淮河流域旱涝灾害致灾气候阈值

采用淮河流域内1959—2008年110个气象站的逐日降水资料,结合流域1978—2008年农作物旱涝灾害受灾面积数据,基于降水致灾因子与农作物承灾体受损程度等研究,提出旱、涝致灾气候阈值概念,在此基础上分析旱涝灾害发生的时空特征,确定淮河流域合理的旱涝致灾气候阈值区间并建立致灾气候阈值与农作物受灾面积之间的定量关系。结果表明:①致灾气候阈值可通过计算发生旱涝事件时间段累积降水量除以1959—2008年相应时段累积降水量的平均值来定义,得到的旱、涝致灾气候阈值在不同尺度下对旱、涝灾害事件均有较好地稳定反映,可满足研究区旱、涝事件分析需求;②洪涝致灾气候阈值与农作物受灾面积存在一致的变化趋势,而干旱致灾气候阈值与农作物受灾面积相关系数高达0.96,构建了基于干旱致灾气候阈值的农作物受灾面积预测模型。     

淮河流域6—8月旱涝分布特征

淮河流域地处东亚季风区，是我国南北气候的过渡地带，旱涝灾害频繁，由于淮河流域年降水量主要集中在夏季，其中6－8月降水量约占年降不量的53％，因此，6－8月降水量的多寡是确定当年旱涝的主要因素，用降水量的Z指数法确定了淮河流域1953－1999年6－8月降水量的旱涝级别，分析了其旱涝程度及其分布特征，探讨了引埋涝的天气成因。     

传统旱涝急转评估指数的局限和改进

针对传统旱涝急转指数存在错漏判及无法统一旱涝急转等级划分的局限, 在明晰旱涝急转定义基础上, 提出了一种改进的标准化旱涝急转指数。通过理论模拟和案例实践, 结果表明: ①传统的旱涝急转指数变化范围较大, 且随着权重参数增大, 错判率减小但漏判率增大, 因此无法避免错漏判问题;错判情形发生在正常状态转为较为严重的涝或较为严重的涝转为正常状态, 漏判发生在相邻的旱和涝等级均较轻的情形。②改进的标准化旱涝急转指数与旱涝指数的变化范围差别较小, 旱涝急转评估可与旱涝评估(如基于气象或水文干旱指数)的分级及阈值设置保持一致, 且通过先识别相邻事件是否分别为旱、涝而避免了旱涝急转的错判, 构建的新权重项避免了旱涝急转的漏判。③作为粤港澳大湾区供水水源的东江流域旱转涝主要发生在前汛期开始的4—5月, 发生比例为33.8%;涝转旱主要发生在后汛期结束后的10月, 发生比例为18.5%;旱转涝和涝转旱并存的年份有12 a。     

淮河流域近500年洪旱事件演变特征分析

为了认识淮河流域过去500年洪旱事件发生规律并鉴别当前的洪旱情势,收集并对比分析了流域实测降雨资料、重建历史雨季降雨资料、历史旱涝等级资料、历史洪旱文献记录和历史调查洪水资料等多源洪旱灾害数据。以重建历史雨季降雨资料和历史旱涝等级资料为主要依据,通过滑动平均、频率计算、小波分析和突变检验等方法,分析流域过去500年洪水干旱时空分布特征和演变规律。结果表明,17世纪淮河流域洪旱灾害最严重,但20世纪极端洪旱事件发生频次最多。淮河流域洪旱事件存在40年左右的稳定长周期,主周期从18世纪的15~20年逐渐减少到19世纪的5年周期,近20年来出现2~3年的主周期,洪旱灾害事件呈增加趋势,流域社会经济发展面临着严峻的洪旱灾害威胁。     

基于降水统计方法的江苏省旱涝急转演变特征研究

采用江苏省基础气象站1961—2014年雨季（5-8月）的日降水数据和短周期旱涝急转指数,构建旱涝急转评估模型,剖析江苏省全域及各水资源分区历史旱涝急转事件演变规律,结果表明：1961—2014年江苏省各分区的旱涝急转强度整体无显著变化趋势;2001—2014年太湖片、长江片东区和西区旱转涝事件频次高于其他年代,淮河片西区则反之,淮河片南区和北区各年代间无明显差异;2001—2014年长江片东区涝转旱事件更为频发,长江西区、淮河3个分区则呈减少趋势。     

