四川地区深度小于30m钻孔的估计方法

本文收集了733个四川地区的实测钻孔数据,从中筛选出深度大于30m的268个钻孔剖面资料。分别获得了10m、15m、20m、25m和28m不同深度处的平均剪切波速 与 的对数线性相关关系。同时还与Boore（2004）的结果做了对比分析,比较了采用常数外推法和对数线性外推法得到的不同深度处剪切波速的残差分布。结果表明,不同深度处剪切波速 与 的对数相关关系可能具有一定的区域性特征,本文得到的对数关系更适合四川地区。对数线性外推法与常数外推法相比,前者的系统偏差更小;随着深度的增加,两种方法的外推误差均逐渐减小,但常数外推法普遍低估了 值;当深度较浅时,低估的情况更为明显。本文的研究结果为利用大量的不足30m的钻孔资料估计 值提供了参考。     

四川地区深度小于30m钻孔的_s(30)估计方法

本文收集了733个四川地区的实测钻孔数据,从中筛选出深度大于30m的268个钻孔剖面资料。分别获得了10m、15m、20m、25m和28m不同深度处的平均剪切波速_s(d)与_s(30)的对数线性相关关系。同时还与Boore(2004)的结果做了对比分析,比较了采用常数外推法和对数线性外推法得到的不同深度处剪切波速的残差分布。结果表明,不同深度处剪切波速_s(d)与_s(30)的对数相关关系可能具有一定的区域性特征,本文得到的对数关系更适合四川地区。对数线性外推法与常数外推法相比,前者的系统偏差更小;随着深度的增加,两种方法的外推误差均逐渐减小,但常数外推法普遍低估了_s(30)值;当深度较浅时,低估的情况更为明显。本文的研究结果为利用大量的不足30m的钻孔资料估计_s(30)值提供了参考。     

基于瑞雷波法的都江堰市区场地剪切波速结构

场地剪切波速是建筑抗震设计中不可缺少的基础资料。因此,本文通过多道面波法对都江堰市区进行了剪切波速调查,为都江堰市区的建筑抗震设计及汶川地震的进一步研究提供基本数据。文中利用多道面波分析方法在都江堰市区(E:103°35’～103°41’,N:30°57’～31°02’)布置了35个面波测点进行场地剪切波速结构和覆盖层厚度的调查,测点间距约2 km。获得了都江堰市区场地等效剪切波速(VS20)和场地覆盖层厚度分布。结果显示,都江堰市区的等效剪切波速介于267m/s与389 m/s之间;覆盖层厚度在6～20 m之间。另外,本文利用欧美规范的方法计算了都江堰市区的5 m至20 m的平均剪切波速(TAV),通过对比各个深度的平均剪切波速发现,各个深度的平均剪切波速和VS20具有较高的线性相关性。利用这一特征,本文建立了都江堰市区利用不同深度的平均剪切波速估计VS20的经验公式(VS20=(a±Δa)+(b±Δb).VSz+σ)。利用这一经验关系式可以在都江堰市区钻孔深度或其它测试深度达不到20 m的情况下估计VS20。     

工程场地分类中等效剪切波速计算深度问题的讨论

根据中国华北、华东、华南、东北和西北等地918个实测钻孔资料的计算统计,探讨了工程场地分类中等效剪切波速计算深度取值20m和30m的实际差别,并对中国、美国、欧洲现有规范利用等效剪切波速进行场地类别划分的方法特点和具体指标进行了对比讨论。结果表明:1)计算深度由20m增加至30m时,钻孔等效剪切波速值的增大范围约为15～50m/s,平均增加值为25m/s;2)与欧美规范相比,中国现行规范(GB50011-2001)在划分场地类别时要求同时考虑20m计算深度的等效剪切波速值和覆盖层厚度,而在许多实际工程中,因较准确的覆盖层厚度不易获取而难以具体进行场地分类。因此,有必要借鉴欧美规范,通过增大等效剪切波速的计算深度至30m来强化该指标在场地类别判定中的作用     

