地震作用下土质边坡类型划分

本文研究分析了多种因素对土质边坡地震稳定性的不同影响程度,认为影响作用较大的前8个因素分别为坡度、坡高、斜坡结构类型、降水、水系距离、黏聚力、内摩擦角和地震动参数.利用层次分析法计算各因素的影响权重,以综合性、操作性和适用性为原则,将影响权重较高的因素作为划分指标,将土质边坡划分为4大类,每大类中再根据坡度的大小划分为缓坡、缓陡坡、陡坡和急坡等4个亚类.划分结果可为地震作用下土质边坡稳定性的评价提供参考依据.      

冀东陆壳结构的岩石学模型

冀东地区的古老变质岩系是一个出露的大陆地壳断面。根据变质岩系的变质相、亚相的研究和地质温压计计算的结果推定的深度,并结合地球物理测深资料,以及笔者测定和前人的岩石高压下波速实验资料提出了本区大陆地壳结构的岩石学模型。下地壳由麻粒岩相岩石组成,上部为角闪石麻粒岩亚相的中性成分的麻粒岩,下部为辉石麻粒岩亚相的基性成分的麻粒岩构成,底部夹有透镜状蛇纹石化橄榄岩以及紫苏花岗岩。中地壳主要由高角闪岩相的中性-中酸性成分的片麻岩、片岩构成,顶部为低角闪岩相的片麻岩、片岩,广泛发育英云闪长岩和花岗闪长岩岩体,含隙间高温流体相(fluid phase),形成高导-低速层。上地壳主要为绿片岩相(部分低角闪岩相)的板岩、千枚岩、片岩、变粒岩以及花岗岩组成,顶部为沉积盖层     

太山龙泉寺舍利塔边坡地震稳定性研究

为了研究太原市太山龙泉寺拟建舍利塔边坡稳定性,对所在场地及外围地形地貌、地层、地质构造、水文条件进行了调查。结合7个探井,确定了塔址所在场地的土质边坡体可能失稳的模式,进行了边坡稳定性分析、计算。结果表明,场地在自然状态下边坡稳定系数为1.37,在烈度为Ⅷ、Ⅸ度地震影响下边坡稳定系数分别为1.24、1.15。根据《建筑边坡工程技术规范》（GB50330-2013）,塔址所在边坡是稳定的,不必对边坡进行处理;其次结合3个探槽揭露,发现场地北侧基岩边坡曾发生过滑动,据其滑动面倾角、滑动量及错断地层特征,认为是一种特殊边坡变形破坏-岩体错落,为崩塌与滑坡之间的中间类型,从现存的地形地貌特征分析,现阶段错落体已趋于基本稳定状态,稳定性较好;最后给出了预防边坡滑动的建议和措施,研究结果可为其他类似边坡场地地震稳定性研究提供参考借鉴。     

新丰江地震震源机制解及构造应力场

本文根据新丰江无线遥测台网1983年10月1日——1987年4月30日165次小震中的83次8个子台都记录到的 P 波初动资料,按 P 波初动的异同,划分出37个类型,把相同类型叠加作成震源机制解且归为5个大类.根据5个大类的各应力轴及节面的特征来讨论本区的现今构造应力场.显然,与前人认识是不同的,与笔者1981年提出的结果类似,但更显示了以南北向挤压为特征的构造应力场.      

不同岩石中地应力分布

根据对世界范围内的岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩中实测地应力资料的回归分析表明:这三大类岩石中的地应力分布各不相同, 与岩石成因密切相关。对地应力与岩石杨氏模量及深度的关系的讨论, 显示出地应力随岩石杨氏模量增高而增大。      

利用重、磁资料研究五台——恒山地区构造格局

五台恒山地区是我国重要的银、锰、金及多金属成矿区.区内矿产与中生代岩体分布具有密切关系.而中生代岩体主要受断裂构造控制.因此,利用重、磁资料研究五台恒山地区的断裂构造、岩体分布及构造单元,为进一步划分成矿远景区提供地球物理依据.利用归一化总水平导数垂向导数(NVDR_THDR)技术推断研究区断裂分布,共划分断裂23条.其中一级断裂6条.二级断裂17条;利用剩余异常研究岩体的分布特征,共推断隐伏岩体34处。主要分布在五台山、恒山及灵丘一带:根据断裂和岩体的分布特征及重、磁异常场的分区特征,结合相关的地质资料,将研究区划分为11个构造区,主体走向为NE和NNE向.研究表明.NE向断裂对构造单元的展布和岩体分布起主要控制作用,并且岩体主要分布于五台山中部NE、NW及近EW向断裂的交汇处.同时位于不同构造单元的分界处.     

