立井冻土爆破的理论与实践

结合冻土爆破破坏特征,从理论上分析探讨了立井冻土掘进掏槽爆破和光面爆破机理及参数设计,再在实验室中进行模型试验研究,然后将试验结果应用于工程实践去验证和完善. 结果表明:立井冻土掘进爆破以浅眼多循环为宜,眼深Lb =1.2～1.4m;直眼掏槽、周边光爆,较为合理的掏槽参数为:槽眼布置圈径%D%=1.0～1.2 m,眼距a=500～700 mm,单位耗药量q=2.2～2.8 kg*m-3;较为合理的光爆参数为:周边眼距E=500～600 mm,光爆层厚度W＝500～700 mm ,炮眼密集系数m＝0.8～1.2,炮眼装药集中度%q%L=120～160 g*m+-1,空气垫层或空气间隙不偶合装药结构.     

冻土光面爆破参数模型试验研究

以冻结砂土为原型进行冻土光面爆破参数的模型试验研究．结果表明,冻土中实施光面爆破是可行的;当炮孔直径３５～５０ｍｍ时,较为合理的光面爆破参数为：炮孔间距５００～７００ｍｍ,装药密集系数０．８～１．２;较为合理的光面爆破装药结构为径向空气间隙和轴向空气垫层不偶合装药．     

探槽定向抛掷爆破法

我公司三队山地工程队,推行了兄弟队的先进爆破经验——一字形,阶梯形,人字形,一边推,无眼爆破等方法,均不同程度的提高了爆破效率。他们在总结兄弟队创造的各种先进爆破经验的基础上,于2月28日创造试行了“探槽定向抛掷爆破法”,创我公司槽探人/日生产1323m~3的高产记录。所创“漏斗形定向抛掷爆破法”操作方法如下:一、根据地质方面所提出的要求,他们在该施工地区所打的炮眼深浅不一,从0.50m 到1.00m、1.50m,炮眼方向和间距如图示。     

利用弹壳增强起爆的经验

一、概说:目前在手掘坑道中最主要的问题之一是提高炮眼的利用率,消灭残留炮眼,以前我队手掘坑道炮眼利用率是很低的,平均在60~70%左右,当然炮眼的利用率与合理的布置炮眼、装药量的多少、炸药的威力大小、堵塞物等有很大的关系,但在同样的条件下,增加起爆对提高爆破效率有很大关系,为了加快手掘坑道的效率,打开跃进门路,解决残留炮眼问题,我们采用了弹壳爆破,和弹壳扩底爆破,取得了良好的效果,消灭了残留炮眼,将炮眼利用率由60~70%提高到100%。     

基于弹性地基梁理论的冻胀作用下管道应力分析

穿越冻土区的埋地管线在遭遇冻土差异性冻胀时,管道会发生翘曲变形,管线将面临很大的安全隐患。为此,基于弹性地基梁理论建立冻胀条件下的管-土相互作用模型,分析了管道在冻胀及其影响因素作用下的应力分布规律,探讨了冻土地基特性（弹性模量、泊松比及地基系数）与温度的关系,对比了不同地基系数、冻胀量、管径、壁厚、温差以及上覆土厚度等特定条件下的管道应力峰值状况。计算结果表明：管道在过渡段与冻胀段及非冻胀段交界处有最大应力值,各类影响因素对管道交界处的应力影响最显著;地基系数的值越大,差异性冻胀量越大,管径越大,温差越大,管道交界处应力峰值也越大;管壁越厚,在管道交界处的应力峰值越小;管道上覆土层越厚,管道受冻胀作用弯曲应力越小,即加深上覆土层可降低管道由于冻胀抬升所产生的应力,可减缓管道变形。     

多孔同段爆破漏斗形成机理的数值模拟研究

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA非线性三维动力有限元软件,对岩石在多孔同段爆破作用下的应力分布与传播机制,进行了数值模拟。得到了不同时刻的应力分布云图和典型单元的应力-时间历程曲线, 根据结果分析研究了应力波传播规律与爆破漏斗的形成过程,探讨了影响爆破漏斗形成的相关因素,并通过现场试验加以验证,试验结果与数值模拟结果相吻合。     

燐灰石直缐掏槽的改善

基洛夫燐灰石矿在掘进水平和和垂直坑道时,采用了直线掏槽,其掘进工程约有70%是在普氏强度系数为6～8的岩石中进行的,30%是在8～12的岩石中进行的.矿体被霓石(纯钠辉石)、赤跌矿和另外一些强度系数为12～16的矿物夹层与裂隙带所切割.目前该矿使用了几种变形的直线掏槽,其一般特征是炮眼依次爆破.标准的掏槽如图1.a所示,炮眼直径为40～44公厘,每根导火线之长度差为8～10公分,平均眼深为2.0～2.2公尺,在垂直坑道中炮眼利用系数为0.90,在水平坑道中炮眼利用系数为     

人工冻土波速及爆破性的研究

从理论上分析了人工冻土波速与爆破性的关系,进行了冻结砂土、冻结粘土在３个不同温度下（－７℃,－１２℃,－１７℃）的纵波速度、横波速度和冻土爆破性试验．结果表明,纵波速度与变形能系数关联度最大,纵波速度能较好地反映冻土的爆破性．     

