南海北部次中尺度过程数值研究

近年来的观测与理论研究发现,海洋上混合层存在一类水平尺度为0.1~10km、时间尺度为~O(1天)的重要物理过程,称之为次中尺度过程。该过程具有较大的罗斯贝数(Ro)和较小的理查森数(Ri),它能有效地通过次级不稳定从中尺度地转过程中汲取能量,并向小尺度湍流混合串级,从而对上层海洋物质能量输运、中尺度过程变异、海气相互作用,以及混合层再分层等产生重要影响。利用区域海洋模式系统ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)进行水平分辨率约为1km的高分辨率数值实验,对南海北部的次中尺度过程进行了初步探讨。分析结果表明,南海北部海域有着丰富的中尺度涡旋与海洋锋面活动,且涡旋与锋区边缘存在显著的次中尺度现象。通过对次中尺度涡旋个例的稳定性和能量分析发现,锋面海域强烈的水平浮力梯度导致了涡丝边缘的Ertel位涡小于0,并引起对称不稳定,锋生作用是该次中尺涡旋南侧发生对称不稳定的主要动力机制。同时,对称不稳定能有效地从地转剪切中汲取能量并向小尺度湍流混合串级,其能量汲取的最大值出现在20m深度,约为4×10~(–7)W×kg~(–1)。     

南海中尺度涡旋海表温度特征统计研究

中尺度涡旋在海洋中无处不在,研究中尺度涡旋的海表温度(SST)对于研究中尺度涡旋上的海气相互作用具有重要意义。本文使用南海2000—2015年的SST和海面高度异常(SSHA)卫星观测数据,分析了南海不同振幅范围中尺度涡内SST的特征。研究表明,不是所有的反气旋涡(气旋涡)内的SST异常(SSTA)都是正(负)的,大约35%(29%)的反气旋涡(气旋涡)与SSTA呈正相关,且在不同振幅范围下表现出不同的空间和季节变化。中尺度涡旋内合成SSTA与SSHA表现出位相不一致,反气旋涡(气旋涡)内的SSTA的最大值(最小值)相对于涡心偏向于赤道(两极)方向。涡旋内SSTA与SSHA呈线性相关,反气旋涡(气旋涡)振幅每增加1 cm,涡旋内平均SSTA则增加(降低)0.02(0.01)℃。     

南海中尺度涡边缘亚中尺度过程模式研究

基于高分辨率ROMS模式数据,对南海中尺度涡边缘的亚中尺度过程进行了研究。结果表明:在中尺度涡边缘处存在明显的温度细丝结构,涡度值要明显大于1,O~W参数趋于正值,即在涡旋边缘存在强速度剪切,加强了涡丝的形成。对亚中尺度过程动能空间分布分析发现,中尺度涡边缘区域动能所占的比例大约为88.4%,比中心区域动能所占的比例11.6%要大许多。从动能谱的分析来看,在中尺度涡边缘处动能谱的斜率趋近于k-2,与表层准地转理论(SQG)相吻合,而在中心处呈现k~(-3),与准地转理论(QG)相一致。     

基于高分辨ROMS模式的黑潮延伸体次中尺度涡各向异性分析

次中尺度过程的水平空间尺度约为0.1~10km, 时间尺度约为1天, 里查森数和罗斯贝数为0(1), 能有效地从中尺度环流中汲取能量向小尺度湍流串级, 并对上层海洋物质的垂向交换有着重要影响。本文基于水平分辨率为~500m的高分辨率ROMS(regional ocean modeling system)数值模拟结果, 采用方差椭圆方法, 评估了黑潮延伸体海域上层海洋次中尺度涡旋的各向异性特征, 并探讨了涡旋各向异性值的大小与次中尺度过程特征参数的相关性。研究结果表明, 黑潮延伸体主轴强流区域的次中尺度涡旋各向异性值明显小于两侧海域, 主轴区域的次中尺度涡旋特征明显强于流轴两侧海域, 各向异性值与次中尺度过程的强弱有着较为显著的负相关关系, 表明次中尺度过程具有较小的各向异性特征(更趋各向同性)。方差椭圆表征了涡与平均流相互作用过程中的能量反馈机制, 较大的各向同性特征意味着动能更趋正向串级。     

