DA型脉动白矮星G255—2的双站联合观测和初步的星震学分析

介绍中法双方分别于１９９５年对ＤＡ型脉动白矮星Ｇ２５５－２进行的两次高精度的光电测光联合观测,在仔细的数据处理之后 进行了多重频率脉动分析,得到了该星的本征脉动模式,同时,结合ＤＡ型脉动白矮星的理论模型进行了初步的星震学分析。     

白矮星研究的某些进展

综合叙述了白矮星诞生率研究的近况，详细介绍了ＤＡ，非ＤＡ型白矮星质量，质量分布以及确定质量的方法，对白矮星光度函数作了较为全面的回顾，指出了一些目前白矮星研究工作中仍存在的问题。     

氦白矮星与小质量主序星并合及脉动热亚矮星的形成

sdBVrs型热亚矮星是一类特殊的热亚矮星,观测显示它们同时具有p模和g模的脉动.目前这一类热亚矮星的演化起源仍然缺乏完备的解释.对氦白矮星与小质量主序星并合模型进行详细计算表明,并合模型的结果符合sdBVrs型热亚矮星的表面有效温度、重力加速度等观测特征,并且能够激发出稳定的p模和g模脉动.因此,氦白矮星与小质量主序星并合是形成sdBVrs型热亚矮星可能的渠道之一.     

关于仙王座β型变星的脉动激发机制

仙王座β型变星是一类上部主序的短周期内因变星，找到它们及其它早型变星的脉动激发机制是一个长期未能解决的问题．新发表的不透明度表格ＯＰＡＬ比早期的表格有显著的提高，这样不透明度机制似乎就能够解释仙王座β型变星的脉动．本文用线性径向非绝热脉动理论研究了仙王座β型星的脉动稳定性，检查了不透明度机制，用的不透明度是对ＯＰＡＬ表格的一种分析逼近，但计算的十阶以下脉动模式都是稳定的．由于未能证实别人得到的脉动不稳定性，所以我们怀疑不透明度机制可能还不足以激发仙王座β型星，因而给它们的激发机制下一个肯定的结论似乎还为时过早．我们认为对仙王座β型星的脉动起因，有必要进一步研究不透明度机制或别的脉动激发机制．     

DA型和非DA型白矮星的目视表面亮度和半径的关系

本文验证了恒星目视表面亮度参数Fv与色指数（V－I）之间的单值关系并将其应用于白矮星半径测定研究，对68颗白矮星求得了平均线半径为0.0103R⊙；在对DA型和非DA型白矮星的关分别进行考察中发现：平均来说，非DA型白矮星的线半径比DA型白矮星小12％左右。     

白矮星的光度函数与H—R图

分析了461颗白矮星的分光观测资料,得到初步结果是:(1),观测光度函数和理论光度函数的比较尚不能肯定白矮星的晶体化理论是否成立;(2),由绘制的白矮星的Ⅱ-R图可以看出,似乎存在着一个完整的白矮星序。(3),白矮星不同光谱型的表现,主要是由于温度的不同和内部混搅程度的不同引起的。可能存在若本身由早型向晚型的演化。     

巡天项目中的白矮星搜寻

首先,描述了白矮星的颜色特点和光谱型分类。白矮星是大多数恒星的终极状态,它会随着时间的推移而逐渐冷却。根据表面大气成分,它被划分成DA和DB等不同的光谱型。对某一颗白矮星来说,其光谱型分类可能会随着时间的推移而发生变化,这主要是由于其大气包层中的元素含量被对流过程改变引起的。为了对各类光谱型有更深入的研究,样本的完备性不可或缺。得益于近十几年来大型巡天项目的开展(如斯隆数字巡天、郭守敬望远镜的光谱巡天等),目前通过光谱证认的白矮星已超过4×10~4颗,其中绝大多数是H主导的DA型白矮星,另外还包含2 000多颗He主导的DB白矮星。此外,GALEX项目和GAIA卫星分别提供了有价值的白矮星紫外数据、空间位置和速度等信息。这些数据和信息对于白矮星的研究工作起到了非常大的促进作用。随后,对白矮星的大气参数、质量和运动学等内容作了简单的总结。人们利用模板匹配测量了绝大多数已知白矮星的大气参数,并获得了DB型白矮星的有效温度与紫外颜色间的线性关系。基于斯隆数字巡天的光谱数据,白矮星的质量分布和质量-半径关系也得到了较深入的研究。小质量白矮星具有较大的速度弥散,而大质量的则相反。最后,讨论了白矮星的形成和演化机制,这些机制都是基于现有的理论模型得到的。随着巡天项目中白矮星样本的增加,现有的模型会逐渐被修正和完善,新的模型也将随之建立。     

