钻孔内造斜工具的定向及测量

摆锤式单点定向仪、光电定向仪、陀螺定向测斜仪、随钻定向测斜仪及磁性定向仪等,各有其特点。GD-K 型光电定向仪是开滦地质勘探工程处自行研制成功的,属磁性定向仪。经在勘探钻孔和定向注浆孔使用,对偏斜楔导斜器进行定向达30余孔次,成功率90%以上,定向误差小于士7°。同时,开滦地质勘探工程处对JDT-3A 型陀螺测斜仪改装成功的JDT-3K 型定向测斜仪,可自动连续测量或单点测量钻孔孔斜顶角、方位角和孔内造斜工具的指向。经在孔深300m 以浅的垂直冻结钻孔中进行20余孔次定向测量,方位误差小于5°/h,方位分辨率为1°,投点误差为0.5‰。     

大直径通风钻孔的测斜技术

介绍了在大直径钻孔中采用YT-1型压电陀螺测斜仪、CQ型光电多点连续测斜仪进行测斜的技术方法和应用效果。     

动力调谐陀螺钻孔测斜仪的开发与应用

动力调谐陀螺钻孔测斜仪是一种新型精密测斜系统,它利用惯性导航技术来进行钻孔测量,该系统可以自动寻北,各测点之间数据没有关联,消除了以往陀螺测斜仪的累计误差,提高了钻孔测斜精度,适用于在有磁干扰的钻孔、钻杆和套管内进行轨迹测量.介绍了动力调谐陀螺钻孔测斜仪的构成、测量原理、特点及应用情况等.     

存储式光纤陀螺测斜探管研制

本文介绍的“存储式光纤陀螺测斜探管”主要解决超高温大井深环境下钻孔轨迹测量“测斜探管”问题,它包括钻孔各孔深井段倾角、方位角、工具面向角及温度的测量。目标是攻克光纤陀螺传感器温度漂移、光纤陀螺惯测组合井下环境适应性、仪器外场标定技术和误差分析校正等关键技术,研制的超高温钻孔轨迹测量仪,使用环境温度可达270 ℃,环境压力120 MPa,通过在高温地热能钻探工程、干热岩钻探工程、科学钻探工程、深部矿产资源勘探和深部油气资源勘探等工程中的应用,拓展应用领域,为超高温大深度钻井轨迹测量提供技术支撑。     

存储式随钻测斜仪的研制

针对目前广泛使用的全方位钻孔测斜仪测量钻孔轨迹存在工序复杂、工作量大的问题,研制了存储式随钻测斜仪。该仪器主要由孔口监视器和测量探管两部分组成,可用于煤矿井下水平钻孔或定向钻孔无缆式随钻测斜,随钻测量并记录钻进方向的倾角、方位角;监视器在孔口与探管同步工作并记录钻孔深度;终孔后,监视器显示钻孔三维轨迹图。      

光纤陀螺测斜仪的研制及应用

光纤陀螺测斜仪是用途最为广泛的地质钻孔测斜仪,自主寻北测量钻孔方位,可以适用于几乎所有的地质钻进工程。仪器中采用了多项专利技术,仪器具有很高的性能价格比。通过几年在各类地质钻孔中的应用,取得了产品进一步改进的信息和推广应用的经验。     

存储式压电陀螺测斜仪的应用

存储式压电陀螺测斜仪是用于磁干扰矿区孔内顶角及方位角的无缆自动记录测量仪器。它主要解决了电缆传输中，电缆笨重、易损坏、易受电磁干扰、信号传输远等问题，并以存储卡的方式解决了数据传输记录的问题。介绍了存储式压电陀螺测斜仪的原理及应用情况。     

地质超深钻孔自寻北陀螺测斜仪研制

阐述了解决在高达280℃高温、孔深8000 m环境的地质超深钻孔自寻北陀螺测斜的技术问题。采用新型低功耗耐高温电子元件集成电路、隔热保温材料,利用高温焊接技术、密封技术、隔热保温技术及自寻北陀螺测斜技术,研制在高温、高压钻孔环境中既能保证质量又能保证安全的钻孔测斜仪以及研究相应的测斜工艺技术方法。     

地勘用陀螺测斜仪研究现状及使用中主要问题的分析

介绍了我国地勘用陀螺测斜仪的研究开发现状,阐述了地勘钻探施工对钻孔测斜仪的基本技术经济要求,分析了当前地勘用陀螺测斜仪存在的主要问题,并提出了一些解决此类问题的途径,可供开发和使用人员参考。     