1980—2019年新疆南部不同强度暴雨洪水灾害的空间分布和时间变化特征

以1980—2019年新疆南部出现的暴雨洪水灾害事件造成的死亡人数、倒塌房屋数、倒塌棚圈数、牲畜死亡数、受灾面积作为灾情要素,采用比值权重法和无量纲化线性求和,构建了暴雨洪水灾害事件的灾损指数。根据灾损指数,采用百分位数法将每次暴雨洪水灾害事件定量划分为一般、较重、严重、特重四个等级。结果表明：新疆南部暴雨洪水事件在塔里木盆地北缘多于南缘,西部多于东部,高值区集中在阿克苏地区、喀什地区、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州一带;暴雨洪水事件多发在3—10月,年出现次数呈现明显上升趋势,增幅为8次·（10a）^-1,主要表现为一般性灾害发生频次的增加;新疆南部暴雨洪水灾害年平均灾损指数在1985年和1999年发生两次突变,平均值表现出“低—高—低”阶段性变化;暴雨洪水灾害发生次数与3—10月降水量、大雨发生日数、暴雨发生日数密切相关。近40年来新疆南部降水量的增多,导致暴雨洪水灾害次数增加;年平均灾损指数与特重和严重灾害发生次数关系密切,后者对其贡献率达87%。     

淮河上游干流径流量对不同气候要素变化的响应研究

基于淮河流域上游地区8个气象站点1959~2008年日降水量与温度数据,通过改变降水量和温度建立25种气候情景,利用SWIM水文模型,对不同情景下的径流量进行模拟,分析了淮河上游地区径流量对不同气候要素变化的敏感性,有利于该地区旱涝灾害的及时预警。结果表明,淮河流域上游地区,降水量的变化对径流量的影响较大,在仅考虑降水量和温度的情况下,径流量对降水量变化的敏感性系数处在1.7012~2.1358范围内,而对温度变化的敏感性较弱,三个站点径流量对温度变化的敏感性系数处在-0.0499~0.1547范围内;研究区在研究期内降水量变化对径流量的变化贡献较小,由大坡岭向下游依次为-0.0014,-0.0052,-0.0009,温度变化对径流量的贡献较大,由大坡岭向下游依次为0.0828,0.0152,0.0039,径流量对气候要素的响应不仅由其对气候要素变化的敏感性决定,也受到气候要素变化幅度的影响。     

中国旱涝灾害的分形结构

基于分形理论在中国旱涝灾害研究方面所存在的问题,首先系统地分析了中国华北区、西北区等不同区域和松花江、长江等不同流域旱涝灾害的分形结构,其次以唐山市为例系统分析了同一地点不同等级旱涝灾害分维的时序变化及其关系,进而探讨了以分维为中介参数在旱涝灾害与其影响因素之间建立定量化经验关系的可能。研究结果表明,中国旱涝灾害具有客观的分形结构,分维是表征中国旱涝灾害发生特征的良好参数;在此基础上,系统地计算出了中国旱涝灾害的分维值、分析了唐山市不同等级旱涝灾害分维的时序变化关系,并建立了辽河、长江等流域水系空间维数与流域洪涝分维之间的定量关系式DF=3．6179DR-4．0242(式中DR为流域水系空间维数,DF为流域洪涝分维)。     

青海省玉树旱涝态势变化规律分析

选取青海省玉树1953~2013年月降水数据,基于标准化降水指数SPI,利用频率分析、小波周期分析等方法对玉树县近61年来旱涝强度、频率分布、周期性变化等旱涝态势演变特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)SPI-3、SPI-6和SPI-12三种尺度标准化降水指数对旱涝指示程度存在差别,相比大时间尺度,小时间尺度的标准化降水指数值更为分散,波动幅度更大,对干旱和洪涝的识别更为敏感。近年来,随着玉树县水土流失和沙化,当地土壤持水力程下降趋势,对干旱和洪涝较为敏感,因此玉树县可采用三种尺度标准化降水指数。(2)近61年,玉树县重旱平均发生概率为2.1%,重涝平均发生概率为1.3%。(3)未来几年,预计玉树县仍呈现偏涝趋势。(4)玉树县SPI-12以18a为主周期进行变化。     

湛江地区旱涝特征分析

用Z指数确定湛江月降水量的旱涝等级,并对旱涝特征进行分析,结果表明:湛江地区大涝、极涝、大旱、极旱出现的机率大.一年中,雨季的后期(9～10月)和旱季的后期(2～3月)旱涝出现的机率大;雨季的中期(6～7月)和旱季的前期(11～12月)旱涝出现的机率小.全年,涝年景比早年景多,雨季相反;全年和雨季,多数年份旱涝相继出现.50、60年代为偏旱型,70、80、90年代为偏涝型,2001～2005年为偏旱型,从70年代到2005年,湛江的旱涝表现为从偏涝型向偏旱型转变的趋势.湛江旱涝的发生有7～8、10～11、13～14个月的振荡周期.     

