夜黑佯谬与宇宙视界（三）

严格来讲,标准宇宙模型并不涉及大爆炸本身,它只是描述“大爆炸”以后发生的事情。之所以把标准宇宙模型称为“热大爆炸”宇宙模型,是由于历史上当初反对宇宙膨胀理论的人为讥讽伽莫夫曾把其学说称为“大爆炸（BigBang）”,后因其响亮而沿用,为标准模型的传播起到很大作用。但使用它的代价是产生了根深蒂固的“误解”,好像“大爆炸理论”事先已假定了宇宙是有限的。     

宇宙学的现状—进展、问题和展望

在Friedmann建立膨胀宇宙模型和Hubble发现膨胀迹象后，宇宙均匀性的假设得到证实是重要的进展，但是此后，由于Hubble常数，宇宙密度和真空能密度未被可靠地确定，宇宙理论尚难以有认真的定量检验，近两年里，这些基本参量的测定有了突破性的进展，它标志着宇宙学理论将在今后一十年内走向成熟。     

暗能量的理论模型

自1998年超新星观测发现宇宙加速膨胀以来,暗能量问题已经成为当前天体物理和宇宙学研究中最重要的问题之一.此后关于宇宙微波背景辐射和大尺度结构的测量也进一步支持了1998年的发现.该文首先概述了宇宙学的起源,然后详细介绍了目前解释宇宙加速膨胀机制的三类模型,包括各模型提出的动机、存在的优缺点,以及当前的主要进展等.最后对暗能量模型作了总结和展望.     

标准宇宙模型及宇宙的未来

标准宇宙模型及宇宙的未来许梅标准宇宙模型近一、二十年来，大爆炸宇宙学的重要进展之一是与基本粒子物理学相结合，推出了用以说明宇宙早期演化史的所谓标准宇宙模型（ＳｔａｎｆｏｒＱｍｌｌｏｌｏｃｌｃａｌＭｅｄｅｌ）。按照标准宇宙模型，宇宙在不断地膨胀，随着膨...     

宇宙常数与宇宙年龄问题

本文用球对称扰动模型导出了星系暗晕的平均密度与形成时间的关系 ,并由此估算银河系的形成时间tV.我们把球状星团的年龄作为银河系年龄tG 的代表 ,则tG tV 是宇宙年龄 .对Ωλ=0 ,0 .7和 0 .8的平坦宇宙模型 ,本文计算并讨论了能与它相洽的哈勃常数的范围 .结果表明 ,若哈勃常数大到 80km·s- 1 Mpc- 1 左右 ,引入宇宙常数并不一定能解决宇宙年龄的矛盾     

是谁触发了“大爆炸”？

但凡听说过宇宙是从一个高温、高密的“奇点”爆炸,膨胀而来的人,都会发出同样的疑问：在大爆炸之前的宇宙是什么样子？“永恒暴涨”、“循环模型”以及“圈量子宇宙”理论正试图解决这一棘手的难题。     

《国家重点基础研究发展规划》项目:“21世纪天体物理重大问题:星系形成和演化”项目介绍

20世纪人类在探索宇宙奥秘的道路上取得了辉煌的成就 .其主要标志是恒星的内部结构与演化理论和宇宙大爆炸标准模型的建立。这一理论框架为宇宙中一切物质 ,包括基本粒子 ,原子 ,分子 ,行星 ,恒星 ,生命的产生和发展提供统一的科学图象 ,受到越来越丰富的观测的支持。然而在大爆炸宇宙模型和恒星演化理论之间存在一个人们了解甚少的领域 :就是由大量恒星组成而又作为宇宙基本单元的星系是如何形成和演化的 ?回答这一重要问题无疑是对 2 1世纪天文学的重大挑战。世界发达国家正在投巨资建造新一代巨型天文设备 ,如各个波段的地面的和空间的望远镜 ,把人类探测能力延伸到宇宙演化的早期。中国也己确定星系形成与演化作为我国天文学科发展的国家目标之一 ,在国家重大科学工程中安排大天区面积多目标光纤光谱天文望远镜———LAMOST以增加我国在这一重大领域的竞争力。“星系形成和演化”项目的目标 ,就是要在LAMOST建成之前 ,充分利用国内中小设备和国外大型设备资料 ,开展大样本统计 ,数值模拟和理论研究 ,提高我国在这一领域的开拓创新的能力 ,形成在国际上有竞争力的队伍 ,在若干优选的课题方向上先期做出有高显示度的成果 ,以期在LAMOST建成之后 ,我国在宇宙大尺度结构 ,星系形成与演化方面跻身国际先     

大尺度质量扰动和速度场的计算

本文在宇宙弦模型中,计算了各种暗物质主导宇宙的大尺度均方质量扰动和速度场。我们的计算结果表明,如果冷暗物质和重子主导字苗在8Mpch~(-1)处引力成团达到非线性或者中微子主导宇宙在z～3时出现Pancake碎裂,则相应的宇宙弦线密度μ均应满足关系式:Gμ>10~(-5),而这样的弦密度将导致宇宙微波背景较大的各向异性并违反大爆炸核合成理论。对大尺度速度场的计算,我们得到了它随距离增大比通常宇宙模型下降得更慢的结果,但它仍不足以解释Collins等最近报告的在50h~(-1)Mpc处v_p=970±300km·s~(-1)的固有速度。因此我们的计算表明,由单一的弦扰动形成观测到的大尺度结构是困难的。双扰动模型有可能是解决困难的一种途径。     

含αR~2+γR_(μν)R~(μν)项的宇宙暴涨

我们利用含αR~2+γR_(μv)R~(μv)项的宇宙理论同带有一个标量场φ的Einstein理论之间的等价性,讨论了该宇宙的暴涨行为.结果表明,在D维空时(D>2)中,存在指数型的暴涨解.     

