based on the in-situ data and ocean color remote sensing data of SeaWiFS, it was found that there was a black water region with the normalized water-leaving radiances less than 0.5 mW/(cm2·μm2·...     

Chemical forms of iron in the Connecticut River estuary

The ‘dissolved’ iron (that passed through a 0·4-μm filter) varied nonconservatively with salinity in the Connecticut River estuary. However, the total iron appeared to be conservative. Measurements of Fe(II) and Fe(III) showed that oxidation of Fe(II) was not a factor in the decrease of ‘dissolved’ iron in the low salinity region. A solubility model and analyses based on different pore-size filters indicated that a substantial amount of the ‘dissolved’ iron in the low salinity region was colloidal iron. The coagulation of fine colloidal particles led to the non-conservative behavior of ‘dissolved’ iron during estuarine mixing, but it did not necessarily lead to removal of total iron from the waters. Particulate iron was 80–90% of the total iron and it covaried with the total suspended matter during mixing and sediment resuspension. The residence time of water in the Connecticut River estuary was too short to allow removal of iron from the water column within the estuary.     

春季长江口颗粒有机碳年际分布变化及其影响因素分析

根据2013—2016年春季(5月)长江口及其邻近海域4个航次环境综合调查数据,探讨春季长江口水体颗粒有机碳(POC)时空分布特征及其环境影响因素。结果显示:2013—2016年春季长江口POC浓度范围为0.22~16.99 mg/L,均值为1.80 mg/L,总水域POC年际间变化显著,底层浓度高于表层。从口门区、近岸区和近海区三个子水域来看,除近岸底层POC浓度处于高值,年际差异不显著之外,其余水域的表、底层均存在空间变异和年际差异。POC浓度在口门附近偏南部水域达到高值,后沿长江冲淡水(CDW)方向降低,低值区位于近海底层,但表层POC在近海水域123°E附近出现次高值。POC浓度与盐度之间具有显著负相关关系,且相关性逐年递减;POC浓度与总悬浮物浓度(TSM)呈显著正相关,底层相关性高于表层;近海区表层POC与叶绿素a正相关关系极显著,二者高值区均分布在123°E附近。入海径流量与长江口春季POC浓度呈现出截然相反的年际变化趋势,径流对有机碳的稀释作用高于其输入作用。长江口春季POC主要以碎屑源为主,其分布与有机碳源、海水的稀释作用、悬浮物运动等多种因素有关,高浊水体中悬浮物影响显著,陆源有机碳对POC的影响在长江口近海水域有所弱化,而浮游植物对POC的贡献凸显。     

Particle-bound phosphorus along an urbanized coastal plain estuary

The distribution of particle-bound phosphorus in the suspended sediment of the Delaware Estuary was examined with a sequential chemical leaching technique. The phosphorus content of particles was highest in the tidal river (140–250 μmol g⁻¹) near major anthropogenic inputs. Despite this enrichment of river particles with phosphorus, suspended particles within the salinity gradient had a phosphorus content more similar to the world's average. Sequential chemical leaches revealed that particulate phosphorus was associated with organic matter, aluminum oxides, iron oxides, and apatite in all areas of the estuary. However, ‘excess’ particle-bound phosphorus in the tidal river was associated mainly with iron oxides (27%), aluminum oxides (23%), and organic matter (50%). Within the salinity gradient, particulate phosphorus associated with iron oxides, aluminum oxides, and apatite all decreased with increasing salinity. Estuarine mixing was simulated to determine whether the observed decreases in particle-bound phosphorus pools in field samples were due to release into solution. During simulated mixing, particulate phosphorus associated with iron and aluminum oxides decreased, but no change was observed in apatite-bound phosphorus. The results of the mixing study combined with the observed particle-bound phosphorus distributions suggest that phosphate concentrations along the Delaware Estuary may be partially ‘buffered’ by aluminum and iron oxide phases.     

