基于观测应力场的大华北地区动力学机制探讨

采用伪三维有限元方法, 利用观测应力场应力取向和应力状态作为主要约束, 对华北地区的构造应力场进行了数值模拟. 结果显示, 华北地区应力场主要受到来自太平洋板块和青藏高原挤压作用的控制. 太平洋板块的北西西向的挤压作用对这一地区, 尤其是华北平原地区构造应力场的影响更大. 同时, 上涌地幔沿盆地边缘法线方向的引张, 对这一地区的应力场的形成也起到一定的作用.      

中国东部地区地震活动与构造应力场关系的有限元数值模拟

运用有限元数值模拟方法结合板块构造边界条件和板内构造分布特征对中国大陆东部地区的基本构造应力场进行数值模拟,根据研究区受周边板块作用的情况分析板块边界作用力的变化对内部应力场的影响。对比有限元数值模拟结果解释了中国大陆东部地区地震活动空间分布的特点。     

广西及其邻区现今构造应力场研究

在分析研究前人资料和成果的基础上,结合野外地质调查和室内研究,从新构造应力场、地震、形变、地幔对流等方面对广西及其邻区的现今构造应力场进行了系统分析和研究,并用数值模拟方法对所得结果进行了验证。认为:广西及其邻区现今构造应力场的主压应力方向在桂西北和桂北为NW向,在桂东和沿海一带为EW向,这两种应力在桂中附近汇合形成过渡构造;受海南地幔热柱的影响,北部湾和雷琼地区向南拉张,形成SN向主张应力。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中新生代构造应力场及其油气运聚效应

通过岩石声发射实验和构造变形分析, 对塔里木盆地库车坳陷中新生代构造期次进行了划分. 在此基础上, 结合岩石磁组构分析和岩石的记忆信息, 定量恢复了各构造期次的构造应力场分布特征. 并根据油气成藏期构造应力场的有限元数值模拟和已知油气藏的分布关系, 对该区构造应力场的油气运聚效应进行了分析. 库车坳陷自中生代以来经历了6次主要的构造运动, 除燕山早期构造应力场表现为最大主应力方向为北西-南东向的伸展应力场以外, 其余各期构造应力场都以最大主应力方向为近南北向的水平挤压为特征. 随着古特提斯洋关闭, 印支期该区处于较强的挤压环境, 其构造应力场的最大主压应力值明显较大. 由于欧亚大陆内部均衡调整, 燕山早期该区处于弱伸展环境, 最大主压应力值较小. 之后随着欧亚大陆南缘一系列碰撞事件发生, 该区又处于挤压环境, 最大主压应力依次由小变大, 喜马拉雅晚期达到高峰, 是该区的主要构造变形期. 构造应力场不仅形成了该区油气运移的通道和圈闭构造, 而且还是油气沿断层垂向运移的主要驱动力, 在油气成藏过程中起着主导作用.     

青藏高原东北缘现代构造应力场数值模拟

为进一步揭示青藏高原东北缘区特殊构造应力场特征并探索其形成原因,本文在分析前人有关该地区构造应力场特征的基础上,依据活动块体构造单元划分原则及活动断裂分布规律建立地质模型,采用有限元数值软件MSC.Marc子程序FORCEN语句,并结合区域动力地质背景定义边界荷载,采用二维有限元数值方法计算模拟了青藏高原东北缘区现代构造应力场并对其特征进行了成因分析。通过模拟获得了研究区构造应力场分布特征及其变化规律,其结果与前人研究结论一致性很好。研究表明区内最大主应力矢量在空间位置(由北西至南东)上发生顺时针偏转是两种因素共同作用的结果:第一,印度板块由南向北的推挤作用逐渐减弱;第二,在青藏地块北东向推挤与阿拉善及鄂尔多斯地块边界阻挡的作用下,研究区内地壳物质发生纵向压缩横向流动并向东南方向逃逸挤出。     

