利用叠前地震数据预测裂缝储层的应用研究

叠前地震资料储层预测技术是在Zoeppritz方程基础上发展起来的,通过处理地震数据随着不同入射角地震反射属性,得到地震属性随着入射角变化而改变,研究分析得到反映岩性变化的纵波速度、横波速度、泊松比和截距与梯度剖面,预测裂缝储层的发育及分布.同时根据不同方位角地震资料属性,计算得到不同方位角目的层的属性差异,使用各向异性椭圆公式作拟合,求出背景趋势A和各向异性因子B,利用最大振幅包络方位和对应θ,求出裂缝发育优势方向,及B/A各向异性因子,实现对裂缝储层预测.     

利用地震P波方位属性评价瓦斯富集区

以往研究表明煤层具有弱各向异性,为正交各向异性介质,因此利用P波的方位各向异性属性来进行煤层裂隙裂缝检测、预测煤层瓦斯富集带是行之有效的方法.本文对山西阳泉新景佛洼区的三维地震资料进行处理,得到4个方位的偏移数据体,并提取与煤层裂隙裂缝相关的多种地震属性.通过计算得到裂隙裂缝的相对密度,进而对煤层瓦斯的富集带进行预测.     

叠前各向异性强度属性在乍得Bongor盆地P潜山裂缝性储层预测中的应用

裂缝性储层是乍得Bongor盆地潜山油藏主要储集类型,研究区地震资料较差,基底成像不清,利用地震资料进行裂缝预测符合率不高.近几年,在乍得多个潜山实施了"宽频、宽方位、高密度"（以下称"两宽一高"）三维地震勘探,基底成像效果有了明显改善.由于"两宽一高"地震勘探近几年刚刚兴起,目前利用"两宽一高"OVT处理资料预测裂缝的方法较少,主要是基于振幅随偏移距及方位角的变化的原理（AVAZ）,目前主要的方法为基于椭圆拟合的各向异性强度预测法,本文首先应用椭圆拟合法预测了Bongor盆地P潜山的各向异性强度,对结果进行了分析,指出了椭圆拟合法的局限性,进而首次在Bongor盆地研发并应用了基于统计法的各向异性强度预测技术,即首先通过道集规则化将不规则的道集处理成螺旋道集,然后在道集中统计振幅或双程走时的方差进行裂缝预测,在乍得P潜山取得了较好的效果,预测符合率达到80%以上,平面规律性明显.     

利用地震P波方位/角度信息预测煤层裂隙发育——以阳泉矿区为例

查明煤层瓦斯富集区域,对可能的瓦斯突出点进行预报,是当前煤矿生产中亟待解决的重要课题.利用地震P波对裂缝性地层所表现出的方位各向异性特征和AV0特征,应用地震P波方位/角度信息评价煤层裂隙发育带.通过对阳泉新景煤矿三维地震资料的处理,获得4个方位的偏移数据体和8个方位/角度的偏移数据体,从中提取了3种对煤层裂隙响应灵敏的地震属性,综合利用3种地震属性计算出裂隙的发育密度.预测结果表明,利用P波方位/角度信息比仅利用P波方位信息评价煤层裂隙发育带更具有优势,它能同时利用煤层反射波的各向异性特征和AVO特征,更有利于进行煤层的岩性解释.     

转换波方位各向异性裂缝检测技术研究及应用

HTI裂缝各向异性介质中,转换波随方位角的变化比较复杂,目前还没有解析公式可以表达其变化特征,只能通过物理实验或数值模拟来分析其应用的可能性.数值模拟结果表明,转换波在裂缝各向异性介质中传播时,其R分量和T分量的振幅属性都具有明显的方位各向异性特征,R分量振幅方位各向异性拟合椭圆的长轴方向指示裂缝方位,这与纵波方位各向异性特征相似;根据P波AVAZ方位各向异性分析原理,对转换波R分量振幅方位各向异性曲线进行方位椭圆拟合,寻找椭圆的长轴方向,即裂缝主方位,再由P波AVAZ技术中振幅响应与炮检方向和裂缝走向之间的夹角关系式得到裂缝的发育密度,从而构建转换波方位各向异性AVAZ裂缝检测技术.该技术已用于川西新场气田某区块的裂缝储层预测,取得了较好的应用效果.     

