城市大气环境质量的超标加权评价方法

根据大气环境中３种主要污染的监测数据，采用超标加权方法，利用灰色决策模型进行综合评价。参与评价的信息量大，为城市环境质量综合评价提供了一种新的方法。     

区域生态地质环境综合评价系统设计与示范应用——以青海省为例

借鉴环境评价领域的成熟案例和经典方法，在遥感影像解译成果数据的基础上，构建了综合评价模型运行平台、模型空间数据库和模型属性数据库。研究选用了3种综合评价算法，开发了区域生态地质环境综合评价系统，为区域生态地质环境评价研究人员提供了一个有效的工具，并以青海省为例进行了示范应用。     

规则格网DEM自动综合方法的评价

介绍了规则格网DEM自动综合方法的评价策略，应用4种常用自动综合方法对同一区域1：5万DEM进行了综合处理，生成了1：25万DEM数据。从高程值分布、派生坡度情况以及反生等高线叠置比较这3个方面对综合结果进行了评价，并分析了各综合方法影响结果精度的主要原因。实验表明，结构化综合方法具有较高的精度。     

农村居民点用地整理适宜性的递阶模糊评价模型

针对目前农村居民点用地整理适宜性评价的多指标性问题，借鉴土地适宜性评价的模糊综合评判方法，提出了一种新的递阶模糊评价方法，并以武汉市黄陂区的部分乡镇为例进行了初步的应用研究，取得了较好的效果。     

自适应的计算机辅助地形综合模型和实验（一）

描述的方案有两个主要目的：设计一个地形综合策略，它自适应不同地形类型、比例尺和地图用途；实现和评价此方法的某些组成部分，以便评价它的潜力。这一策略包括三种不同的综合方法：一个全局性的滤波过程，一个选择性（迭代的）滤波过程和一个基于地形结构线综合的启发式方法。对于一个给定的综合问题，它受地形特征、地图用途、比例尺、图形局限性和数据质量限制，恰当的技术通过结构和处理过程识别来选择。这个策略的某些关键部     

三种开发区土地集约利用评价方法比较分析

BP神经网络是近年来用于开发区土地集约利用评价的新方法,自学习能力强且精度较高。模糊综合评价法和多因素综合评价法是开发区土地集约利用评价的常用方法。本文拟采用上述三种方法对广东省某高新技术产业开发区土地集约利用程度进行评价。通过评价过程和结果的对比分析,探讨三种方法在评价中的优缺点。     

城市投资环境综合评介模型及软件系统的建立与应用

本文综合应用ＤＥＬＰＨＩ法、层次分析法、最优综合评价模型、广义量化方法及灰色理论，探讨了城市投资环境评价指标体系，改进了现有权重计算和指标量方法；建立了城市投资环境综合评价模型，开发了城市投资环境综合评价支持系统。应用该系统对西南三省和华南二省区的５９个城市投资环境进行了多层次综合评价及灵敏度分析，效果较为理想。     

一种新的基于连通成分的边缘评价方法

考虑到边缘局部相关性的特点，提出了一种新的边缘评价方法，该方法不需要标准边缘图，对边缘图直接求取总的边缘点数(A)、4一连通成分数(B)、8一连通成分(C)数以及C／A、C／B的比值，然后进行综合评价。实验结果表明，该评价方法具有很强的现实意义和参考价值。     

数字正射影像图质量的模糊综合评价

质量评定是地图产品生产过程中的一个重要环节，但是，传统的地图质量评价方法存在着许多固有的局限，而难以满足新的要求．本文以模糊数学的原理为基础，建立了DOM产品质量的模糊综合评价模型．研究表明，相对于传统的质量评价方法，模糊综合评价方法能够充分利用各种质量信息，并尊重质量的模糊属性，评价过程更细腻，结果也更可靠。     

专题制图中各有关专题要素求权方法的比较研究

专题制图中，多专题数据综合分类（评价）是制图数据处理中的重要内容。不论采用什么方法（模型）综合分类，各专题要素的权重确定是至关重要的，因为权重直接关系到最后分类的科学性和准确性。本研究比较几种权重确定方法，系统地介绍各有关专题要素求权的具体步骤。     