有限元法在构造应力场与地震预测研究中的应用与发展

针对有限元数值模拟方法,系统总结了其在构造应力场与地震预测研究中的一般性研究方法与主要处理环节,阐述了有限元法在我国地壳构造应力场与地震预测研究中的应用,分析讨论了该方法的优点与存在的问题,并对有限元等数值模拟方法的发展作了展望。     

构造应力场模拟——有限元理论、方法和研究进展

采用有限元数值模拟方法对构造地质问题进行描述和定量化求解是当前地质学领域的研究的一个热点,在近10年以来取得了重要进展,形成了比较完整的理论和技术体系,并在一些典型的地质构造带获得了重要的研究成果。本文以有限元数值模拟方法理论作为出发点,总结分析了国内外有限元数值模拟方法在构造应力场领域的研究进展情况和技术方法,并讨论了其目前存在的问题和未来发展方向。     

数值模拟方法在应力场演化及地震科学中的研究进展

本文对数值模拟方法(主要针对有限单元法)在应力场演化及地震科学中的应用和发展做了回顾与总结,主要包括构造应力场模拟、地震活动性模拟、地震危险性模拟等部分,并对数值模拟方法的发展趋势、方法的优势及其所存在的主要问题做了探讨.     

构造应力场模拟-有限元理论、方法和研究进展

采用有限元数值模拟方法对构造地质问题进行描述和定量化求解是当前地质学领域的研究的一个热点,该方法近10年以来取得了重要进展,形成了比较完整的理论和技术体系,并在一些典型的地质构造带获得了重要的研究成果,已成为当前定量研究构造应力场的主要方法.文中以有限元数值模拟方法理论作为出发点,总结分析了国内外有限元数值模拟方法在构...     

渤海盆地现代构造应力场与强震活动

渤海位于北华北新生代裂陷盆地的东部，是一个晚第四纪形成的内陆海盆. 渤海盆地活动断裂发育，地震活动强烈，交会于渤海中部的NE向营口——潍坊断裂带北段、庙西北——黄河口——临邑断裂带及NW向北京——蓬莱断裂带是主要的活动构造带，将海区分成4个次级新构造区，成为现代应力场作用的构造基础. 综合研究38个震源机制解和75个井区应力场等资料，以及构造应力场二维数值模拟计算结果表明，渤海及其邻区现代构造应力场的压应力方向为NE60～90，张应力为SN——NW30；以水平和近水平应力作用为主；不同构造区主应力方向存在一定的差异. 现今渤海地区地壳发育以NNE——NE和NW——WNW走向的共轭剪切破裂为特征，是控制地震活动的主要构造.      

青海拉脊山断裂带新活动特征的初步研究

拉脊山断裂带由拉脊山北缘断裂和拉脊山南缘断裂两条向NE凸出的弧形断裂所组成，分别长约230km和220km。它们是介于NNW向的热水一日月山右旋走滑断裂带和NWW向的西秦岭北缘左旋走滑断裂带之间的一个大型挤压构造区和构造转换带，也是分隔拉脊山南北两侧的西宁一民和盆地和循化一化隆盆地的重要边界断裂。沿断裂带的追踪考察，发现了其新活动的部分地质地貌证据。其最新活动时代为晚更新世晚期(仅局部为全新世早期)，性质以挤压逆冲为主稍具左旋特征。该断裂的新活动可能导致了该区20余次5级左右中等地震的发生。可以说，拉脊山地区既是反映构造活动，又是反映地震活动的地震构造窗。     

Research on Micro-relief of Active Faults on the Coast of Southeast Fujian and Its Adjacent Area