关于坑道掘进时擴大炮眼直徑的合理性問題

采用大直徑炮眼掘进坑道的实踐以及对这一問題的理論和試驗研究都表明,在一定条件下,扩大炮眼直徑能提高凿岩爆破工作效率。已經知道,扩大炮眼直徑以及炸藥包的直徑的同时,掌子面上的炮眼数目随之而減少,因此炮眼总長度也随着減少,但同时純凿岩速度也要下降。結果,凿岩全套炮眼所需的全部时間必然发生变化。扩大炮眼直徑时的純凿岩速度的变化一般可用凿岩速度系数来表示:     

統一炮向与合理裝填經驗总結

602队五号坑是在完成斜井工程后,四月份正式开掘下部平巷,五月份該坑推行了直線爆破。到目前为止由于采用了直線式凿岩,加深了炮眼深度,相应的提高了爆破率,在单机單掌作业条件下,不断的提高了劳动生产率。但是,在运用和推行这一工作的同时,仍然产生和存在着炮眼佈置不統一,炮眼深淺不一致,操作不正規,裝填不合理等问题,以致爆破效果不够稳定,爆破率仍停留在75％的原有水平上,炸藥消耗也未能降低。这些问题阻碍了生产效率的进一步提高和成本的降低。針对以上問題,以602队为主组织了技术力量,依靠和发动群众,于10月上旬配合工段进行了統一炮向与合理裝填的技术試驗工作,其目的是为了稳定和提高爆破率及台班效率,相应的降低爆破材料的消耗量,并为將来推行打眼放炮說明书准备条件。     

超深孔一次成井微差爆破技术研究

起爆时差是超深孔一次成井爆破设计中的一个重要参数,合理设计起爆时差和起爆顺序,能够达到先起爆炮孔为后起爆炮孔创造良好自由面和补偿空间,实现筒状硐室分层、分段爆破的目的,并能降低围岩震动破坏。为合理选取起爆时差,基于超深孔微差爆破破岩机制,从理论上推导了一次成井预裂爆破延期时间,掏槽孔与相邻辅助孔、同分段辅助孔、相邻分段辅助孔的起爆时差等计算公式;同时提出了自下而上预裂爆破、先上下后中间光面爆破等6种一次成井起爆顺序。在华恒矿-650矸石仓,结合施工条件合理确定起爆时差等爆破参数,形成爆破设计方案。爆破过程中实现了分层、分段爆破,获得了良好的硐室成型,验证了形成的超深孔微差爆破技术是成功的,其结果对类似工程的实施具有一定的参考价值。     

冻土位移的散斑照相测量

针对冻土受力变形的特性，给出了白光散斑照相，激光散射照相和激光显微散照相技术相结合测量冻土位移的方法，分析讨论了各种散斑照相的测量范围，对冻土弹性变形范围内的位移测量实验表明，这是一种有效的测量手段。     

Analysis of the Effect of Borehole Size on Explosive Energy Loss in Rock Blasting

In this paper, studies were conducted on the effect of borehole size on explosive energy loss in rock blasting. Since most industrial explosives are nonideal ones, the charge size and the confinement condition have significant impact on the detonation performance of these explosives. Analyses indicated that smaller boreholes will cause more loss of explosive energy than larger ones. This is especially true for most industrial explosives. The paper presents the analyses of energy loss for a number of different explosives with various borehole sizes. Based on these analyses recommendations and guidelines were given for borehole size determination in rock blasting operations.     

预裂爆破作用下岩石裂纹动态应力强度因子分析

通过有限元分析软件ANSYS数值模拟手段,分析了爆破荷载作用下,裂纹长度与类型、不同的装药量对裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子的影响以及预裂与光面爆破动态应力强度因子比较分析,计算得出：预裂爆破预裂缝的产生主要是从炮孔处产生的开口裂纹在冲击波以及爆生气体的作用下扩展形成的;随着药径与孔径比的增大,动态应力强度因子也逐渐增大,动态应力强度因子曲线形态不变;由于自由面的存在,光面爆破裂纹应力强度动态因子后续峰值较预裂爆破的大。     

覆盖型岩溶塌陷的塌陷机制分析

以覆盖型岩溶塌陷为研究对象,首先分析了覆盖型岩溶塌陷的演化机制,然后考虑土体自重、真空负压、降雨和爆破等因素的共同作用,并基于极限平衡理论建立了覆盖型岩溶塌陷土体稳定系数及塌陷范围的计算方法,以重庆市南岸区涂山湖二外桥梁左侧塌陷为例,发现计算出的塌陷范围与现场塌陷范围基本一致,并分析出该处土体在爆破、真空负压、自重和渗透等因素作用下的稳定系数和塌陷范围变化规律为:稳定系数在土层厚度增加时可增大46%,而当水深从0.1 m增加到1 m和真空负压由0 kPa增大到50 kPa时,可降低30%～35%。最后考虑爆破的时效性,探讨了土柱稳定系数随着爆破振动的变化规律,在考虑爆破荷载作用后,土柱稳定系数将降低4%,爆破对土柱的作用时间约为6 s。      