九江-瑞昌矿集区的3D结构及对区域找矿的启示

本文分析了九瑞地区重、磁场的分布特征.运用最新的方法技术对已有的重磁资料重新进行处理:采用重磁多尺度边缘检测方法,对九瑞矿集区区域重力和航磁数据进行了边缘检测,并根据检测结果重新厘定了断裂系统的展布位置.在整理、分析九瑞地区地质、地层物性资料的基础上,对实测的1∶5万重磁数据进行较细致的准三维反演.同时将重磁三维物性反演应用到岩浆岩空间结构研究中,获得了矿集区地层结构及岩浆岩三维空间形态特征.根据反演所得磁化率强弱,分析了岩体的基性程度,为寻找与火山岩、侵入岩体有关的金属矿产提供了指示信息.最终建立的模型给出了地下地层的分布特征、控矿构造的展布规律、与成矿相关岩体的三维形态以及已知矿点的空间分布特征,为在九瑞矿集区的深部寻找隐伏矿体提供了新的信息.     

皖南谭山岩体的锆石定年及地质意义

皖南地区广泛分布燕山期岩浆岩,但其年代学方面的工作较为薄弱。为厘定该地区燕山期岩浆岩年代学格架,本文利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法对皖南谭山岩体的正长花岗岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学研究,两个样品的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为128．5±1．7Ma和128．3±1．5Ma,基本一致,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。结合本地区高精度年代学数据,皖南地区中生代岩浆岩可划分为三个峰期：第一峰期为142～139Ma;第二峰期为133～130Ma;第三峰期为128～125Ma。     

华北山地地貌面与新生代构造运动

华北山地有三期山地夷平面，四期河流阶地面。表明新生代地壳运动具有垂直差异性质。以上升运动为主，平均升幅１７００ｍ，速度０．０３１ｍｍ／ａ。以第四纪为最大。全区新地壳构造形迹可划分为３大类，８亚类和３２个小类。在新生代构造运动中，又划分出第四纪以来的新构造运动和晚更新世以来的最新构造运动。     

西大别浒湾面理化含榴花岗岩变形特征与锆石SHRIMP定年

面理化含榴花岗岩是大别－苏鲁中生代碰撞造山带内大面积出露的一类特殊岩石类型,它一般与高压超高压变质岩共生．当前研究对该类岩石的成因、构造演化及与超高压变质岩关系等存在不同认识．选择西大别北缘浒湾高压变质单元中的面理化花岗岩岩体进行锆石SHRIMP定年与构造变形特征分析．测年结果表明,岩体的锆石SHRIMP年龄为（762±15）Ma（MSWD=1．7）,代表了岩体侵位结晶年龄,表明岩体形成于新元古代中晚期．野外观测与显微构造分析显示,浒湾岩体自侵位后经历多期构造变形．早期变形表现为残留面理（S1）构成的片内无根褶皱,主体变形表现为向北中等倾斜的透入性片麻理（S2）和韧性剪切变形,这是岩体在NNE向SSW的近南北向挤压作用下与围岩共同变形的结果,代表了浒湾高压单元在印支期向南逆冲的构造特征．晚三叠世后,岩体发育向南逆冲的脆性断层和向北正向滑动的断层,代表了浅层次伸展引张的构造体制．     