基于地震属性融合技术的火山通道识别研究

长岭龙凤山火山岩为多机构、多期次喷发叠合分布的一套火山岩地层,火山通道识别是成藏分析和油气运移等研究工作的基础,同时也影响储量计算和开发井的部署.针对深层地震资料品质较差,且难以对火山通道进行准确刻画的问题,开展针对火山通道的地震属性优选.该地区火山岩具有"低频强振幅"的特点,通过地震属性优选,提取10 Hz单频体、纹理对比属性和最大振幅地震属性,平面上采用三者RGB融合方法识别并落实火山通道边界,剖面上采用10 Hz单频体、纹理对比属性和地震数据体三者HSV融合突出火山通道纵向展布.通过地震属性融合在碎屑岩里识别强振幅,在火山岩里识别低频能量,在一定程度上抑制其他岩相的影响,最终实现长岭龙凤山地区火山通道的准确刻画.     

利用方位波阻抗信息预测煤层裂隙发育

由于煤层为弱各向异性介质,当煤体结构遭到一定程度的破坏时,煤层内生裂隙较为发育,此时地震波在煤层中传播时会表现出比较明显的各向异性特征.本文针对山西某矿宽方位采集的三维地震数据进行方位角道集抽取,处理得到六个不同方位的偏移数据体.针对不同方位的数据体,分别提取15煤层的振幅属性.同时,利用测井曲线约束分别进行波阻抗反演.利用不同方位的振幅属性和波阻抗信息,通过阻尼最小二乘法计算得到裂隙发育的相对密度值B/A及裂隙发育方向Φf.研究结果表明波阻抗的方位各向异性特征相对振幅属性更加明显,对裂隙的探测结果分辨率更高.且预测结果与钻孔资料吻合度较高,裂隙发育具有一定的构造倾向性.     

HTI介质方位AVO(AVAZ)正演模拟软件研制与应用

叠前地震裂缝检测技术是目前裂缝型储层定量描述的主要手段之一,利用地质、测井资料和岩石物理参数,根据岩石物理理论建立裂缝储层的理论地质模型,模拟地震波在已知裂缝模型中传播时各个方位的地震响应,分析某区段由裂缝引起的地震振幅属性的方位AVO(AVAZ)特征,利用该技术流程,编写了一套基于HTI介质的正演模拟软件,在软件开发过程中,研发了基于Qt Concurrent编程模型组件的并行处理技术.通过该项技术的研究与开发可以:1)利用地震属性数据实时分析地下裂缝型储层的地震响应规律;2)解决地震振幅数据方位各向异性特征的不确定性导致的各向异性椭圆解释成果错误问题,确定椭圆的正确方位指示;3)为叠前裂缝检测软件提供正演分析工具,完善并扩充检测流程.在实际生产应用的效果表明,正演的解释结论能够为叠前裂缝检测提供有效的理论依据,增强了反演裂缝方位数据的准确性与可信度.     

基于叠前纹理的储层特征和地震相分析（英文）

地震纹理属性与地震相和储层特征密切相关,广泛地应用在地震资料的解释中。传统的地震纹理属性基于叠后数据提取,受叠加作用的影响,易造成地层特征信息的损失,不利于复杂储层的描述。本文提出叠前纹理属性,其不仅可以精细地刻画不同反射点波形的横向连续性,也能体现AVO、各向异性和介质的均质性。基于叠前纹理属性丰富的地层特征表达能力,结合SOM聚类算法,形成了利用叠前数据进行地震相分析的方法。该方法应用于中国某工区宽方位地震资料,通过对比证实了叠前纹理属性描述地层横向变化的优越性,并能揭示各向异性特征及非均质性特征,基于叠前纹理的分类结果能有效区分不同的地震反射模式,为地震相分析提供了可靠的依据。     

松辽盆地营城组火山机构-岩相带的地震响应

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷多期次喷发的火山岩在纵向和横向上相互叠置,造成火山岩地震响应特征复杂,影响了对火山岩储层的地震预测精度和地质规律的认识.本文基于钻井和连片三维地震资料,结合区域构造认识,建立了徐家围子断陷营城组火山机构-岩相带的地震响应模式,并利用相干体和地层切片等属性分析技术实现了火山机构-岩相带的空间识别.从火...     