不耦合装药下爆炸应力波传播规律的试验研究

通过室外爆破试验,利用预埋研制的PVDF压力传感器对耦合及水不耦合延长药包装药爆破时爆炸应力波的中远场压力进行测量,拟合实测结果,得到4种不耦合系数下爆炸应力波峰值随传播距离衰减的指数关系式。分析试验结果可知： ①在试验所涉及的范围内,不耦合装药时爆破应力波峰值衰减幅度小于耦合装药（即K =1）时爆破应力波峰值衰减幅度,验证了水介质作为炸药爆轰产物与岩体间的弹性缓冲层作用,减少了粉碎孔壁岩体造成的能量耗散,增加了能量传递,加大了爆炸的作用范围;②当不耦合系数K = 3.29时,应力波峰值衰减指数表现出大于K =1.79及大于K =2.57时应力波峰值衰减指数的趋势,表明过大的不耦合系数造成了不耦合介质--水过多的能量耗散（在高温高压下水并不完全是弹性的）,削弱了不耦合装药爆破的优势;③在不耦合装药爆破中,存在最佳的不耦合系数,此时爆炸应力波峰值衰减最慢,爆炸能得到充分利用,达到最优的爆破效果。研究结果对不耦合装药爆破的设计及工程应用有一定的指导意义。     

What Causes Cracks in Rock Blasting?

In blasting, a few or many cracks are driven from the borehole into the rock. But what causes the cracks? The most common theory of breakage consists of two stages; first the shock wave causes radial cracks to form around the hole then the gases penetrate into the cracks, and widen them and make them longer. Another theory presented by Brinkmann suggests that the back damage is primarily controlled by shock and that the gas penetration is the mechanism controlling breakout of the burden. He did his experimental work using blasthole liners. Recent research at SveBeFo has examined this matter further. In a quarry a number of benching holes have been blasted simultaneously. In some of these holes tubular Swellex bolts were inflated and decoupled charges put inside the tubes without stemming. Other holes were identically charged but without the lining. Finally some holes were also stemmed. After blasting the cracks in the remaining rock were studied. There was no difference in crack lengths between holes charged normally (no stemming) and holes where the charges were inside the bolts. On the other hand when stemming was used, the crack lengths increased for some explosives but remained the same for an emulsion explosive. In another set up blasted granite blocks were charged in the same way as above. Then we could also measure the bore hole pressure. The pressure gauge consists of a small carbon resistor inside a steel cylinder. It is called LHM (Location-fixed Hydrodynamic Measuring cup) and is placed at the bottom of the hole. A smaller exit hole from the bottom is drilled for the cables. The paper presents the technique and the results obtained from both the quarry blasting and the blasting of the blocks.     

Multivariate statistical analysis approach for prediction of blast-induced ground vibration

Excavation of coal, overburden, and mineral deposits by blasting is dominant over the globe to date, although there are certain undesirable effects of blasting which need to be controlled. Blast-induced vibration is one of the major concerns for blast designers as it may lead to structural damage. The empirical method for prediction of blast-induced vibration has been adopted by many researchers in the form of predictor equations. Predictor equations are site specific and indirectly related to physicomechanical and geological properties of rock mass as blast-induced ground vibration is a function of various controllable and uncontrollable parameters. Rock parameters for blasting face and propagation media for blast vibration waves are uncontrollable parameters, whereas blast design parameters like hole diameter, hole depth, column length of explosive charge, total number of blast holes, burden, spacing, explosive charge per delay, total explosive charge in a blasting round, and initiation system are controllable parameters. Optimization of blast design parameters is based on site condition and availability of equipment. Most of the smaller mines have predesigned blasting parameters except explosive charge per delay, total explosive charge, and distance of blast face from surface structures. However, larger opencast mines have variations in blast design parameters for different benches based on strata condition: Multivariate predictor equation is necessary in such case. This paper deals with a case study to establish multivariate predictor equation for Moher and Moher Amlohri Extension opencast mine of India. The multivariate statistical regression approach to establish linear and logarithmic scale relation between variables to predict peak particle velocity (PPV) has been used for this purpose. Blast design has been proposed based on established multivariate regression equation to optimize blast design parameters keeping PPV within legislative limits.     

Stress Concentration at the Bottom of a Borehole and its Effect on Borehole Breakout Formation

Summary Stress concentration at the bottom of a borehole due to the corners with small radius of curvature in an axial section and its effect on the azimuth of breakout was studied. To this end, a 3-D finite element analysis was conducted and the stress around the borehole was examined for boreholes arbitrarily oriented to three principal axes of remote stress. Results show that, in the case of high strength rock, compressive failure resulting in spalling of a borehole may occur only at the bottom of the borehole. The spalling can occur continuously with drilling, and results in continuous spalling with depth, i.e., a breakout. This type of breakout tends to form on one side of the borehole and its orientation is approximately perpendicular to the orientation of standard breakouts, inferred from the stress concentration due to the cylindrical shape of the borehole.