北太平洋副热带逆流区涡旋动能谱的季节性变化及其机制

本文利用了23年的卫星高度计数据和WOA13气候态月平均温盐资料,考察了北太平洋副热带逆流(STCC)区涡旋动能谱及其涡旋尺度季节变化的动力过程。为了揭示其动力机制,本文采用了斜压2.5层模式并结合动能串级的理论进行分析。结果表明,在STCC区由于海洋层结及地转流的垂向剪切发生了季节性变化,从而产生的斜压不稳定是导致涡旋动能谱季节变化的原因。涡旋动能最大的时间发生在5—6月份,滞后于斜压最不稳定发生的时间(3月份)约2—3个月左右,这是由于斜压不稳定产生的扰动需要一定时间才能发展成振幅足够大的涡旋。斜压不稳定提供的能量使得涡旋相互作用加强,产生了动能逆向串级,动能谱向更大尺度转移。涡旋能量尺度在3月份仅为280km,而在9月份达到最高值335km左右。另一方面,我们发现STCC区动能谱斜率及动能谱通量也有季节变化,在涡旋动能最大的5—6月份,当尺度小于罗斯贝变形尺度时,谱斜率达到1k–3,而动能谱通量达到最大值。对STCC区涡动能谱及涡旋尺度季节变化的研究,对深入认识中尺度涡旋的产生及其演变机制有着重要的意义。     

基于高分辨ROMS模式的黑潮延伸体次中尺度涡各向异性析分

次中尺度过程的水平空间尺度约为0.1～10km,时间尺度约为1天,里查森数和罗斯贝数为(1),能有效地从中尺度环流中汲取能量向小尺度湍流串级,并对上层海洋物质的垂向交换有着重要影响。本文基于水平分辨率为～500m的高分辨率ROMS(regional ocean modeling system)数值模拟结果,采用方差椭圆方法,评估了黑潮延伸体海域上层海洋次中尺度涡旋的各向异性特征,并探讨了涡旋各向异性值的大小与次中尺度过程特征参数的相关性。研究结果表明,黑潮延伸体主轴强流区域的次中尺度涡旋各向异性值明显小于两侧海域,主轴区域的次中尺度涡旋特征明显强于流轴两侧海域,各向异性值与次中尺度过程的强弱有着较为显著的负相关关系,表明次中尺度过程具有较小的各向异性特征(更趋各向同性)。方差椭圆表征了涡与平均流相互作用过程中的能量反馈机制,较大的各向同性特征意味着动能更趋正向串级。     

基于四维变分同化方法的南海中尺度涡后报实验

海洋中尺度涡在本质上是属于满足准地转平衡的大尺度运动,因此理论上,其在短时间内的运动将主要受到准地转平衡关系的约束,而外部强迫场的影响在短期内不会明显改变其运动特征。基于上述思想,我们提出了一种基于四维变分同化初始场的中尺度涡旋预报方案。为了检验该方案的可行性,本文使用区域海洋模式(regional ocean modeling system, ROMS)和其内建的增量强约束四维变分同化(incremental strong constraint four dimensional variational, I4D-Var)模块,建立了一个南海海洋同化模拟系统。首先,通过I4D-Var方法将AVISO卫星高度计资料同化到海洋数值模拟中,获得了理想的中尺度涡同化模拟结果。同化、模式模拟和观测三者的中尺度涡统计结果表明,该同化系统模拟的南海中尺度涡的路径、半径、海表高度异常和振幅等特征信息与AVISO(Archiving ValidationandInterpolationofSatelliteOceanographicData)观测结果高度吻合,同时在深度上的分析表明,涡旋对应的温度、盐度和密度均得到有效的调整。然后,将该同化系统的模拟结果做为初始场,对某一特定时段的南海中尺度涡进行了后报模拟和结果的定量化分析。通过比较后报模拟与观测资料中对应涡旋的海表面高度异常(sea surface height anomalies, SSHA)相关系数、涡心差距和半径绝对误差,证明该方案的中尺度涡后报时效至少可达10 d以上。后报实验结果验证了该中尺度涡预报方案的可行性,从而为中尺度涡的预报提供一定的理论基础和可行性方案。     