Spatio-temporal distributions of climate disasters and the response of wheat yields in China from 1983 to 2008

Climate disasters are now on the rise and more likely to increase in frequency and/or severity under climate change in the future. To clearly illustrate spatial–temporal distributions of climate disasters and the response of wheat yields to disasters over the past three decades, several disaster indices including the impact of climate disasters, the sensitivity to climate disasters and the response index of wheat yield losses to climate disasters were defined and calculated. The impact and sensitivity indices were examined by the agricultural production losses due to climate disasters, and the response of wheat yields to climate disasters was assessed by wheat yield loss compared with the 5-year moving average. The results showed that the indices of climate disaster impacts and sensitivities as well as response index of wheat yields to climate disasters could represent the spatial–temporal distributions of climate disasters well in the whole China. Droughts in northern China had higher impacts and sensitivities than those in southern China during the period 1983–2008, but the impacts of floods were opposite. In northern China, although impacted area by drought was larger than that by flood, the flood sensitivities were larger than drought sensitivities when flood happened. Although drought significantly affected wheat yields in most of the regions with drier conditions during 1983–2008 in major wheat-producing regions, better management practices like irrigation and drought-tolerant cultivars applied in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain can adapt to climate disasters especially droughts. To ensure the stability of agricultural production, future food security will need to be achieved through quantifying the relative effects of climate disasters and effective adaptation to increasingly frequent extreme climate events.     

Risk analysis and influencing factors of drought and flood disasters in China

The risk analysis of flood and drought disasters and the study of their influencing factors enhance our understanding of the temporal and spatial variation law of disasters and help identify the main factors affecting disasters. This paper uses the provincial administrative region of China as the research area. The proportion of the disaster area represents the degree of the disaster. The statistical distribution of the proportions was optimized from 10 alternative distributions based on a KS test, and the disaster risk was analyzed. Thirty-five indicators were selected from nature, agriculture and the social economy as alternative factors. The main factors affecting flood and drought disasters were selected by Pearson, Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficient test. The results demonstrated that the distribution of floods and drought is right-skewed, and the gamma distribution is the best statistical distribution for fitting disasters. In terms of time, the risk of flood and drought disasters in all regions showed a downward trend. Economic development and the enhancement of the ability to resist disasters were the main reasons for the change in disasters. Spatially, the areas with high drought risk were mainly distributed in Northeast and North China, and the areas with high flood risk were mainly distributed in the south, especially in Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Anhui. The distribution of floods and drought disasters was consistent with the distribution characteristics of precipitation and water resources in China. Among the natural factors, precipitation was the main factor causing changes in floods and drought disasters. Among the agricultural and socioeconomic factors, the indicators reflecting the disaster resistance ability and regional economic development level were closely related to flood and drought disasters. The research results have reference significance for disaster classification, disaster formation mechanisms and flood and drought resistance.

     

Risk early warning of maize drought disaster in Northwestern Liaoning Province,China

This study presents a methodology of risk early warning of maize drought disaster in Northwestern Liaoning Province from the viewpoints of climatology, geography, disaster science, environmental science, and so on. The study area was disaggregated into small grid cells, which has higher resolution than counties. Based on the daily meteorological data and maize yield data from 1997 to 2005, the risk early warning model was built up for drought disaster. The early warning crisis signs were considered from exogenous warning signs and endogenous warning signs. The probability of drought was taken as endogenous warnings sign, which was calculated by logistic regression model. Beside precipitation, wind speed and temperature were taken into consideration when assessing the drought. The optimal partition method was used to define the threshold of each warning grade. Take the year of 2009 as an example, this risk early warning model performed well in warning drought disasters of each maize-growing stage. Results obtained from the early warning model can guide the government to take emergency action to reduce the losses.     

近300a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害特征分析

干旱与洪涝是极端水文事件中最具有代表性的水文事件,在气候变化的影响下旱涝灾害事件越来越引起人们的关注. 采用传统的气象干旱指标-标准化降水指数SPI和小波分析法、反距离加权法以及线性回归分析,研究了近300 a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害分布特征及关键影响因素. 结果表明：近300 a来塔里木河流域旱涝灾害呈增加的趋势,且洪涝事件较干旱事件明显. 其中,喀什、阿克苏等地的发生频率最高,并表现为群发性;近60 a塔里木河流域自西向东旱涝灾害事件呈交替现象. 小波分析结果表明,塔里木河流域旱涝灾害呈现15 a的周期性,由此推断未来5~10 a研究区湿润化面积仍有扩大的可能. 大气环流指数与多尺度下的SPI指相关性检验表明,PNA对秋季和冬季的SPI值的影响较为显著;旱涝灾害对农牧业的影响较为严重,其中,洪涝灾害的影响大于干旱.     