Controls on the stability and inclinations of hillslopes formed on hard rock

In identifying controls on rock slope form a distinction is made between: (1) rock slopes with joints which dip steeply out of a cliff and hence are subject to mass failure of the rock mass above a critical joint; and (2) rock slopes with inclinations which are either in equilibrium with the mass strength of their rocks, or have profiles which will develop towards strength equilibrium as cross joints open. In the first class of slope, stability results not just from the basic frictional resistance of the rock but also from the frictional roughness along the critical joint and from the normal stress acting across that joint. Stability may be reduced by weathering and loss of strength of the joint wall rock. As a result of normal stress variations with depth, induced by overburdens, high cliffs which are not undercut have a concave profile. The second group of slopes includes those with inclinations controlled at the scale of individual joint blocks, buttressed slopes and those on unjointed rock masses. Buttressed and unjointed rock masses develop towards a condition of mass strength equilibrium as cross joints open. Strength equilibrium slopes may be recognized by application of a rock mass strength classification proposed for geomorphic purposes. Eleven propositions are formulated which identify controls on rock slope development and some consequences of these controls.     

地震与水压力耦合作用下岩质边坡倾覆解析方法

以往对平面破坏模式的岩质边坡稳定性评价,主要关注潜在滑坡体在自重、坡体内静水压力和地震荷载耦合作用下沿破坏面的抗滑稳定性,并未涉及各类外荷载作用线不通过潜在滑体重心而引起的绕坡趾倾覆稳定性。针对这一问题,提出地震与张裂缝水压耦合作用下的岩质边坡倾覆稳定性解析方法,基于力矩平衡原理推导出岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定性系数的一般表达式;通过深入的变动参数比较研究,探讨张裂缝水压和地震荷载对抗倾覆安全系数的影响,认为水压是控制岩质边坡倾覆破坏的决定性因素,而地震荷载处于次要因素,其在一定程度上增加或减小抗倾覆稳定性。在此基础上建立不同参数组合下的岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定图,为工程技术人员快速评估饱水岩质边坡地震倾覆稳定性提供直接依据。     

Rock slope instability assessment using spatially distributed structural orientation data in Darjeeling Himalaya (India)

We discuss a geographic information system (GIS)‐based methodology for rock slope instability assessment based on geometrical relationships between topographic slopes and structural discontinuities in rocks. The methodology involves (a) regionalization of point observations of orientations (azimuth and dip) of structural discontinuities in rocks in order to generate a digital structural model (DStM), (b) testing the kinematical possibility of specific modes of rock slope failures by integrating DStMs and digital elevation model (DEM)‐derived slope and aspect data and (c) computation of stability scenarios with respect to identified rock slope failure modes. We tested the methodology in an area of 90 km² in Darjeeling Himalaya (India) and in a small portion (9 km²) within this area with higher density of field structural orientation data. The results of the study show better classification of rock slope instability in the smaller area with respect to known occurrences of deep‐seated rockslides than with respect to shallow translational rockslides, implying that structural control is more important for deep‐seated rockslides than for shallow translational rockslides. Results of scenario‐based analysis show that, in rock slopes classified to be unstable, stress‐induced rock slope instability tends to increase with increasing level of water saturation. The study demonstrates the usefulness of spatially distributed data of orientations of structural discontinuities in rocks for medium‐ to small‐scale classification of rock slope instability in mountainous terrains. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rock mass strength and the form of some inselbergs in the central namib desert

A rock mass strength classification, involving eight parameters, has been applied to selected inselbergs in the Namib Desert. The inselbergs are formed of schists, gneiss, granite and marble. Their slope inclinations are in a strength equilibrium with their rocks. The study suggests that the strength classification is consistent and has a general validity, and that rock slopes, undergoing uniform weathering, retreat to form slopes which are adjusted to their rock mass strength: this is a more general statement than the common hypothesis of parallel retreat. The favoured hypothesis of slope evolution in the Namib is one of retreat rather than downwearing.     