On the southeast coast of Fujian and its adjacent area, the NE-trending Changle-Zhao′an fault zone and several NW-trending faults that are genetically related to the former are well developed. With micro-relief analysis, the paper deals with the Quaternary activity of the faults and the tectonic stress field since the late Pleistocene in this region. The results indicate that the micro-relief of the NE-trending Changle-Zhao′an fault zone and the genetically related NW-trending faults is characterized by vertical and horizontal movements since the Quaternary; the faults in the region have undergone two active stages since the Quaternary, i.e. early Quaternary and late Pleistocene; since the late Pleistocene, the movement of the NE-trending faults showed a right-lateral strike-slip, while that of NW-trending faults a left-lateral strike-slip, indicating a NWW-SEE oriented horizontal principal stress of the regional tectonic stress field     

2016年阿克陶MS 6.7地震地表破裂特征和帕米尔现代构造应力场初步分析

帕米尔高原位于地中海－喜马拉雅地震带上,晚新生代以来随着印度板块向欧亚板块持续不断地挤压汇聚,其构造运动是欧亚大陆最强烈的地区。高原腹地发育一系列近SN向正断层,包括近SN向的塔什库尔干正断层所处的帕米尔中部现代区域的构造应力场以EW向水平拉张为主。2016年11月25日发生的阿克陶M_S 6.7级地震的发震构造为塔什库尔干断层分支的NWW向木吉盆地北缘断层,其具有右旋走滑兼正断性质。地震在震中附近产生同震地表形变带,全长约1km,呈近SN－NNE向水平拉伸,发育近EW—NWW向的张裂缝,为地震破裂的产物,张裂缝的最大水平拉伸位移量和最大垂直位移量分别为46cm和16cm。地表破裂带中的NE和NW向张剪裂缝只是连接贯通这些雁列的张裂缝,其水平相对位移量取决于张裂缝的水平拉伸量和张裂缝之间的几何关系。地表形变带表现的拉张性质与帕米尔高原腹地区域现代应力场最大主压应力为垂直向基本一致,可能与深部热物质上涌造成的上地壳拉伸有关。而地表形变带呈近SN向水平拉张,与区域近EW向拉张应力场之间存在显著差异,这可能是木吉盆地北缘右旋走滑正断层阶区局部应力场调整的结果。     

Evolution characteristics of Quaternary tectonic stress field in the north and east margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau

By inversion of fault slip data for Quaternary tectonic stress field and the analysis of crustal deformation after late Teriary, we explained the evolution of crustal dynamic about the north and east margin of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau since Miocene. From middle or late Miocene to early Pleistocene, the tectonic stress field was featured by a maximum principal compression which was coming from the collision of India Plate perpendicular to the boundary of the plateau, and was basically of reverse faulting type. Since the late period of early Pleistocene, India Plate continued to push northward and the compressional deformation of the plateau interior increased continuously, meanwhile, NW-SE extension appeared on the east side of the plateau. This formed a favorable condition for the interior block of the plateau to slide towards east and southeast, causing the faults surrounding the plateau to change from thrust to strike-slip. The contemporary tectonic stress field was formed from the late period of early Pleistocene and continued to present. The direction of maximum principal compressional stress rotated clockwise with respect to the previous tectonic stress field, the stress field was mainly of strike-slip type.     