钻孔导斜的装置及测量

<正> 钻孔的定向钻进和导斜纠偏都必须正确装置导斜器并进行定向测测量。使钻头的旋转钻进按照设计孔身轨迹方向运行,以达到施工目的。近几年来,我们针对煤科院建井所研制的JDT-3A 型陀螺测斜仪的特点,研究设计了弯管导斜法,对孔深300m 以浅的钻孔孔斜进行人工定向纠偏取得了成效。其中对冻结孔、注浆孔进行小于1°的微顶角纠偏11孔次,水文孔进行低于5°的小顶角纠偏1孔次,定向及导斜钻进的成功率达90%以上(表1)。JDT-3A 型陀螺测斜仪设计顶角误差最大为1.5%,现场使用同深度重复测量落点误     

Effectiveness of various dispersed alkaline substrates for the pre-treatment of ferriferous acid mine drainage

Dispersed alkaline substrates (DAS) have been successfully used in passive treatment of highly contaminated acid mine drainage (AMD) to limit coating and clogging issues. However, further optimization of DAS systems is still needed, especially for their long-term efficiency during the treatment of ferriferous AMD. In the present study, three types of DAS comprised of natural alkaline materials (wood ash, calcite, dolomite), in different proportions (20%v/v, 50%v/v, 80%v/v), and a substrate with high surface area (wood chips) were tested in 9 batch reactors. The testing was carried out, in duplicate, for a period of 91 days, to evaluate the comparative performance of the mixtures for iron pre-treatment in ferriferous AMD (2500 mg/L Fe, at pH 4). Results showed increasing of pH (between 4.15 and 7.12), regardless of the proportion of alkaline materials in the DAS mixtures. Among the tested mixtures, wood ash type DAS were more effective for Fe removal (99.9%) than calcite or dolomite type DAS (up to 66%). All tested DAS had limited efficiency for sulfate removal and an additional treatment unit, such as a sulfate-reducing biochemical reactor, is needed. Moreover, due to the similar performances of the calcite and dolomite DAS, they could be potentially substituted and rather be used in a polishing treatment unit. Based on these findings, the most promising mixture was the 50% wood ash type DAS (WA50-DAS).     

The structural preservation of a titanosaurid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) vertebral ligament

Within the past decade exceptional preservation of original organic components have been reported from several dinosaurian families, including members of Sauropodomorpha. Here we document the partial preservation of a vertebral ligament in the dorsal and sacral series of a titanosaur. Unlike other cases of tissue preservation, this structure does not represent biomineralization of the original organic components. Histology, morphology, and comparative anatomy from extant taxa as well as the preferential placement on the vertebral column suggests that it represents the partial preservation of the nuchal ligament. While preservation of other sauropod connective tissues are known, this case represents the first reported non-biomineralized tissue from a sauropod. In consideration of the location and external and internal morphologies compared to modern vertebral ligaments, we believe this structure to be the micritic replacement of the original tissue via microbially-mediated processes. Along with the suggestive external morphology, internally we interpret some of the unusual structures to represent the remnants of the collagen and elastin fascicles that are strongly overprinted by a clotted, thrombolytic-like fabric recording microbial activity and deposition of micrite prior to lithification. In consideration of the interpreted depositional history, we theorize that post-deposition, bacteria deposited the micrite as a byproduct of metabolization. Subsequently, the recognition of this structure as a vertebral ligament, the largest of such thus documented, substantiates previous findings on the morphological attributes of sauropod vertebral ligaments.     

Emplacement of the La Peña alkaline igneous complex,Mendoza, Argentina (33° S): Implications for the early Miocene tectonic regime in the retroarc of the Andes