基于叠前方位振幅的大港—埕海地区奥陶系风化壳裂缝储层的叠前预测

P波通过裂缝地层传播时,其响应会随着地面观测方位的变化而变化,表现出明显的方位各向异性.这种随方位变化的裂缝响应信息(如振幅等)广泛存在于叠前方位一偏移距二维空间域中,检测此域中的裂缝响应,通过椭圆拟合的方法识别各向异性的存在,进而计算裂缝的方向——椭圆长轴的方向,和裂缝密度——椭圆长轴与短轴的比.本文研究出了一种基于常规叠前地震反射振幅来检测裂缝的三维叠前裂缝储层预测方法.它采用面元组合的方法扩大方位角和偏移距范围;采用多级数据控制技术获取所需的信息;采用稳妥的技术步骤来预测.通过大港油田实际工区的应用,结果表明本文研究出的方法技术应用效果好、精度高、经济实用.     

Reflection moveout inversion in azimuthally anisotropic media: accuracy, limitations and acquisition

Parameter estimation from the elliptical variations in the normal-moveout (NMO) velocity in azimuthally anisotropic media is sensitive to the angular separation between the survey lines in 2D, or equivalently, the source-to-receiver azimuth in 3D, and to the set of azimuths used in the inversion procedure. The accuracy in estimating the orientation of an NMO ellipse, in particular the parameter α, is also sensitive to the magnitude of anisotropy. On the other hand, the accuracy in estimating the semi-axes of the NMO-velocity ellipse is about the same for any magnitude of anisotropy.   To invert for the NMO ellipse parameters at least three NMO-velocity measurements along distinct azimuth directions are needed. In order to maximize the accuracy and stability in parameter estimation, it is best to have the azimuths for the three source-to-receiver directions 60° apart. Having more than three distinct source-to-receiver azimuths (e.g. full azimuthal coverage) provides a useful data redundancy that enhances the quality of the estimates.   In order to maximize quality in the inversion process, it is recommended to design the seismic data acquisition such that it contains small sectors (≤10°) with adequate fold and offset distribution.   Using three NMO-velocity measurements, 60° apart, an azimuthally anisotropic layer overlain by an azimuthally isotropic overburden (as might occur for fractured reservoirs) should have a relative thickness (in time) with respect to the total thickness at least equal to the ratio of the error in the NMO (stacking) velocity to the interval anisotropy of the fractured layer. Coverage along more than three azimuths, however, improves this limitation, which is imposed by Dix differentiation, by at most 50%, depending on the number of observations (NMO velocities) that enter the inversion procedure.     

Fluid identification based on P-wave anisotropy dispersion gradient inversion for fractured reservoirs

Fluid identification in fractured reservoirs is a challenging issue and has drawn increasing attentions. As aligned fractures in subsurface formations can induce anisotropy, we must choose parameters independent with azimuths to characterize fractures and fluid effects such as anisotropy parameters for fractured reservoirs. Anisotropy is often frequency dependent due to wave-induced fluid flow between pores and fractures. This property is conducive for identifying fluid type using azimuthal seismic data in fractured reservoirs. Through the numerical simulation based on Chapman model, we choose the P-wave anisotropy parameter dispersion gradient (PADG) as the new fluid factor. PADG is dependent both on average fracture radius and fluid type but independent on azimuths. When the aligned fractures in the reservoir are meter-scaled, gas-bearing layer could be accurately identified using PADG attribute. The reflection coefficient formula for horizontal transverse isotropy media by Rüger is reformulated and simplified according to frequency and the target function for inverting PADG based on frequency-dependent amplitude versus azimuth is derived. A spectral decomposition method combining Orthogonal Matching Pursuit and Wigner–Ville distribution is used to prepare the frequency-division data. Through application to synthetic data and real seismic data, the results suggest that the method is useful for gas identification in reservoirs with meter-scaled fractures using high-qualified seismic data.     