新发现的X射线选活动星系核,白矮星和激变变星

为了研究ＲＯＳＡＴ Ｘ射线选亮近类星体巡天的选择判据，从１９９５年４月至１９９６年１０月期间，利用北京天台２．１６米望远镜进行了试验观测，发现了７３个类星体，２７个赛弗特星系，１个ＢＬ Ｌａｃ侯选体，１个白矮星和１个激变变星。     

20个激变变星或相关天体的分光证认

在２０个研究得很少的激变变星或者曾经被分类为激变变星的相关天体的光谱中,１３个被证实为属于激变变星（６５％）,另外７个似乎应该被排除（表１第８列）,不像其他研究者那样,仅给出非激变变星或热天体,还以更强的证据和更多的光谱特征征认出１个ＤＡ型白矮星,４个双星系统及其子星的光谱型。新的光谱资料不支持ＦＹ Ｐｅｒ的Ｈｅｒｂｉｇ Ａｅ／Ｂｅ分类,它是一个激变变星。对于ＰＧ１７１２＋４９３,不仅给出星和云的     

钡星的形成机制(Ⅱ)Monte Carlo分析

本文对文章Ⅰ所建立的钡星形成的完备模型进行了ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ分析，并同观测结果作了比较．结果表明，大部分强钡星可能产生于星风吸积过程、星风暴露过程和稳定的洛希瓣物质交流过程，而大部分中等钡星可能产生于星风吸积过程和星风暴露过程．银河系中钡星的数量、轨道周期分布和质量函数分布在本文各种模型计算结果范围之内．模型还预言钡星轨道周期与污染因子相关．模型给出，银河系中钡星的诞生率为００２／年左右，亮于１０个星等的钡星大约有６０００颗，强钡星的平均质量为１８Ｍ⊙左右，而钡星的白矮星伴星平均质量为０６０Ｍ⊙．另外，结果还显示，星族ＩＡＧＢ星热脉动开始较早，星风有潮汐增强效应存在（Ｂ～５００），ｓ过程最大恒星质量为２Ｍ⊙左右．     

Optical identifications of southern rosat EUV and soft X-ray sources

This paper discusses the first all-sky surveys of cosmic extreme ultra-violet and soft X-ray sources, discovered by ROSAT. Details of the surveys are presented, with comparisons made to previous selected surveys in the X-ray regime. The subsequent optical identification programs are described, and the major results summarized. We then discuss the main classes of EUV emitters: active chromosphere stars and hot white dwarfs, and describe the importance of EUV observations in understanding the astrophysics of these objects. Many bright, and relatively nearby, sources have been identified as hitherto unrecognized active stars, representing the extremes in chromospheric and coronal activity, be it binary or age related. Many new hot DA white dwarfs have also been indentified, and the most exciting result in this area is the discovery that significant traces of heavier elements (e.g. C, N, O, Si, Fe and Al) exist in their atmospheres, substantially increasing their EUV opacities. The importance of hot white dwarfs as standard candles in probing the local interstellar medium is also discussed. Miscellaneous counterparts (AGN, PNN, O-B stars and CVs) that make up the rest of the sample of EUV sources are also briefly mentioned. We finish with a discussion of the on-going ROSAT Galactic Plane Survey (RGPS) identification program.     

使用小波技术自动搜寻天体谱线

使用小波技术对包括恒星、近邻星系和ＡＧＮ等不同的天体光谱进行了自动处理．用小波滤波的方法将光谱中的连续谱与诸线分离;然后使用小波域隐含马尔可夫模型（ＨＭＭ）,对已去掉连续谱的光谱进行降噪,同时得到了噪声在每个光谱中的分布;在训练ＨＭＭ的过程中,使用改进的Ｔｙｉｎｇ方法增加训练数据以保证训练的可靠性;利用噪声分布确定出谱线信号的局部阈值,在已经降噪的光谱中找到吸收线和发射线;用高斯函数拟会出谱线的形状,标出线心的波长值,作为自动证认的基础．     

WD+RG systems as the progenitors of type Ia supernovae

Type Ia supernovae(SNe Ia)play an important role in the study of cosmic evolution,especially in cosmology.There are several progenitor models for SNe Ia proposed in the past years.By considering the effect of accretion disk instability on the evolution of white dwarf(WD)binaries,we performed detailed binary evolution calculations for the WD+red-giant(RG)channel of SNe Ia,in which a carbon-oxygen WD accretes material from a RG star to increase its mass to the Chandrasekhar mass limit.According to these calcu...     

Measuring the Fundamental Parameters of Hot Hydrogen－Rich White Dwarfs

This review considers the observations of hot, hydrogen-rich white dwarf stars, with particular reference to measurements of temperature, surface gravity and composition. Spectroscopic data from a variety of wavelength ranges are required for this work and, in particular, the important contributions from optical, ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet studies are discussed. Using the values of Tefr and log g determined for an individual white dwarf, estimates of mass and radius might be derived from the theoretical mass-radius relation. The issue of the accuracy of the theoretical mass-radius calculations and the prospects for making empirical tests using observational data are outlined.     