太原地区剪切波速的深度分布

利用太原地区２６个钻孔约５４０个剪切波速沿深度变化的实测燃料，统计给出了太原地区剪切波速沿深度变化的经验关系，据钻孔分布在不同的地貌单元，具有不同的地层特征的情况，对剪切速波沿深度变化的规律进行了分区统计，给出了分区统计结果，这些统计结果可在地场类别确定中用于估计覆盖土层的厚度，即地面至剪切波速大于５００ｍ／ｓ土层的距离。     

苏州城区场地等效剪切波速计算深度取值探讨

鉴于场地等效剪切波速的计算深度是否需要由地表以下20 m增至30 m的争论尚未有定论,依据苏州城区场地143组实测剪切波速资料的统计分析,对GB50011-2010《建筑抗震设计规范》场地类别分类标准与欧美抗震设计规范场地分类标准进行了对比,比较了苏州城区场地等效剪切波速计算深度取为20 m和30 m的差异性,结果表明:苏州城区场地剪切波速在地表以下20 ～ 60m范围的变异性较大,采用分段函数描述剪切波速随土层深度的变化关系是合适的;Ⅲ类场地等效剪切波速大小的分布偏向Ⅲ类场地类别的下界限值,当计算深度由20 m增至30 m时,场地等效剪切波速的均值增大16％,如果直接沿用欧美规范的场地分类界限值,将会整体提高苏州城区场地类别的划分标准,苏州城区Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类场地的等效剪切波速分界值取为170 m/s是适宜的.     

土层剪切波速测试中的不确定性对场地地震动参数的影响分析——以Ⅲ类场地为例

本文选取山东地区2个Ⅲ类场地的工程地质勘探及土层剪切波速等资料,将土层厚度按5个深度段,每个分段给出了4个土层剪切波速的改变量,通过改变不同深度段土层剪切波速,建立了19种土层地震反应分析模型,分析了不同深度段,不同概率水平下土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响。研究表明,不同深度段土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响有差异。具体表现为,土层剪切波速的改变在1—10m、11—40m和地震输入界面处三个深度段对地震动加速度峰值影响较大;其中,41—70m和71—100m两个深度段剪切波速的改变对地震动加速度峰值影响小;在土层深度1—10m时,剪切波速降低,峰值变大,剪切波速的改变与峰值的改变呈负相关;在其它深度段,剪切波速降低,峰值变小,剪切波速的改变与峰值的改变呈正相关。剪切波速的改变在1—10m和11—40m两个深度段对地震加速度反应谱影响较大;在41—70m、71—100m和地震输入界面三个深度段对地震加速度反应谱影响很小。     

基于灰色关联分析回归天津市区土体剪切波速

利用天津市78个钻孔2 212组不同岩土体的剪切波速数据,分析天津地区土层剪切波速随土层深度、岩土类型等影响因素的变化规律,利用灰色关联分析方法研究上述影响因素与天津地区土层剪切波速之间的相关性,获得该区土层剪切波速各影响因素的灰色关联排序,继而得到区分岩土类型的剪切波速回归公式,利用所得公式对实际钻孔不同深度剪切波速进行预测,并基于实测结果对预测结果进行分析。在天津地区,应综合利用岩土类型和土层深度对剪切波速进行评价。不同岩土类型、剪切波速与深度的相关性大小存在较为明显的差异,其中粘土的剪切波速和深度之间的相关性最强。同等深度条件下,由粘土到细砂粒径逐渐增大,其相应的剪切波速也逐渐增大。各类主要岩土体剪切波速与埋深之间的相关关系中多项式模型拟合精度最高,可用于天津市区主要土体剪切波速计算工作。     

临洮黄土土层微观差异及动力学指标分析

取甘肃临洮黄土不同深度土层4~16 m样品,分别研究微观结构类型差异及震陷性、剪切波速和元素比值等指标的关系。由于不同深度土层样品形成年代不同,气候条件变化很大,同一场地不同深度剖面所形成的黄土微观结构也存在较大差异,各深度(4 m,8 m,12 m,16 m)土层样品的微结构类型依次为弱剪切结构,易压密结构,密实结构,中强胶结结构;同时震陷系数依次降低,剪切波速依次增大,其中的弱剪切结构的剪切波速仅为142 m/s。研究表明通过土层样品的微观结构类型特征及指标参数分析,可较为全面地判断土层场地,找到震害分析和土层处理的有效指标和参数,并据此进行合理的工程设计,可为黄土地区震害的成因和预防提供理论依据。     