阿尔金走滑断裂带昌马段的电性结构样式及构造意义

阿尔金断裂带东段走滑速率沿断裂走向方向存在明显的流失现象,有关阿尔金断裂带的影响范围及走滑速率变化的机制需要有更多的深部结构证据来提供支撑.本文以阿尔金断裂带昌马段为窗口,获取了4条横穿阿尔金断裂带及相邻地区的大地电磁测深剖面.二维电性剖面显示在阿尔金断裂带北侧中上地壳以连续的高阻体为主,而南侧祁连山内部的深部电性结构在横向上有较为复杂的变化.这一点与区域构造背景相对应,即北侧的塔里木盆地东缘依然具有较好的整体性,南侧的祁连山是青藏高原北缘生长的最前端,变形强烈.在断裂带的结构特征上,阿尔金断裂带沿走向方向的切割深度在昌马盆地西侧发生了显著的降低,与阿尔金断裂带相对应的电性边界在这里向南偏移了约15 km,对应F18断裂,并与昌马盆地相接.祁连山北部的断裂带,包括昌马断裂、旱峡—大黄沟断裂总体呈现出低角度南倾的样式,切过高阻异常体的顶部.虽然昌马盆地可以起到连接断裂带的阶区的作用,将部分阿尔金断裂的走滑分量转移到盆地南侧的昌马断裂上,但是昌马断裂的走滑速率从西向东是增加的,东侧的走滑速率甚至大于阿尔金断裂沿走向方向的流失分量.我们认为在青藏高原北部主要断裂带的活动还是受印度—欧亚板块碰撞引起的远程挤压效应的影响,包括阿尔金断裂以及祁连山内部系列断层都处于斜向挤压应力环境.在这种基本构造模式下,阿尔金断裂、断裂F18、昌马盆地、昌马断裂构成了一个局部的走滑速率分解-转换-吸收体系,对局部应力状态产生影响.     

赣北地区中小地震震源机制分析

利用Snoke方法计算赣北地区2008—2015年11个M_L≥3.0中小地震震源机制。结果表明,其P轴和T轴方向与该区域构造应力场基本一致。赣北地区以近EW向挤压、近NS向拉张的构造应力为主。区域内断层错综复杂,以走滑、正断型为主。其中九江—瑞昌地区受襄樊—广济断裂、郯庐断裂相互作用,在方向稳定的构造应力作用下,易发生走滑型为主的地震。     

Recent tectonic stress field and major earthquakes of the Bohai Sea basin

Introduction The present Bohai Sea is a half-closed shallow one in the continent, located at the northeast to North China, with an area about 7.3104 km2. Geologically, it is situated in the northern North China basin and of a short development history. Previous studies (WANG, LI, 1983; Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1985; HUANG, et al, 1993) show that the Fu-jian-Lingnan uplift in the East China Sea continental shelf sank gradually into the oceanic bottom, mak…     

Fault slip and modern tectonic stress field in and around Kunming basin

Kunming basin is a Cenozoic faulted basin under the control of mainly SN-trending active faults. In and around the basin, there are a total of eight major active faults. Seismo-geological survey and fault slip observation show that the SN- and NE-trending active faults are mostly sinistral strike-slip faults, while the NW-trending faults are mostly dextral strike-slip faults. Using stress tensor inversion method with 706 active fault striation data at 22 measurement sites, we determined tectonic stress field of the study area. The result shows that modern tectonic stress field in and around Kunming basin is characterized by NNW-SSE compression, ENE-WSW extension, and strike-slip stress regimes. The maximum principal compressional stress (σ1) is oriented 335o~2o, with an average dip angle of 21°; the minimum (σ3) is oriented 44o~93o, with an average dip angle of 14°, and the intermediate (σ2) has a high, or nearly vertical, dip angle. The inversion result from fault slip data is consistent with the result from focal mechanism solutions.     

ANALYSIS OF EVOLUTION OF THE RIYUESHAN FAULT SINCE LATE PLEISTOCENE USING STRUCTURAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

The northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau is an active block controlled by the eastern Kunlun fault zone, the Qilian Shan-Haiyuan fault zone, and the Altyn Tagh fault zone. It is the frontier and the sensitive area of neotectonic activity since the Cenozoic. There are widespread folds, thrust faults and stike-slip faults in the northeastern Tibetan plateau produced by the intensive tectonic deformation, indicating that this area is suffering the crustal shortening, left-lateral shear and vertical uplift. The Riyueshan Fault is one of the major faults in the dextral strike-slip faults systems, which lies between the two major large-scale left-lateral strike-slip faults, the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault and the eastern Kunlun Fault. In the process of growing and expanding of the entire Tibetan plateau, the dextral strike-slip faults play an important role in regulating the deformation and transformation between the secondary blocks. In the early Quaternary, because of the northeastward expansion of the northeastern Tibetan plateau, tectonic deformations such as NE-direction extrusion shortening, clockwise rotation, and SEE-direction extrusion occurred in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, which lead to the left-lateral slip movement of the NWW-trending major regional boundary faults. As the result, the NNW-trending faults which lie between these NWW direction faults are developed. The main geomorphic units developed within the research area are controlled by the Riyueshan Fault, formed due to the northeastward motion of the Tibet block. These geomorphic units could be classified as:Qinghai Lake Basin, Haiyan Basin, Datonghe Basin, Dezhou Basin, and the mountains developed between the basins such as the Datongshan and the Riyueshan. Paleo basins, alluvial fans, multiple levels of terraces are developed at mountain fronts. The climate variation caused the formation of the geomorphic units during the expansion period of the lakes within the northeastern Tibetan plateau. There are two levels of alluvial fans and three levels of fluvial terrace developed in the study area, the sediments of the alluvial fans and fluvial terraces formed by different sources are developed in the same period. The Riyueshan Fault connects with the NNW-trending left-lateral strike-slip north marginal Tuoleshan fault in the north, and obliquely connects with the Lajishan thrust fault in the south. The fault extends for about 180km from north to south, passing through Datonghe, Reshui coal mine, Chaka River, Tuole, Ketu and Xicha, and connecting with the Lajishan thrusts near the Kesuer Basin. The Riyueshan Fault consists of five discontinuous right-step en-echelon sub-fault segments, with a spacing of 2~3km, and pull-apart basins are formed in the stepovers. The Riyueshan Fault is a secondary fault located in the Qaidam-Qilian active block which is controlled by the major boundary faults, such as the East Kunlun Fault and the Qilian-Haiyuan Fault. Its activity characteristics provide information of the outward expansion of the northeastern margin of Tibet. Tectonic landforms are developed along the Riyueshan Fault. Focusing on the distinct geomorphic deformation since late Pleistocene, the paper obtains the vertical displacement along the fault strike by RTK measurement method. Based on the fault growth-linkage theory, the evolution of the Riyueshan Fault and the related kinetic background are discussed. The following three conclusions are obtained:1)According to the characteristics of development of the three-stage 200km-long steep fault scarp developed in the landforms of the late Pleistocene alluvial fans and terraces, the Riyueshan Fault is divided into five segments, with the most important segment located in the third stepover(CD-3); 2)The three-stage displacement distribution pattern of the Riyueshan Fault reveals that the fault was formed by the growths and connections of multiple secondary faults and is in the second stage of fault growth and connection. With CD-3 as the boundary, the faults on the NW side continue to grow and connect; the fault activity time on the SE side is shorter, and the activity intensity is weaker; 3)The extreme value of the fault displacement distribution curve indicates the location of strain concentration and stress accumulation. With the stepover CD-3 as the boundary, the stress and strain on NW side are mainly concentrated in the middle and fault stepovers. The long-term accumulation range of stress on the SE side is relatively dispersed. The stress state may be related to the counterclockwise rotation inside the block under the compression of regional tectonic stress.     

基于GPS观测的北天山主要断裂现今构造运动特征研究

借助分布在北天山地区最新GPS点位的运动观测资料, 利用GAMIT/GLOBK数据处理软件获取了北天山地区现今地壳的运动位移场． 以该位移场为基础, 利用弹性半空间位错理论, 估算了研究区内博罗科努—阿其克库杜克断裂和准噶尔盆地南缘断裂两条具有代表性的主要断裂的现今活动速率． 结果表明: 博罗科努—阿其克库杜克右旋走滑断裂东、 西两段滑移速率的差异性不明显, 1944年3月10日乌苏南M_S7.2强震发生后, 该断层现今表现为震后微蠕滑运动, 东、 西两段滑动速率均在1—2 mm/a之间; 准噶尔盆地南缘断裂现今滑动速率为(5.6±1.0) mm/a．