水电工程岩质高边坡研究与处理技术的有关问题

本文对我国水利水电工程岩质高边坡研究与处理技术作了简单介绍。文中列举了部分边坡工程实例,阐述了边坡工程的勘测、设计、施工、科研等专业学科的现状及发展趋势,并就某些技术问题作了浅显评述。     

填土地基的处理技术

介绍了两种填土的工程性质及重锤夯实法,振动压实法,强夯法,挤密桩法,分层压实法等几种常见的填土处理技术。     

船舶压载水处理技术及其优缺点

压载水是船舶航行的必备之物,但同时也对海洋生态环境造成了严重的危害。世界相关国家和组织呼吁,必须采取合理有效的管理措施和处理技术,确保压载水无害化排放。要从根本上解决压载水问题,仅靠管理措施是远远不够的,更需要研究行之有效的处理技术。为此,本文将对常用的压载水处理技术作简要介绍并分析其优缺点。     

酸性矿山废水处理技术及其进展

论述酸性矿山废水（ＡＭＤ）的处理方法及几种较新的ＡＭＤ处理技术。阐明酸性矿山废水的危害及传统的碱中和法和不足,指责发展新型ＡＭＤ处理技术是解决酸性矿山废水对环境危害的重要环节。     

AMD处理技术及其进展

论述了酸性矿山废水（ＡＭＤ）的处理技术并介绍了几种较新的ＡＭＤ处理技术。说明了酸性矿山废水的危害及传统碱中和法的不足,指出发展新型ＡＭＤ处理技术是解决酸性矿山废水环境危害的重要环节。     

处理公路路基融陷的注浆技术

论述了采用注浆技术处理公路路基融陷的机理、技术要点，并通过工程实例介绍了施工工艺及处理效果。     

北京利用土地处理技术将再生水回补地下水可行性探讨

本文从北京市再生水的现状．土地处理技术的理论、国外已经开展再生水土地处理后回补地下水含水层的实践,以及北京的实际条件出发,分析了在北京开展再生水通过土地处理技术后,回补地下水含水层试验的可行性。     

石油勘探开发综合技术的应用—以苏北油田沙埝块断为例

从沙埝油田地质条件和地面条件的复杂性出发,在该油田产能建设中针对性地应用了石油勘探开发综合技术。重点介绍了三维地震处理解释一体化技术、储层横向预测技术、油藏工程研究技术的应用及取得良好的效果和显著经济效益的情况。说明多学科相互渗透的综合技术是油田发展的重要途径。     

南沙海域地震资料处理技术发展历程

南沙海域是我局多年来的勘探重点区域，投入多道地震工作量达8万多公里。我局地震资料的处理技术也随着时代的发展而进步，从最早的简单处理到目前的多方法、多手段、多系统的较复杂处理，经历了多次处理设备的更新换代和处理技术人员的更替，处理质量和处理水平、处理能力与时俱进。     

生物膜处理技术的研究进展

本文综述了生物膜技术的发展概况及其传质理论,并且对各种类型生物膜反应器的应用和发展作了简要论述,最后提出了生物膜技术的发展方向。     

Inorganic arsenic sorption by drinking-water treatment residual-amended sandy soil: effect of soil solution chemistry

Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that drinking-water treatment residuals are effective sorbents of arsenic V. However, the effect of soil solution chemistry on arsenic V sorption by drinking-water treatment residuals-amended soils remains to be explored. The current study uses a batch incubation experimental set up to evaluate the effect of soil solution pH, competing ligands, and complexing metal on arsenic V sorption by a sandy soil (Immokalee series) amended with two rates (25 and 50 g kg^?1) of aluminum and iron-based drinking-water treatment residuals. Experiments were conducted at three initial arsenic loads (125, 1,875, 3,750 mg kg^?1) and a constant solid: solution ratio of 200 g L^?1. An optimum equilibration time of 8 days, obtained from kinetic studies, was utilized for sorption experiments with both aluminum and iron drinking-water treatment residual-amended soil. Presence of phosphate decreased arsenic V sorption by both aluminum and iron drinking-water treatment residual amended soils, with a strong dependence on pH, drinking-water treatment residual types, drinking-water treatment residual application rates, and phosphate concentrations. Addition of sulfate had no effect on arsenic V sorption by aluminum or iron drinking-water treatment residual-amended soil. A complementing effect of calcium on arsenic V sorption was observed at higher pH. Results elucidating the effect of soil solution chemistry on the arsenic V sorption will be helpful in calibrating drinking-water treatment residual as a sorbent for remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.     