四川、甘肃地区VS30经验估计研究

目前我国建筑工程抗震设计规范中对于工程场地条件的判断依据主要是地表以下20m深度范围内土层的等效剪切波速,简称VS20。相比之下,国外应用较广的是地表以下30m深度范围内的等效剪切波速,简称VS30。这种差别导致国内科研工作者在应用国外的地震工程、工程抗震模型时经常遇到对场地条件描述不准确的困难。为了解决这个问题,本文根据147个四川、甘肃地区国家强震动台站20m左右深度的钻孔剪切波速数据,利用延拓方法、场地分类统计方法以及基于地形特征的VS30估计方法研究各台站VS30与VS20的经验关系,对比发现基于速度梯度延拓的结果最为可取。参考国际上通用的Geomatrix Classification场地分类标准,最终得到四川、甘肃地区各类场地的平均VS30,此结果可以为缺乏钻孔数据的工程场地的VS30估计提供参考。     

Surface and downhole shear wave seismic methods for thick soil site investigations

Shear wave velocity–depth information is required for predicting the ground motion response to earthquakes in areas where significant soil cover exists over firm bedrock. Rather than estimating this critical parameter, it can be reliably measured using a suite of surface (non-invasive) and downhole (invasive) seismic methods. Shear wave velocities from surface measurements can be obtained using SH refraction techniques. Array lengths as large as 1000 m and depth of penetration to 250 m have been achieved in some areas. High resolution shear wave reflection techniques utilizing the common midpoint method can delineate the overburden-bedrock surface as well as reflecting boundaries within the overburden. Reflection data can also be used to obtain direct estimates of fundamental site periods from shear wave reflections without the requirement of measuring average shear wave velocity and total thickness of unconsolidated overburden above the bedrock surface. Accurate measurements of vertical shear wave velocities can be obtained using a seismic cone penetrometer in soft sediments, or with a well-locked geophone array in a borehole. Examples from thick soil sites in Canada demonstrate the type of shear wave velocity information that can be obtained with these geophysical techniques, and show how these data can be used to provide a first look at predicted ground motion response for thick soil sites.     

Empirical shear wave velocity equations in terms of characteristic soil indexes

An investigation to systematize empirical equations for the shear wave velocity of soils was made in terms of four characteristic indexes. The adopted indexes are the N-value of the Standard Penetration Test, depth where the soil is situated, geological epoch and soil type. As some of these indexes are variates belonging to interval scales while others belong to nominal or ordinal scales, the technique known as a multivariate analysis cannot be employed. A new approach to the theory of quantification, after C. Hayashi, was introduced and developed for solving this difficulty. Fifteen sets of empirical equations to estimate low strain shear wave velocity theoretically may be obtained by combining the above four indexes. All of these sets were derived by use of about 300 data, and their accuracies were evaluated by means of correlation coefficients between the measured and estimated shear wave velocities. The best equation was found to be the one which included all the indexes, and its correlation coefficient was 0.86. The empirical equation relating the standard penetration N-value to the shear wave velocity provided a correlation of only 0.72, and is one of the lowest ranking among the 15 sets of equations.     

兰州地区季节冻土声波现场测试研究

通过对兰州地区4个不同地貌单元季节冻土的现场声波波速测试，获得了0-1.5m深度范围内冻土和融土的纵、横波波速，实测了相应的黄土的密度、含水量及地温资料，分析了波速与土的胶结状态、温度和含水量的关系，结果表明，土的胶结程度对波速度有重要影响，土质疏松，波速较小；土质密实，波速较大，温度在0℃以上时，波速随含水量的增大而减小；温度在0℃以下时，波速随温度的降低而增大。     

Shear wave velocities of Mississippi embayment soils from low frequency surface wave measurements