The La Peña alkaline complex (LPC) of Miocene age (18–19 Ma) lies on the eastern front of the Precordillera (32°41ʹ34ʺS, 68°59ʹ48″W, 1400–2900 m a.s.l.), 30 km northwest of Mendoza city, Argentina. It is a subcircular massif of 19 km² and 5 km in diameter, intruded in the metasedimentary sequence of the Villavicencio Formation of Silurian-Devonian age. It is the result of integration of multiple pulses derived from one or more deep magma chambers, which form a suite of silicate rocks grouped into: a clinopyroxenite body, a central syenite facies with a large breccia zone at the contact with the clinopyroxenite, bodies of malignite, trachyte and syenite porphyry necks, and a system of radial and annular dikes of different compositions. Its subcircular geometry and dike system distribution are frequent features of intraplate plutons or plutons emplaced in post-orogenic settings. These morphostructural features characterize numerous alkaline complexes worldwide and denote the importance of magmatic pressures that cause doming with radial and annular fracturing, in a brittle country rock. However, in the LPC, the attitude of the internal fabric of plutonic and subvolcanic units and the preferential layout of dikes match the NW–SE extensional fractures widely distributed in the host rock. This feature indicates a strong tectonic control linked to the structure that facilitate space for emplacement, corresponding to the brittle shear zone parallel to the N–S stratigraphy of the country rock. Shearing produced a system of discontinuities, with a K fractal fracture pattern, given by the combination of Riedel (R), anti-Riedel (R′), (P) and extensional (T) fracture systems, responsible for the control of melt migration by the opening of various fracture branches, but particularly through the NW–SE (T) fractures. Five different pulses would have ascent, (1) an initial one from which cumulate clinopyroxenite was formed, (2) a phase of mafic composition represented by dikes cross-cutting the clinopyroxenite, (3) a malignite facies that causes a small breccia in the clinopyroxenite, (4) a central syenite facies that develops breccias at the contact with the clinopyroxenite and, finally, (5) porphyry necks and a system of radial dikes intruding all units. At the moment of the emplacement different mechanisms would have acted, they summarized in: 1) opening of discontinuities synchronous to the magma circulation as the principal mechanism for formation of dikes and conduits; 2) stoping processes, that play an important role in the development of the breccia zone and enabling an efficient transference of material during the emplacement of the syenitic magma and 3) shear-related deformation (regional stress), affected the internal fabric of the facies, causing intracrystalline deformation and submagmatic flow, which is very evident in the central syenite intrusive. The kinematic analysis of shear planes allows proposing that emplacement of the LPC took place in a transtensive regime, which would have occurred in the back-arc of the Andes orogen, during a long period spanning from Miocene to the present, of the compressive deformation responsible, westward and at the same latitude, for the development of the Aconcagua fold and thrust belt.     

A new tribe,new genus,and new species of Mordellidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) from the Early Cretaceous amber of Spain

The new tribe Mediumiugamiini (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Tenebrionoidea: Mordellidae) is described based on Mediumiuga sinespinis gen. et sp. nov. It is a fossil beetle from Albian (Early Cretaceous) amber from the Peñacerrada I outcrop (Spain). It is the first Spanish beetle described in amber. The mesotibiae and mesotarsi bearing multiple dorsal–lateral ridges, running oblique, metatibiae without any dorsal or dorsal–lateral ridge, only showing a subapical ridge, and metatibiae without apical spurs, define the new tribe. A key for worldwide tribes of Mordellinae, including Mediumiugamiini, is provided. Evolution of some characters of Mordellidae along Cretaceous is discussed.     

3S技术在土地利用中的应用

针对目前我国土地普遍存在的土地环境问题、原生土地问题、次生土地土地问题和社会土地问题,提出了应用“3s”技术进行辅助决策,以解决这些问题。     

A densely feathered ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation,Alberta, Canada

A recently discovered articulated partial skeleton of Ornithomimus from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada is remarkable in the extent and quality of preservation of integumentary structures including feathers. It is the first ornithomimid to preserve a tail bearing extensive plumaceous feathers that are slightly more elongate in comparison to those present on the remainder of the body. However, the underside of the tail and the hind limb distal to the middle of the femur appear devoid of plumage. Overall, the plumage pattern in Ornithomimus is similar to that of Struthio camelus (ostrich) and other large palaeognaths, indicating a probable function in thermoregulation. The specimen also preserves the body outline around the legs, including a skin contour anterior to the femur, analogous to skin webs in extant birds. Whereas the knee web of birds bridges the knee to the abdomen, in Ornithomimus it spans from the mid-femoral shaft to the abdomen, and is herein referred to as an anterior femoral web. This is the first report of such soft tissue structures in non-avian theropods. It may indicate that the resting position of the femur was positioned more anteroventrally in ornithomimids than in most theropods, and in that sense may have been transitional to the situation in modern birds.     