新千年我们喝什么样的水

本文简述了各种饮水工艺及其水质特征和功能,提出矿泉水是健康饮水之冠,天然矿泉水来自地层深处,无菌、无污染、富含对人体有益的矿物质和微量元素,不含任何热量,是一种高品质的健康水,也是宝贵的矿产资源。     

Drinking-water treatment,climate change,and childhood gastrointestinal illness projections for northern Wisconsin (USA) communities drinking untreated groundwater

This study examined the relative importance of climate change and drinking-water treatment for gastrointestinal illness incidence in children (age <5 years) from period 2046–2065 compared to 1991–2010. The northern Wisconsin (USA) study focused on municipalities distributing untreated groundwater. A time-series analysis first quantified the observed (1991–2010) precipitation and gastrointestinal illness associations after controlling for seasonality and temporal trends. Precipitation likely transported pathogens into drinking-water sources or into leaking water-distribution networks. Building on observed relationships, the second analysis projected how climate change and drinking-water treatment installation may alter gastrointestinal illness incidence. Future precipitation values were modeled by 13 global climate models and three greenhouse-gas emissions levels. The second analysis was rerun using three pathways: (1) only climate change, (2) climate change and the same slow pace of treatment installation observed over 1991–2010, and (3) climate change and the rapid rate of installation observed over 2011–2016. The results illustrate the risks that climate change presents to small rural groundwater municipalities without drinking water treatment. Climate-change-related seasonal precipitation changes will marginally increase the gastrointestinal illness incidence rate (mean: ～1.5%, range: ?3.6–4.3%). A slow pace of treatment installation somewhat decreased precipitation-associated gastrointestinal illness incidence (mean: ～3.0%, range: 0.2–7.8%) in spite of climate change. The rapid treatment installation rate largely decreases the gastrointestinal illness incidence (mean: ～82.0%, range: 82.0–83.0%).     

Containment of groundwater pollution (methyl tertiary butyl ether and benzene) to protect a drinking-water production site in Belgium

The subsurface migration of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene towards a drinking-water production site in Belgium was monitored for 9 years. A large gasoline spill at a nearby fuel station had caused a 500-m long and 50-m-wide pollution plume of MTBE (10?30 mg/L) and benzene (2?10 mg/L). In order to prevent any intrusion of pollutants into the drinking-water supply, a conceptual model was used to design a pump-and-treat system that intercepted the gasoline-contaminated groundwater emanating from the spill. The contaminated soil in the spill zone was excavated. A numerical mass transport model was developed to evaluate the ongoing plume containment. The model describes the subsurface MTBE migration and was regularly updated, based on groundwater monitoring data and the measured mass of MTBE extracted with the pump-and-treat system. With continued interception pumping, the MTBE plume can be remediated in 14 years. Without it, MTBE and benzene concentrations up to 600 μg/L could have reached the drinking-water production site and the plume would persist for 9 years longer. Source zone treatment combined with plume interception pumping is a suitable risk-based remediation strategy for the containment of MTBE and benzene groundwater pollution.     