渤海、黄海、东海沉积物中矿物组合的研究

本文对黄海、渤海、东海以及长江、黄河、辽河表层沉积物中的轻、重矿物进行了研究。分析资料表明,调查区内共有三种类型的矿物:陆源矿物、自生矿物和海底火山喷发形成的火山型矿物。根据轻、重矿物组合的差异,可把调查区分成8个矿物区。其物质来源主要为黄河与长江。黄河物质主要沉积在黄海、渤海;长江物质沉积在东海陆架区,而冲绳海槽则发现有海底火山喷发物质与浊流沉积。     

基于神经网络的黄东海春季二类水体三要素浓度反演方法

介绍了一种基于人工神经网络的二类水体海域的三要素浓度反演方法。根据2003年春季黄东海试验中获得的高质量现场数据,建立了由现场测量遥感反射率分别反演三要素浓度的神经网络模型。反演的平均相对误差分别叶绿素32．5％,黄色物质8．9％,总悬浮物24．2％。同时分析了神经网络模型在水色反演模式应用中的稳定性。     

Monthly Variations of Water Masses in the Yellow and East China Seas, November 6, 1998

The monthly water mass variations in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea are investigated using over 40 years of historical temperature and salinity observations via a cluster analysis that incorporates geographical distance and depth separation in addition to the temperature and salinity. Results delineate monthly variations in the major water masses and provide some insight into formation mechanisms and intermixing. The major water masses include the Kuroshio-East China Sea water (KE), the Yellow Sea surface water (YSS) and bottom cold water (YSB), mixed water (MW), and coastal water (CW). The distribution of the KE water mass reveals the intrusion pattern into the area west of Cheju. A separate mixed water type appears between the KE water mass and the Yellow Sea water masses during winter. The formation mechanism of the YSB appears to be the surface cooling and active mixing in winter. In the East China Sea, during summer, surface water is differentiated from the subsurface water while there is no differentiation during winter. In the Yellow Sea, a three layer system exists in the summer and fall (May–November) while a two layer system exists during the rest of the year. A fresh water mass generated by Yangtze River discharge (YD) is present over the northern East China Sea and the southern Yellow Sea during summer. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

山东半岛东北部海域悬浮体季节分布及控制因素

基于2018年山东半岛东北部海域冬、夏两季悬浮体浓度、浊度及水温和盐度调查资料,分析了研究区水体悬浮体浓度的季节性变化,探讨了其控制因素。结果表明:夏季浊度在0.2~37.8FTU之间变化,冬季浊度在1.5~100.1FTU之间变化,均表现为底高表低、东高西低的特征。夏季水温分层明显,表现为表层高、底层低的特征,盐度整体无明显变化;冬季温盐垂向上混合均匀,平面上表现为近岸低温低盐水体向远岸高温高盐水体的过渡。悬浮体浓度分布受潮流、波浪、温跃层和温盐锋面等因素影响。夏季,悬浮体垂向上受到温跃层影响,底层悬浮体难以向表层输运;平面上潮混合和波浪差异性作用阻碍了悬浮体的水平输运。冬季,强风浪促使悬浮体垂向混合剧烈,表层悬浮体浓度明显较夏季变高;平面上沿岸流和黄海暖流形成的温、盐锋面阻碍了水团间悬浮体的输运。     

三峡大坝启用后长江口及邻近海域秋季悬浮体、叶绿素分布特征及影响因素

基于2010年10月在长江口海域海洋综合调查,利用多参数CTD现场调查数据、悬浮体浓度测定数据,对该区悬浮体和叶绿素的空间分布及影响因素进行系统的研究,探讨三峡工程蓄水7a以来长江口的悬浮体和叶绿素的分布特征及变化.结果表明:浊度值与悬浮体浓度存在良好的线性关系,盐度对该线性关系没有明显的影响;长江口及其邻近海域悬浮体主要分布在123°E以西的海域,表现为近岸高、离岸低,表层低、底层高,其分布主要受到水团、长江输入、上升流等的影响;叶绿素在123°E往东的海域含量较高,近岸低,在123°E～124°E之间叶绿素含量最高,其分布主要受到水团、浮游植物种类和季节变化及营养盐的共同影响.与三峡工程蓄水前对比,悬浮体高值区的界限往西移动了近半个经度,同季节的叶绿素含量的平均值降低.     

Correcting the errors from variable sea salt retention and water of hydration in loss on ignition analysis: Implications for studies of estuarine and coastal waters