空间统计分析的环境质量评价应用

本文阐述了空间统计分析方法的基本原理,介绍了判断空间关联显著性的相关指标及其计算方法,并将空间统计分析方法应用于环境质量评价领域,探索区域环境质量在空间上的分布特征,挖掘环境质量数据中的空间关联关系。结合惠州市2008年空气现状调查中的硫酸盐化速率数据进行分析,结果表明,该数据在整体上存在显著的空间自相关和聚集模式;在局部层面存在三个统计显著性较高的聚集区。由此可知,空间统计分析方法能有效地挖掘环境质量数据中的潜在关联关系,为环境质量评价提供十分重要的统计依据。     

Using GIS and Dispersion Modelling Tools to Assess the Effect of the Environment on Health

A feasibility study in progress to integrate health and air quality information is presented. The methods of using integrated GIS and air quality dispersion modelling tools to assess the effect of the environment on health are discussed. The main aim is to model human personal exposure to air pollutants and compare the predictions to respiratory health data for asthmatics in a health telematics project. The MEDICATE project develops and tests the feasibility of using a health telematic system for asthmatics. Key to this is the determination of the real-time health (lung function) response to the ambient environment. For this, air quality information is related to respiratory measurements by modelling personal exposure through a GIS. The methods of integrating environmental modelling and assessment tools (GIS) in this case are examined. ESRI's ArcView is used to locate and compile environmental information about the patients' locations and lifestyles in the study areas (London and Barcelona). A dispersion modelling extension to ArcView, ADMS Urban, is used to interrogate the spatial environmental databases (e.g. emission inventories) to model air pollution concentrations. Patients' personal exposure is modelled by time-weighted estimates of their exposure to ambient air quality at each defined location. Lung function data can be compared on a time-wise basis with these air quality indicators to see if there is a relationship on an hourly, daily or lagged-day basis. The aim of this paper is to propose a methodology and discuss the integration and practicalities of using air quality assessment tools (inventories, dispersion modelling and a GIS) in assessing the impacts of the environment on human health.     

Using GIS to Assess the Environmental Justice Consequences of Transportation System Changes

Although environmental justice research has typically focused on locations of industrial toxic releases or waste sites, recent developments in GIS and environmental modeling provide a foundation for developing measures designed to evaluate the consequences of transportation system changes. In this paper, we develop and demonstrate a workable GIS-based approach that can be used to assess the impacts of a transportation system change on minorites and low-income residents. We focus specifically on two adverse affects: vehicle-generated air pollution and noise. The buffer analysis capabilities of GIS provide a preliminary assessment of environmental justice. We integrate existing environmental pollution models with GIS software to identify the specific locations where noise and air pollution standards could be violated because of the proposed system change. A comparison of the geographic boundaries of these areas with the racial and economic characteristics of the underlying population obtained from block level census data provides a basis for evaluating disproportionate impacts. An existing urban arterial in Waterloo, Iowa, is used to illustrate the methods developed in this research.     

Assessment of human health impact from exposure to multiple air pollutants in China based on satellite observations

Assessment of human health impact caused by air pollution is crucial for evaluating environmental hazards. In this paper, concentrations of six air pollutants (PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and CO) were first derived from satellite observations, and then the overall human health risks in China caused by multiple air pollutants were assessed using an aggregated health risks index. Unlike traditional approach for human health risks assessment, which relied on the in-situ air pollution measurements, the spatial distribution of aggregated human health risks in China were obtained using satellite observations in this research. It was indicated that the remote sensing data have advantages over in-situ data in accessing human health impact caused by air pollution.     