Direct tangible damage assessment for regional snowmelt flood disasters with HJ-1 and HR satellite images: a case study of the Altay region,northern Xinjiang,China

Regional snowmelt flood disasters (RSFDs) can cause significant direct tangible damage which generally refers to the physical destruction due to direct contact with the flood water, such as damage to buildings, croplands, livestock, and infrastructure. Information about people, habitations, and infrastructure affected by the flood is essential for disaster responders and the humanitarian community to plan and coordinate emergency response activities. However, this direct tangible damage information obtained in the ground is limited, incomplete, contradictory, and sometimes impossible to obtain in a short time. Earth observation satellites help overcome operational uncertainties after the RSFDs. Here, we present an improved rapid direct tangible damage assessment model using HJ-1 and GF-1/2 satellite images. We selected the Altay region in northern Xinjiang, China, as the study area, and investigated a RSFD occurring in spring 2017. A series of HJ-1 and GF-1 images were used to track the flood extent over the duration of the disaster, and the maximum affected flood area was assigned as the area in which direct tangible damage occurred. Pre-disaster GF-2 images were then used to estimate direct tangible damage to habitations (2375 households and 6388 rooms), infrastructure (102 km of roads), and affected population (7125) in the flood area, which covered an area of 185,240 m². Our method is an effective approach for the design of rescue plans and disaster subsidy programs.     

气象极值变化及其导致的农业气象灾害趋势分析——以甘肃省为例

依据甘肃省62个气象站1960-2005年的地面气候资料, 分析农作物生育期(3-10月)内气象要素极值的变化趋势, 并用主成分分析方法研究了该变化对农业气象灾害发生趋势的影响.结果表明: 与温度相关的气象要素极值表现出了同平均气温类似的显著上升趋势,其中降水相关的气象要素极值变化说明甘肃省降水结构发生了改变, 极端性有所减弱;其他相关要素中, 最大风速存在明显下降趋势, 蒸发量呈下降趋势、日照时数呈上升趋势, 但都不够显著.大部分气象极值的变化与农业气象灾害的变化呈正相联系, 只有很少部分气象极值的变化与农业气象灾害的变化呈反相联系.综合分析这些气象极值在甘肃省范围内的变化趋势, 揭示出未来甘肃省干旱灾害倾向于加剧, 而洪涝灾害趋于减轻.     

黄淮海流域旱涝时空分布及组合特性

以黄淮海流域及其周边地区204个气象站点1961-2010年逐日降水过程资料、国家1:25万DEM数据和1:20万土地利用数据为基础,在利用降水Z指数对黄淮海流域旱涝进行评价的基础上,采用下垫面数据对结果进行修正,并分析黄淮海流域旱涝面积的时间变化特征,对黄淮海地区的易旱区、易涝区进行了划分,进一步选取集对分析法划分了流域内季节间旱涝交替的易发区。结果表明:黄淮海流域内夏秋两季旱涝问题较为严重,且秋旱面积上升趋势较为明显;黄河和海河流域以干旱居多,淮河则是干旱和雨涝并存,季节间的旱涝交替多集中在淮河流域中上游地区。     

黄河流域甘肃段地质灾害发育特征

黄河流域甘肃段是甘肃省地质灾害最为集中的区域。截止2019年底,查明地质灾害点共12829处,占全省灾害总量的70.83%。按照水系分布划分,以渭河流域、泾河流域、黄河干流流域最为发育,其他水系次之。依据空间分布特征,划分为永登—靖远等北部泥石流灾害为主的区段、中部崩塌滑坡泥石流集中区段、南部崩塌滑坡泥石流为主的区段和玛曲—碌曲地质灾害轻微发育区段。依据时间分布特征,具有2—5月冻融期、7—9月主汛期两个高发时段。地质灾害具有小灾巨损、群发巨损和链式巨损等致灾特征。单体灾害易形成巨大损失,降雨、地震引发的群发性地质灾害往往损失巨大,同时崩滑流阻断河道形成的堰塞湖风险也常有发生。     

The impact of irrigation water supply rate on agricultural drought disaster risk: a case about maize based on EPIC in Baicheng City,China

This study presents a methodology for risk analysis, assessment, and combination of drought disasters under the different irrigational levels in Baicheng City, which is supported by run theory, copula functions, crop growth model, and technique of natural disaster risk assessment from the viewpoints of climatology, geography, hydrology, agricultural science, disaster science, environmental science, and so on. Along with the global warming, the occurrences of water-related disasters become more frequent and more serious. It is necessary to determine the laws of the relationship between irrigational ability and the loss caused by drought. Drought events were identified by using run theory; the drought frequency was calculated by using copula function; the loss of every drought event was simulated by using EPIC model; and the relationship curves under the different irrigational supply conditions between the drought frequency and the yield reduction rate of the drought event were fitted to assess the impact of irrigational supply rate on the loss caused by drought. The results show that in the range of crop water demand, the loss caused by drought decreases as the result of the increase in irrigational supply rate; however, their variations are not proportional. The loss caused by the certain frequency drought event under the certain irrigational supply condition could be calculated by the curve of drought disaster risk assessment constructed by this study. The results obtained from this study are specifically intended to support local and national governmental agencies on agricultural disaster management.