宇宙弦和星系两点相关函数

本文对宇宙弦模型中的星系两点相关函数ξ进行了计算,并同Davis和Peebles的观测结果进行了比较,发现宇宙弦模型能较好地解释ξ的观测曲线。一个有意义的结果是我们利用宇宙弦图象自然地给出了其他宇宙模型难以给出的r_c≈3Mpch~(-1)处从1+ξ∝r~(-2)幂律到1+ξ∝r~(-0.85)幂律的转变点。     

Some results in the general scalar tensor theory

Raychaudhuri-type equations are written for a cosmological model filled with a perfect fluid and obeying the equations of general scalar-tensor theory proposed by Nordtvedt. It is found that a non-rotating cosmological model may, in general, have a minimum volume. The Hawking-Penrose energy condition suggests that the singularity can be avoided in this theory.     

On seeliger's paradox

It is shown that there do not exist spatially-homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-I cosmological models in Rosen's (1973) bi-metric theory of gravitation when the source of the gravitational field is a perfect fluid distribution. A vacuum cosmological model, in this theory, is presented and studied.     

Bianchi type-III cosmological model in four- and five-dimensional bimetric theory of relativity

Four- and five-dimensional Bianchi type-III cosmological model in Rosen (1980) bimetric theory of gravitation is considered. Restricting to a particular type of background metric, it is observed that the Bianchi type-III cosmological model does not exist in case of both meson field and mesonic perfect fluid. Hence only vacuum model can be obtained.     

Micro and Macro Cosmological Model in Barber's Second Self-Creation Theory

A spatially homogeneous anisotropic Bianchi type-I cosmological model in the Barber's second self-creation theory is constructed when the gravitational field is generated by a mixture of micro and macro matter fields represented by meson field and perfect fluid respectively. The physical and geometrical features of the micro and macro cosmological model are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Some general results in self-creation cosmologies

Raychaudhuri-type equations are written for a cosmological model filled with perfect fluid and obeying the equations of a self-creation theory recently proposed by G. A. Barber. In addition some general results on spatially homogeneous cosmological models are obtained. The Hawking-Penrose energy condition suggests that the singularity can be avoided in this theory.     

Bianchi type-V bulk viscous cosmological models with particle creation in Brans-Dicke theory

The Bianchi type-V cosmological model with viscous fluid and creation particle in Brans-Dicke theory has been considered. The present paper deals with Bianchi type-V cosmological model with bulk viscosity and particle creation described by full causal thermodynamics in Brans-Dicke theory. We have discussed two types of solutions of the average scale factor for a Bianchi type-V model by using a variation law of Hubble’s parameter, which yields a constant value of the deceleration parameter. The exact solutions to the corresponding field equations are obtained in quadrature form. The solutions to the Einstein field equations are obtained for power law and exponential form. The cosmological parameters have been discussed in detail.     

Five-dimensional axially symmetric string cosmological model in Lyra manifold

In this paper we constructed five dimensional axially symmetric cosmological model generated by a cloud of strings with particles attached to them in Lyra manifold. Out of the two different cases obtained one case leads to the five dimensional vacuum universe in general theory of relativity while the other case yields a string cosmological model in Lyra manifold. In the cosmic string model we observed that the sum of tension density and rest energy density of strings vanishes and this model is also inflationary.     

Modified equations in the theory of induced gravity. Solution to the cosmological constant problem

This research is an extension of the author’s works, in which conformally invariant generalization of string theory was suggested to higher-dimensional objects. Special cases of the proposed theory are Einstein’s theory of gravity and string theory. This work is devoted to the formation of self-consistent equations of the theory of induced gravity in the presence of matter in the form of a perfect fluid that interacts with scalar fields. The study is done to solve these equations for the case of the cosmological model. In this model time-evolving gravitational and cosmological “constants” take place which are determined by the square of scalar fields. The values of which can be matched with the observational data. The equations that describe the theory have solutions that can both match with the solutions of the standard theory of gravity as well as it can differ from it. This is due to the fact that the fundamental “constants” of the theory, such as gravitational and cosmological, can evolve over time and also depend of the coordinates. Thus, in a rather general case the theory describes the two systems (stages): Einstein and “evolving”. This process is similar to the phenomenon of phase transition, where the different phases (Einstein gravity system, but with different constants) transit into each other.     

On Bianchi Type-I Mesonic Cosmological Model in Bimetric Theory

Anisotropic spatially homogeneous Bianchi type-I cosmological model in bimetric theory of gravitation (Rosen, 1973) is considered. It is shown that the Bianchi type-I cosmological model does not exist in case of both meson field and mesonic perfect fluid (with or without mass parameter). Hence only vacuum models can be obtained (Reddy and Venkateswarlu, 1989). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An inflationary cosmological model in Dunn's scalar-tensor theory of gravitation

The gravitational field equations in Dunn's scalar-tensor theory of gravitation are generalized by including a cosmological constant. The resulting equations are solved for a Robertson-Walker line-element with flat three-space. The solution represents a cosmological model that develops into an inflationary era.