塔里木盆地前寒武地层岩石磁化率

在塔里木盆地前寒武结晶基底研究过程中,为了准确建立地层地磁模型,对库鲁克塔格地区岩浆岩、柯坪地区沉积岩、塔什库尔干地区变质岩地层进行系统取样及岩石薄片鉴定和准确命名,并测量岩石密度、磁化率。研究发现:①库鲁克塔格地区:基性、超基性岩蛇纹石化析出磁铁矿,磁化率剧烈变化,而中、酸性侵入岩磁化率随黑云母含量增加而增大;②柯坪地区:沉积岩中含黑云母长石石英砂岩、绢云母化长石砂岩及绿泥石化粉砂质泥岩的磁化率明显高于其他沉积岩,磁化率主要受沉积岩中少量的黑云母和绿泥石等强顺磁性矿物所影响;③塔什库尔干地区:副变质岩中含顺磁性物质和铁磁性物质较少,磁性一般较弱;正变质岩中黑云母、角闪石等强顺磁性矿物含量明显增加,磁化率较副变质岩高;弱磁性变质岩中黑云母、角闪石、绿泥石等在后期变质过程中蚀变,析出磁铁矿等铁磁性矿物,岩石磁化率明显增高。     

开挖岩体边坡卸荷带宽度的计算方法

卸荷带的判别与计算,直接关系到岩体边坡的长期稳定性及致灾安全性。针对均质岩体边坡,采用弹性理论楔形体力学模型,提出了开挖岩体边坡力学模型,建立了开挖岩体边坡应力的计算方法;从开挖高度、开挖坡度、台阶宽度、岩体粘聚力、内摩擦角及岩体容重等方面,通过敏感性分析,探讨了开挖岩体边坡卸荷带宽度的变化规律,据此采用量纲分析法,建立了开挖岩体边坡卸荷带宽度的计算公式。     

Refinement of a technique for determining rock mass strength for geomorphological purposes

Use of a field technique recently devised by Selby for the measurement of rock mass strength has resulted in the understanding of the relationship between rock mass strength and slope form. It is suggested that the accuracy of rock mass strength assessments may be enhanced by further subdividing the rating scales for intact rock strength and the spacing of partings. The relationship between rock mass strength and gradient is reformulated using southern African data, and statistically based confidence limits for identifying strength equilibrium slopes are proposed.     

Geochemistry and chronology of the Jiehekou Group metamorphic basic volcanic rocks in the Lüliang Mountain area,Shanxi, China

Samples were systematically collected from metamorphic basic volcanic rocks in the Jiehekou and Xiyupi areas on both sides of the Lüliang Mountains, Shanxi Province and analyzed for their major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements (REE). The geochemical characteristics of their major, trace and rare-earth elements indicated that the metamorphic basic volcanic rocks in this area were emplaced in the tectonic environment like a modern continental rift. Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope chronological studies demonstrated that the Jiehekou Group metamorphic basic volcanic rocks were formed during the 2600-Ma crust/mantle differentiation event, and were transformed by granulite facies metamorphism during the late Neo-Archaean period (2500 Ma ±), making the Sm-Nd systematics of the rocks reset. During the late Paleoproterozoic period (1800 Ma ±) the Rb-Sr systematics of the rocks were disturbed again in response to the Lüliang movement. Since the extent of disturbance was so weak that the Sm-Nd systematics was not affected, the age of 1600 Ma ± obtained from this area seems to be related to local magmatic activities within the craton. Research results lend no support to the idea that the Lüliang Group was formed during the Archaean. Instead, it should be formed during the Proterozoic.     

Modelling failure mechanisms to explain rock slope change along the Isle of Purbeck coast,UK

Results are presented of distinct element computer modelling used to examine rates and mechanisms of change in rock slopes and cliffs, where material intact properties determine process and form but the most significant controls are the joint pattern and cross-joint properties. The modelling approach does not appear to have been used before in a geomorphological context and provides an alternative approach for examining cliff development. Field and laboratory data have been collected for the Portland Limestone outcrop of the Isle of Purbeck, central southern England. The Portland Limestome is a hard, shelly, crystalline sediment of the Upper Jurassic. It has a regular discontinuity pattern throughout the outcrop in Purbeck. While joint orientation remains relatively constant, bedding changes from horizontal to vertical, a consequence of the Purbeck Monocline. There are resulting implications for spatial variations in rock slope evolution. The modelling exercise enhances previous knowledge on rock failure mechanisms and slope development along the Purbeck coast and demonstrates its potential in research where landforms are developed in lithified, jointed rock masses. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.