The persistence and role of basin structures on the 3D architecture of the Marañón Fold-Thrust Belt,Peru

The 3D architecture of fold-thrust belts commonly involves thin-skinned and thick-skinned deformation. Both thick- and thin-skinned deformation styles have been suggested to occur in the Marañón Fold-Thrust Belt (MFTB) in Peru, but the relative timing and strain partitioning associated with them are not well understood. We demonstrate that inherited basement structures along the Peruvian convergent margin reactivated during the evolution of the MFTB. We present results from field mapping, interpretation of remote sensing imagery, and cross section construction and restoration. The results show that the Chonta Fault, a median pre-folding basin normal fault, was inverted and acted as a mechanical buttress during initial east-vergent contraction of the fold-thrust belt. This fault separates the belt into two domains of distinctly different structural styles. During the Eocene, units to the west of the Chonta Fault deformed by folding, using the fault as a buttress, and subsequently propagated eastward by thin-skinned thrusting. This was followed in the Miocene by west-vergent, basement-involved deformation, which overprinted the earlier east-vergent, thin-skinned structures. The proposed tectonic model of the MFTB highlights the role of basement-fault reactivation during orogenesis and the involvement of deep structures in partitioning deformation styles.     

Cretaceous amber inclusions of Spain and Myanmar demonstrate early diversification and wide dispersal of Cephenniitae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

The taxonomic status of previously misplaced species of an ant-like stone beetle from Spanish amber (Albian) is clarified. Specimens of Kachinus magnificus (originally placed as incertae sedis within Scydmaenitae) were re-examined and their characters were found different from those of the type species of Kachinus from Myanmar amber. Consequently, Archeutheia gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the Spanish species, resulting in Archeutheia magnifica comb. nov. Moreover, in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis Archeutheia was placed as a sister group to extant Eutheia, within the tribe Eutheiini of Cephenniitae. A specimen of an undetermined genus from Myanmar amber clearly belonging in Cephenniini is also recorded. Both taxa represent the first definite Cretaceous Cephenniitae, a supertribe whose recent members are distributed on all continents but are especially diverse in the Oriental and East Palaearctic regions. This finding demonstrates a diversification of two presently most species-rich tribes of Cephenniitae already in Early Cretaceous. Archeutheia is strikingly similar to the extant species of Eutheia and Veraphis, showing male dimorphic characters (modified protrochanters) and antennal cavities characteristic of Palaearctic Eutheiini. This fact suggests a long morphological stability in the supertribe. A previously proposed hypothesis of an early presence of the Cephenniitae in the Northern Hemisphere is for the first time supported by the fossil record, and the palaeolocalities (western Europe and Southeast Asia) demonstrate a wide distribution of Cephenniitae in the Cretaceous and an early split of its ancestral lineage.     

A ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America,and implications for dinosaur biogeography

Tyrannosaurs and hadrosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America (Appalachia) are distinct from those found in western North America (Laramidia), suggesting that eastern North America was isolated during the Late Cretaceous. However, the Late Cretaceous fauna of Appalachia remains poorly known. Here, a partial maxilla from the Campanian Tar Heel Formation (Black Creek Group) of North Carolina is shown to represent the first ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of eastern North America. The specimen has short alveolar slots, a ventrally projected toothrow, a long dentigerous process overlapped by the ectopterygoid, and a toothrow that curves laterally, a combination of characters unique to the Leptoceratopsidae. The maxilla has a uniquely long, slender and downcurved posterior dentigerous process, suggesting a specialized feeding strategy. The presence of a highly specialized ceratopsian in eastern North America supports the hypothesis that Appalachia underwent an extended period of isolation during the Late Cretaceous, leading the evolution of a distinct dinosaur fauna dominated by basal tyrannosauroids, basal hadrosaurs, ornithimimosaurs, nodosaurs, and leptoceratopsids. Appalachian vertebrate communities are most similar to those of Laramidia. However some taxa-including leptoceratopsids-are also shared with western Europe, raising the possibility of a Late Cretaceous dispersal route connecting Appalachia and Europe.     

A simple procedure to simulate a smooth elastic-plastic transition in Cam-Clay models

A simple procedure is proposed to simulate a smooth transition from elastic to elastoplastic behaviour in Cam-Clay models. The procedure consists of the definition of an external constitutive surface where full yield is assumed, and an internal one that allows the definition of the position in which plastic strains start to appear before the external yield surface is reached. The comparison of the model results with different laboratory tests shows the validity of the procedure. The method considers one additional parameter with regard to a “standard” critical state model, and it can easily be implemented in existing integration modules.