大气污染扩散模拟评价决策支持系统的研究与开发

大气污染扩散模拟评价决策支持系统将GIS技术与环境模型相结合集成应用于大气污染扩散评价中,不仅发挥了GIS在大气污染扩散评价中强大的空间信息可视化管理和分析功能,还能将环境模型的分析预测功能直观应用于对各类污染源的宏观与微观模拟表达,实现了对大气污染综合决策分析,为工程决策者和管理人员提供了一种强有力的决策支持方案.系...     

Building an environmental quality index for a big city: a spatial interpolation approach combined with a distance indicator

One of the main tasks of regional and environmental economics is to construct Environmental Quality Indexes for big cities. A standard method is to generate a single measure as a linear combination of several contaminants by applying Principal Component Analysis. Spatial interpolation is then carried out to determine pollution levels across the city. We innovate on this method and propose an alternative approach. First, we combine a set of noise and air pollutants measured at a number of monitoring stations with data available for each census tract. This yields a mixed environmental index that is socioeconomically more complete. We then apply kriging to match the monitoring station records to the census data. Finally, we construct a composite pollution index using the Pena Distance method (DP2), which proves more robust than traditional approaches.     

环境空气质量系列专题地图制图方法研究

环境与发展是当今世界共同关注的重大问题。目前我国经济正处于高速发展时期,随着经济社会的快速发展和城镇一体化进程的加快,空气污染问题日趋严重,对人体健康造成很大伤害,因此环境保护的重要性日益突出。本文通过建立环境质量空间数据库,利用地理信息软件ArcGIS为基础平台,将环境空气质量监测数据与地理空间位置进行地理匹配,利用地理信息可视化技术,实现环境空气质量监测数据中各主要空气污染物的浓度时间分布的可视化表达,制作环境空气质量专题地图,有助于有效地从海量监测数据中发现有价值的信息,为环境保护部门提供决策参考依据。     

东北地区空气质量时空模式的可视化制图表达

我国的工业化发展严重依赖于煤炭、钢铁、电力、交通等传统污染性产业,这类产业高能耗、高污染的特性造成了严重的环境污染问题。东北地区是我国重要的重化工产业基地及主要粮食产业产区,其生态环境,特别是空气质量备受关注。本文利用点格图对2015年中国东北地区的空气质量时空分布情况进行了可视化表达。在利用日历视图可视化表达空气质量指数级别及首要污染物信息的基础上,还加入了地理参考信息。空气质量点格图为理解和分析东北地区的空气质量现状及其时空分布模式提供了面向大众的、直观有效的方法。利用该方法对空气质量进行分析,有助于辨别空气污染的主要问题、提高公众的环境保护意识,以及制定切实有效的遏制空气污染的政策法规。     

Mapping Population Distribution in the Urban Environment: The Cadastral-based Expert Dasymetric System (CEDS)

This paper discusses the importance of determining an accurate depiction of total population and specific sub-population distribution for urban areas in order to develop an improved "denominator," which would enable the calculation of more correct rates in GIS analyses involving public health, crime, and urban environmental planning. Rather than using data aggregated by arbitrary administrative boundaries such as census tracts, we use dasymetric mapping, an areal interpolation method using ancillary information to delineate areas of homogeneous values. We review previous dasymetric mapping techniques (which often use remotely sensed land-cover data) and contrast them with our technique, Cadastral-based Expert Dasymetric System (CEDS), which is particularly suitable for urban areas. The CEDS method uses specific cadastral data, land-use filters, modeling by expert system routines, and validation against various census enumeration units and other data. The CEDS dasymetric mapping technique is presented through a case study of asthma hospitalizations in the Bronx, New York City, in relation to proximity buffers constructed around major sources of air pollution. The case study shows the impact that a more accurate estimation of population distribution has on a current environmental justice and health disparities research project, and the potential of CEDS for other GIS applications.     

基于“天地图”的江苏省城市空气质量 PM2．5监测数据平台的设计与实现

基于“天地图”的地图数据服务,接入了江苏全省72个空气监测站点的实时监测数据,设计和实现了江苏省城市空气质量PM2．5监测数据平台。该平台的建成引起了较大的社会关注,成为“天地图”服务于环保行业和政府部门的又一成功案例。