耦合Rothermel模型与粒子系统的林火蔓延模拟方法北大核心CSCD

科学准确地模拟分析森林火灾蔓延动态对防灾减灾救灾工作具有重要意义。现有的林火蔓延模拟方法在林火蔓延计算和可视化表达上,耦合程度低且难以将动态物理模型计算结果实时可视化表达。针对这一问题,本文在综合考虑国内外各种火灾蔓延模型优缺点的基础上,选取应用广泛的Rothermel模型作为物理模型。通过惠更斯理论优化了火灾演进范围边界点割裂的不足,采取着火点密度阈值控制种子点数量与模拟可视化效率的平衡;利用布尔运算提高多着火点蔓延范围计算效率,将火灾模型与Open Scene Graph的粒子系统进行紧密耦合,完成火灾演进可视化表达。本文方法实现了对森林火灾蔓延的精确计算和实时、逼真模拟,为灾害应急部门提供信息化支撑。     

森林火灾三维可视化快速模拟及输出系统设计

以森林火灾为示范,以火灾地区的多元地理信息数据为基础,结合火灾专题数据,采用适用性强的火灾蔓延模型,研发森林火灾的三维仿真模拟可视化示范系统,实现对火灾发生,发展,蔓延情况的实时模拟。利用三维GIS技术对承灾体受灾情况进行逼真表达并输出模拟灾情产品,为相关部门的灾害预警、监测、救援、分析、统计和应急预案制定提供支持。     

GIS支持下森林火场蔓延的空间模拟

林火扩展具有时间和空间特征。对火场模拟必须建立在空间背景数据库之上，即在地理信息系统和遥感技术的辅助下完成。森林火灾的发生发展有内在和外在因素的影响，内在因素包括了可燃物类型、可燃物湿度、地形，考虑这些因素形成了像元尺度植被燃烧基本历时图；外在因素主要是气候的影响，文中利用生成的植被起火概率图控制像元是否起火。在火场扩展中将Ｒｏｔｈｅｒｍｅｌ模型和经验模型结合使用，并考虑了坡度和风向带方向的因素的影响。最后利用迷宫算法在计算机上实现了火场在地理信息系统支持下的空间蔓延动态模拟。     

基于GIS的奥运场馆消防灭火数字预案系统

分析了奥运场馆消防灭火数字预案系统的体系结构和数据库设计,阐述了系统的关键技术,即组件式GIS、火灾模型与GIS集成和模型的GIS表达,实现了火灾接警定位、火灾模拟与评估以及应急处置等功能.     

基于VIIRS火点数据和FARSITE系统的森林火灾蔓延模拟

针对森林火灾模型模拟、预测火灾蔓延结果精度随时间增加而降低的问题,提出了使用卫星遥感火监测数据重初始化火灾模型降低模拟结果误差的方法。使用FARSITE（Fire Area Simulator）火灾模拟系统模拟内蒙古自治区一场森林火灾,并使用375 m的VIIRS（Visible infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite）火监测数据对FARSITE重初始化,探究该方法在中国林火蔓延模拟中的应用。使用SC（S?rensen’s Coefficient）值,辅以多源卫星遥感数据,评估该方法模拟结果精度。结果显示,各模拟过程中,模拟结果精度均随模拟时间的增加而降低,重初始化的模拟结果与实际过火区一致性更高,VIIRS重初始化模拟结果SC值最高提高56.89%,最终SC值提高了45.45%;最终模拟结果的SC值从最初的54.14%经过VIIRS火点修正后提高到78.76%;模拟过程中的VIIRS火点重初始化的模拟结果SC值最高为87.8%。使用VIIRS火监测数据重初始化FARSITE火灾模拟系统,将火灾分为多次进行模拟,缩短模拟时间,有效控制模拟误差的传递,提高了森林火灾蔓延模拟的精度,这种方法提高了火灾模型在大规模、长时间森林火灾应用中的可靠性。     

森林火灾可燃物信息系统的设计与实现

设计和开发了利用遥感影像提取森林火灾可燃物信息方法的原型系统,通过构建不同的森林火灾场景,对森林火灾蔓延进行模拟和分析。实验表明,该系统能够为森林火灾的应急管理提供决策支持。     

一种耦合元胞自动机的改进林火蔓延仿真算法

针对传统林火蔓延仿真模型在模拟大范围森林火灾时误差大和效率低的问题,对文献[10]的林火模型添加时间修正来提升林火蔓延模拟的准确性,提出耦合地理元胞自动机模拟林火蔓延过程的仿真算法。分析了元胞自动机时间步长对模拟精度的影响,优化时间步长选择,提高了模拟大规模森林火灾的精度及效率。以模拟2006年5月大兴安岭林区森林大火蔓延过程为例验证本算法,发现地理元胞自动机算法中时间步长取整个元胞完全燃烧所需时间的1/8效果最好,林火蔓延模拟结果与实际TM影像解译的火情时空一致性较高,Kappa系数平均为0.6352,准确率平均为87.89%。算法可用于实际林火蔓延过程的重现及趋势预测,且算法可逆。     

在STEPS中的三维宿舍火灾的人群疏散研究

在STEPS里建立了一个三维火灾逃生模型,在这个模型当中,首先找到最近的安全出口模拟人群疏散,同时记录每个时段的疏散人数及总的疏散时间;然后以此来研究起火楼层,备用出口的位置和个数、人的反应时间一致性等因素对总的疏散时间的影响.     

平行系统支撑的林火仿真与协同灭火研究

为了能够为突发的森林火灾提供科学预案与精准决策,本文以时空大数据为基础,提出了以平行系统为骨架,以广域HLA协议为准则,在搭建林火发生、蔓延及灭火等全过程模拟与应急演练模型设计基础上,采用粒子系统和修正的Rothermel模型分别进行林火及其蔓延过程模拟,在对各对象类和交互类设计的基础上,完成了应急模拟与协同演练的原型系统开发,并以漳浦县为例,对该系统进行验证。结果表明,平行系统的引入与时空大数据的耦合可以很好地克服模拟场景与实时场景的关键脱节,实测应急响应模块的导入,能够为实时灭火决策提供高精准信息化服务,使得该协同模拟与应急演练更具实用性与推广性。     

基于元胞自动机的崂山林火蔓延模拟

采用流行的林火蔓延模型结合元胞自动机理论,对崂山地区进行了给定气象、地形等参数条件下的林火蔓延情况模拟,模拟过程综合考虑了林火在地形、风、植被等因素影响下的蔓延扩散速度及元胞燃烧状态,最后对模拟蔓延结果的可靠性进行了分析.     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。