Deep unconsolidated sediments in the Mississippi embayment will influence ground motions from earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone. Shear wave velocity profiles of these sediments are important input parameters for modeling wave propagation and site response in this region. Low-frequency, active-source surface wave velocity measurements were performed to develop small-strain shear wave velocity (V_S) profiles at eleven deep soil sites in the Mississippi embayment, from north of New Madrid, Missouri to Memphis, Tennessee. A servo-hydraulic, low-frequency source was used to excite surface wave energy to wavelengths of 600 m, resulting in V_S profiles to depths of over 200 m. The average V_S profile calculated from the eleven sites is in good agreement with common reference V_S profiles that have been used in seismic hazard studies of this region. The variability in V_S profiles is shown to be associated with changes in formation depth and thickness from site-to-site. Using lithologic information at each site, average formation velocities were developed and compared to previous studies. We found average V_S values of about 193 m/s for alluvial deposits, 400 m/s for the Upper Claiborne formations, and 685 m/s for the Memphis Sand formation.     

Determination of the material damping ratio and the shear wave velocity with the Seismic Cone Penetration Test

The Seismic Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) is used to determine the variation with depth of the shear (and longitudinal) wave velocity at various sites in Belgium. The cross correlation technique together with a posteriori increase of the sampling frequency proves to be a reliable method to determine wave velocities by the SCPT. Additionally, the Spectral Ratio Slope (SRS) method is applied to Fourier transforms of the measured response to determine the variation of the material damping ratio with depth. This method is applied to synthetic signals computed for three different soil profiles with known characteristics and to the horizontal acceleration time histories that have been measured during SCPT on two sites. The influence of some signal processing techniques commonly applied in the SRS method is studied. A remarkable influence of the window length, applied on the predicted signals, on the computed material damping ratio is found, especially its scattering. It is therefore concluded that the use of a window function should be avoided wherever possible. On one of the two test sites, results of Resonant Column Tests and Free Torsion Pendulum Tests on undisturbed soil samples have been used to evaluate the values of the shear wave velocity and the material damping ratio as obtained in the in situ test.     

Anomalous upper mantle beneath the Australian-Antarctic discordance

Within the Australian-Antarctic discordant zone, residual depth anomalies approach 1000 m. In sea floor younger than 10 Ma that is more than 500 m deeper than expected, Rayleigh wave phase velocities are significantly faster than in sea floor of comparable age in the Pacific. In this area, the shear wave velocity in the 20–40 km depth range is unusually fast, indicating that the lithosphere develops more rapidly than usual from an asthenosphere that is perhaps cooler than average. In sea floor that is older than 10 Ma, phase velocities are anomalously fast and independent of the residual depth. Beneath this older sea floor, the low-velocity zone in the oceanic mantle is much less pronounced than beneath sea floor of comparable age in the Pacific.     

Applicability of existing empirical shear wave velocity correlations to seismic cone penetration test data in Christchurch New Zealand

Seismic piezocone (SCPTu) data compiled from 86 sites in the greater Christchurch, New Zealand area are used to evaluate several existing empirical correlations for predicting shear wave velocity from cone penetration test (CPT) data. It is shown that all the considered prediction models are biased towards overestimation of the shear wave velocity of the Christchurch soil deposits, demonstrating the need for a Christchurch-specific shear wave velocity prediction model (McGann et al., 2014) [1]. It is hypothesized that the unique depositional environment of the considered soils and the potential loss of soil ageing effects brought about by the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence are the primary source of the observed prediction bias.     

山东临沂地区砂土剪切波速与标准贯入击数关系统计分析

剪切波速(V_S)与标贯击数(N)之间存在相关关系,受地区土壤条件影响很大。对临沂地区场地实测得到的砂土的剪切波速和标贯击数之间的关系进行了统计分析,得到了砾砂、粗砂、中砂和细砂相应的关系曲线。结果发现受沉积环境的影响,砂土层粒径与埋深呈正相关,砂土粒径越大其密实段样本点数量越多。为消除不同密实程度段之间的相互影响,以密实度为划分标准进一步进行分区段统计分析,得到了不同密实程度的四类砂土的相关关系方程,通过实际钻孔数据对比了分段与不分段的统计分析结果,分段模拟能更好地反映两者之间的相关关系。将砂土根据密实度进行划分再给出剪切波速和标贯击数的回归关系可以提高分析结果的准确性,同时可以考虑土体特性的影响,更为科学。此研究为临沂地区提供了一种简便预估剪切波速的方法,对相关地区的工程建设和科学研究也具有参考价值。