The role of groundwater governance in emergencies during different phases of natural disasters

The establishment of water governance in emergency situations supports timely and effective reaction with regard to the risk and impact of natural disasters on drinking-water supplies and populations. Under such governance, emergency activities of governmental authorities, rescue and aid teams, water stakeholders, local communities and individuals are coordinated with the objective to prevent and/or mitigate disaster impact on water supplies, to reduce human suffering due to drinking-water failure during and in the post-disaster period, and to manage drinking-water services in emergency situations in an equitable manner. The availability of low-vulnerability groundwater resources that have been proven safe and protected by geological features, and with long residence time, can make water-related relief and rehabilitation activities during and after an emergency more rapid and effective. Such groundwater resources have to be included in water governance and their exploration must be coordinated with overall management of drinking-water services in emergencies. This paper discusses institutional and technical capacities needed for building effective groundwater governance policy and drinking-water risk and demand management in emergencies. Disaster-risk mitigation plans are described, along with relief measures and post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction activities, which support gradual renewal of drinking-water services on the level prior to the disaster. The role of groundwater governance in emergencies differs in individual phases of disaster (preparedness, warning, impact/relief, rehabilitation). Suggested activities and actions associated with these phases are summarized and analysed, and a mode of their implementation is proposed.     

饮水困难区地下水勘察新技术的应用

饮水困难区一般来说是指对于安全的饮用水源的获取存在困难的地区。主要分布在我国中部、西部的部分地区和华北的局部地区,在西北部情况尤为严重。虽然导致区域饮水困难有多方面的原因,自然条件的因素在大多数地区还是首当其冲的。从水文地质的角度来看,一些饮水困难区即所谓贫水区,表现为水文地质条件复杂,区域地下水的补给、径流与排泄条件不清,地下水在时间、空间上变化较大等特征,难以用传统的地质方法与常规的地球物理方法找到。随着研究工作的深入与科学技术的发展,一些新方法与新技术被引进到地下水勘察工作中来,在一些饮水困难区,甚至被认为是无水区的地方找到了地下水。而依托先进找水技术的综合物探方法找水模式也已初具雏型,并且在实践中取得了一定成效,为饮水困难区的地下水勘察工作提供了技术依托。     

石羊河下游咸水区饮用水成井关键工艺分析与应用

文章分析了石羊河下游咸水区人饮水成井中存在降低井水含砂量,避免上部咸水与下部淡水相串两个关键性技术问题。通过孔径与管径的调配设计,增大环状粒料层和止水粘土层的厚度;滤水管外包尼龙纱网;粒料与止水粘土接触界面上设计反滤层;填粒后先行拉活塞利用水力夯实粒料层,再投粘土球止掉上部咸水等措施,在民勤县三口人饮水井施工中取得显著效果,证明了该套成井工艺的有效性和可行性,有望为同类地区人饮水井施工提供技术示范作用。     

Improved water resource management for a highly complex environment using three-dimensional groundwater modelling

A three-dimensional groundwater model was used to improve water resource management for a study area in north-west Switzerland, where drinking-water production is close to former landfills and industrial areas. To avoid drinking-water contamination, artificial groundwater recharge with surface water is used to create a hydraulic barrier between the contaminated sites and drinking-water extraction wells. The model was used for simulating existing and proposed water management strategies as a tool to ensure the utmost security for drinking water. A systematic evaluation of the flow direction between existing observation points using a developed three-point estimation method for a large number of scenarios was carried out. It is demonstrated that systematically applying the developed methodology helps to identify vulnerable locations which are sensitive to changing boundary conditions such as those arising from changes to artificial groundwater recharge rates. At these locations, additional investigations and protection are required. The presented integrated approach, using the groundwater flow direction between observation points, can be easily transferred to a variety of hydrological settings to systematically evaluate groundwater modelling scenarios.     

Prediction of monthly discharge volume by different artificial neural network algorithms in semi-arid regions

Arabian Journal of Geosciences - Prediction of monthly discharge volume is important for reservoir management and evaluation of drinking-water supplies. Also, it is very essential in arid and...     

糠醛废水处理工程实例

系统地阐述了用UASB厌氧生物处理糠醛废水技术的处理工艺,控制温度、pH值、营养盐的工艺条件,使糠醛废水经厌氧及生物接触氧化二级生物处理,可以稳定达到国家排放标准.