Measuring the Fundamental Parameters of Hot Hydrogen- Rich White Dwarfs

This review considers the observations of hot, hydrogen-rich white dwarf stars, with particular reference to measurements of temperature, surface gravity and composition. Spectroscopic data from a variety of wavelength ranges are required for this work and, in particular, the important contributions from optical, ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet studies are discussed. Using the values of Teff and log g determined for an individual white dwarf, estimates of mass and radius might be derived from the theoretical mass-radius relation. The issue of the accuracy of the theoretical mass-radius calculations and the prospects for making empirical tests using observational data are outlined.     

The Role of Nuclei-Nuclei Interactions in the Production of Gamma-ray Lines in Solar Flares

Dramatic extensions of experimental possibilities (spacecraft RHESSI, CORONAS-F and others) in solar gamma-ray astronomy call for urgent, detailed theoretical consideration of a set of physical problems of solar activity and solar-terrestrial relationships that earlier may have only been outlined. Here we undertake a theoretical analysis of issues related to the production of gamma-radiation in the processes of interactions of energetic (accelerated) heavy and middle nuclei with the nuclei of the solar atmosphere (the so-called i-j interactions). We also make an estimate of the contribution of these interactions to the formation of nuclear and isotopic abundances of the solar atmosphere in the range of light and rare elements. The analysis is carried out for solar flares in the wide range of their intensities. We compare our theoretical estimates with RHESSI observations for the flare of 2002 July 23. It was shown that the 24Mg gamma-ray emission in this event was produced by the newly generated Mg nucle     

Extensive photometry of the WZ Sge-type dwarf nova V455 And (HS2331+3905): Detection of negative superhumps and coherence features of the short-period oscillations

We report the results of photometry of the WZ Sge-type dwarf nova V455 And. Observations were obtained over 19 nights in 2013 and 2014. The total duration of the observations was 96 h. We clearly detected three coherent oscillations with periods of 80.376 ± 0.003 min, 40.5431 ± 0.0004 min and 67.619685 ± 0.000040 s. The 67.619685-s period can be the spin period of the white dwarf. The 40.5431-minute period is the first harmonic of the orbital period. The 80.376-minute oscillation can be a negative superhump because its period is 0.9% less than the orbital period. This oscillation was evident both in the data of 2013 and in the data of 2014. These results make V455 And a permanent superhump system which shows negative superhumps. This is also the first detection of persistent negative superhumps in a WZ Sge-type dwarf nova. In addition, the analysis of our data revealed incoherent oscillations with periods in the range 5–6 min, which were observed earlier and accounted for by non-radial pulsations of the white dwarf. Moreover, we clearly detected an oscillation with a period of 67.28 ± 0.03 s, which was of a low degree of coherence. This oscillation conforms to the beat between the spin period of the white dwarf and the 3.5-h spectroscopic period, which was discovered earlier and accounted for by the free precession of the white dwarf. Because the 67.28-s period is shorter than the spin period and because the free precession of the white dwarf is retrograde, we account for the 67.28-s oscillation by the free precession of the white dwarf.     

Magnetic interaction in ultra-compact binary systems

This article reviews the current works on ultra-compact double-degenerate binaries in the presence of magnetic interaction, in particular, unipolar induction. The orbital dynamics and evolution of compact white-dwarf pairs are discussed in detail. Models and predictions of electron cyclotron masers from unipolar-inductor compact binaries and unipolar-inductor white-dwarf planetary systems are presented. Einstein-Laub effects in compact binaries are briefly discussed.     

A search for nearby counterparts to the moving objects in the Hubble Deep Field

Ibata et al. have recently discovered very faint, moving objects in the Hubble Deep Field (HDF). The number, apparent magnitudes and proper motions of these objects are consistent with old white dwarfs making up part of the Galactic dark halo. We review a number of ground-based proper motion surveys in which nearby dark-halo white dwarfs might be present, if they have the colours and absolute magnitudes proposed. No such objects have been found, whereas we argue here that several times more would be expected than in the HDF. We conclude that it is unlikely that hydrogen-atmosphere white dwarfs make up a significant fraction of the Galactic dark matter. No limits can be placed as yet on helium-atmosphere dwarfs from optical searches.     

Galactic models and white dwarf populations

We make use of a previous well-tested Galactic model, but describing the observational behaviour of the various stellar components in terms of suitable assumptions on their evolutionary status. In this way we are able to predict the expected distribution of Galactic white dwarfs (WDs), with results which appear in rather good agreement with recent estimates of the local WD luminosity function. The predicted occurrence of WDs in deep observations of selected Galactic fields is presented, and we discuss the role played by WDs in star counts. The effects on the theoretical predictions of different white dwarf evolutionary models, ages, initial mass functions and relations between progenitor mass and WD mass are also discussed.