黑潮延伸体海域典型涡旋的次中尺度特征分析*

本文基于卫星遥感资料和高分辨率ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)数值模拟结果, 对黑潮延伸体海域典型中尺度涡旋的次中尺度特征进行了探讨。卫星观测和模拟结果显示, 黑潮延伸体涡旋海域伴随着活跃的次中尺度现象。涡旋演变与多尺度能量分析结果表明, 涡旋海域次中尺度动能的强弱与涡旋海域地转流动能有着密切联系, 锋生可能是涡旋边缘次中尺度动能增强的重要机制。次中尺度现象在中尺度涡旋海域具有沿地转流方向的复杂涡丝状结构特征, 意味着涡旋边缘较强的水平浮力梯度和地转流侧向剪切为次中尺度过程形成与发展提供了有利条件。此外, 垂向结构分析表明, 次中尺度过程能引起较大的垂向速度, 最大可达100m·day^-1, 该垂向速度可以影响至混合层下200m深度处, 对海洋内部的垂向物质能量交换、海—气相互作用等有着重要的影响。     

小振幅海洋内波的演变、破碎和所致混合

利用基于谱方法和MPI并行运算的数值模式SpectralModel,直接数值模拟了三维小振幅海洋内波的演变、破碎和所致湍流混合,指出导致其不稳定而破碎的为PSI(parametric subharmonic instability)机制;对于内波破碎所致的湍流混合过程,分析了跨等密度面扩散系数kρ、混合效率γ、浮力通量谱、动能谱以及势能谱等统计性质:内波破碎前,kρ和γ保持低值水平,浮力通量谱值为负,且集中在低波数段;内波破碎后,kρ和γ迅速增大,最大值分别约为0.9×103m2/s和0.18,浮力通量谱值在低波数段为负值,在高波数段为正值,这是因为层化湍流中势能向小尺度运动传递和动能向小尺度运动传递相比更为有效。在内波破碎、强湍流混合阶段,势能谱存在一谱段满足kz3律,P(kz)=0.2N2kz3。此外,与二维模拟结果相比较,导致内波不稳定而破碎的均为PSI机制,kρ、浮力通量谱、势能谱变化趋势大体一致;但三维数值实验中,内波破碎时间提前,湍流衰减加快;KE谱在高波数部分下降速度相对减小,更接近于kz3。     

3～5月份东印度洋上层水文要素特征分析

利用中国科学院"实验1"号调查船2010~2012年东印度洋3个航次的走航断面观测数据,分析了春季孟加拉湾南部和赤道东印度洋上层海洋的水文结构特征,同时结合卫星遥感资料和世界海洋图集2009(world ocean atlas 2009,WOA09)气候态温、盐资料,探讨了孟加拉湾南部海水经向地转输运的变化以及温跃层的波动。结果表明,在3~5月份,即印度洋冬季风向夏季风转换期间,赤道西风的爆发成为这一海域最关键的驱动力,将阿拉伯海的高盐水向东输运,使赤道纬向压强梯度力转为西向,减弱了赤道潜流并引起向北的经向地转输运。在孟加拉湾湾口,赤道的波动强迫导致了经向输运由南向转为北向,来自阿拉伯海的高盐水与孟加拉湾的低盐水在此汇集,形成了明显的盐度梯度;波动强迫还使得孟加拉湾湾口呈现出一个向西移动并减弱的气旋涡流场。在波动和表层盐度差异的影响下,湾口温跃层维持着向西下倾斜的状态,即使是在印度洋东岸海水堆积时,也没有显示出如赤道断面温跃层那般的大幅度加深。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.