The standard technique of determining the concentrations of total suspended solids (TSSs), particulate inorganic matter (PIM), and particulate organic matter (POM) by filtration with glass fiber filters is subject to an error or bias from sea salt plus water of hydration retention, when applied to saline waters. The sea salt plus water of hydration retention by the filters occurs even after washing the filter with 300 ml of deionized water, a greater volume than any wash recommended in the literature. We determined that the mass retention on a glass fiber filter, at a given salinity, is essentially constant, no matter the volume of seawater passed through the filter. We also determined that the sea salt plus water of hydration retention on glass fiber filters is directly proportional to the salinity of the seawater filtered. Sea salt plus water of hydration retention causes an overestimate of TSS; sea salt retention causes an overestimate of PIM; volatilization of water of hydration causes an overestimate of POM. Thus a correction curve is required for sea salt and water of hydration errors in the determination of TSS and PIM. Corrected POM comes from the difference between the two. Also, filter blanks (procedural control filters), run with deionized (DI) water rather than the seawater sample, are required to correct for possible filter mass loss during the analysis. We demonstrate correction curves for sea salt plus water of hydration retention for Whatman GF/F filters, 47 mm diameter, utilizing the methods of the APHA Manual, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Application of other glass fiber filter types or an analytical technique differing significantly from that employed here requires a different correction curve for retention of sea salt and water of hydration. These methods can be used to reanalyze older data on PIM, POM, and TSS.We apply these corrections to PIM and POM data from the northern Gulf of Mexico and examine the interactions of these filter corrections with corrections for structural water volatilization from suspended clay minerals in the determinations of PIM and POM. We analyze published data on PIM and POM determinations and their application to remote sensing. We conclude that sea salt and water of hydration retention on filters has an adverse effect on remote-sensing algorithms inverting radiance reflectance to estimate concentrations of suspended matter.     

南海三沙永乐龙洞悬浮体组分及其来源

三沙永乐龙洞位于南海北部永乐环礁上,水深达300m,是世界已知最深的海洋蓝洞。采用扫描电镜和能谱仪对2016年10月和2017年3月在永乐龙洞从表层到270m的24个不同深度采集的水体悬浮体组分进行了分析,发现悬浮体组分种类丰富,粒度差异大,来源/成因多样,可分为生源碎屑、陆源碎屑、自生矿物颗粒、有机包膜-海洋雪花和人工产物碎屑等5类。生源碎屑以碳酸盐为主,主要来自现代珊瑚礁的松散沉积物,是悬浮体的主要组分。陆源碎屑主要是造岩矿物如石英和长石,以及一些包括重矿物的副矿物,其中细小的陆源造岩矿物碎屑,有可能来自气溶胶沉降,粗粒碎屑可能来自附近琛航岛工程散落的海南岛沿岸海砂。自生矿物颗粒包括重晶石、球状微粒氧化铁集合体和纳米黄铁矿。纳米黄铁矿及其集合体出现在130m以深水体中,是含硫化氢的无氧极端水体的特定产物。有机包膜在生物降解过程中形成,有时包覆多个不同组分的颗粒,常呈片状漂浮在水体中,形成海洋雪花。人工产物碎屑包括多种金属碎屑、微塑料纤维丝和过硫化铅丝。金属碎屑可能来自船只金属部件耗损,微塑料纤维可能来自渔网残余。本文是首次有关海洋蓝洞悬浮体组分的系统报道。永乐龙洞悬浮体组分特色鲜明,对认识其生态系统和沉积记录有重要意义。     

舟山海域陆源溶解有机质变化及其对近岸羽状流的响应

2007年夏季在东海舟山海域河口锋区开展了陆源溶解有机质的调查研究。测定了有色溶解有机质(CDOM)在激发波长370 nm/发射波长460 nm处的荧光强度和在λ=355 nm处的吸收系数,用于代表陆源CDOM浓度,并测定了荧光指数以指示CDOM来源。结果表明,CDOM的荧光值和紫外吸收系数之间呈显著正相关性,陆源CDOM浓度大体有向海方向降低的趋势,但是纵向上存在一些"突跃"现象。在舟山海域东北角不时观测到表层水体含有高浓度的CDOM,但变异性很大,推测可能该海区受到长江口羽状流的影响。在连续观测站发现陆源CDOM浓度在低平潮时往往比高平潮时要高。河海水在混合过程中CDOM浓度与盐度呈显著的线性负相关关系。在低盐度的悬沙锋区(S<24)CDOM浓度明显低于理论稀释值,而在较高盐度的羽状锋区,CDOM浓度接近于理论稀释值。在盐度为24~31范围内,大部分水样的荧光指数在1.50上下波动,表明其中CDOM来源以陆地来源为主;在较低盐度(S<24)的水样中荧光指数在1.70至1.90以上,表明CDOM以海洋来源为主,这与其陆源组分在高浊度的低盐度区存在显著的去除过程有关。研究表明,舟山海域水质存在着显著的变异性,与近岸羽状流密切相关,陆源溶解有机质的分布特征对此有较好的响应。