Estimation of shear-wave attenuation characteristics for the Klyuchevskoi volcanic edifice

This paper reports a study of intrinsic attenuation and scattering in the Klyuchevskoi volcanic edifice. The data set consisted of small volcano-tectonic earthquakes occurring as deep as 30 km beneath Klyuchevskoi Volcano and recorded by radio telemetry seismograph stations installed on the edifice and near it. The digital seismograms of small volcano-tectonic earthquakes were processed by the multiple lapse time window analysis (MLTWA) method currently in use in seismology. The method uses experimental normalized integrals of 3D seismic energy density determined from several time windows applied to earthquake records that have been put through bandpass filters. The parameters that characterize the intrinsic attenuation and scattering of seismic energy of small volcano-tectonic earthquakes in Klyuchevskoi Volcano were estimated by adjusting the coefficients to ensure the best fit between experimental and theoretical integrals. An analytical solution to the seismic energy transfer equation was used to calculate the theoretical integrals of 3D seismic energy. Reliable estimates of the parameters that characterize the intrinsic attenuation and scattering in the material of the Klyuchevskoi volcanic edifice have been obtained. Our estimates of the Q for the edifice are below those derived by other workers for the Kamchatka lithosphere.     

Estimation of reservoir fracturing from marine VSP using local shear-wave conversion

A marine VSP is designed to estimate the orientation and density of fracturing within a gas-producing dolomite layer in the southern North Sea. The overburden anisotropy is firstly estimated by analysing shear waves converted at or just below the sea-bed, from airgun sources at four fixed offset azimuths. Full-wave modelling helps confirm that the background has no more than 3% vertical birefringence, originating from TIH anisotropy with a symmetry axis orientated perpendicular to the maximum horizontal compressive stress of NW–SE. This finding concurs with current hypotheses regarding the background rock matrix in the upper crust. More detailed anisotropy estimates reveal two thin zones with possible polarization reversals and a stronger anisotropy. The seismic anisotropy of the dolomite is then determined from the behaviour of locally converted shear waves, providing a direct link with the physical properties of its fractures. It is possible to utilize this phenomenon due to the large seismic velocity contrast between the dolomite and the surrounding evaporites. Two walkaway VSPs at different azimuths, recorded on three-component receivers placed inside the target zone, provide the appropriate acquisition design to monitor this behaviour. Anisotropy in the dolomite generates a transverse component energy which scales in proportion to the degree of anisotropy. The relative amplitudes, for this component, between the different walkaway azimuths relate principally to the orientation of the anisotropy. Full-wave modelling confirms that a 50% vertical birefringence from TIH anisotropy with a similar orientation to the overburden is required to simulate the field observations. This amount of anisotropy is not entirely unexpected for a fine-grained brittle dolomite with a potentially high fracture intensity, particularly if the fractures contain fluid which renders them compliant to the shear-wave motion.     

Seismic characterization of reservoirs with multiple fracture sets using velocity and attenuation anisotropy data

Knowledge about the spatial distribution of the fracture density and the azimuthal fracture orientation can greatly help in optimizing production from fractured reservoirs. Frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy data contain information about the fractures present in the reservoir. In this study, we use the measurements of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data corresponding to different seismic frequencies and azimuths to infer information about the multiple fracture sets present in the reservoir. We consider a reservoir model with two sets of vertical fractures characterized by unknown azimuthal fracture orientations and fracture densities. Frequency-dependent seismic velocity and attenuation anisotropy data is computed using the effective viscoelastic stiffness tensor and solving the Christoffel equation. A Bayesian inversion method is then applied to measurements of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data corresponding to different seismic frequencies and azimuth to estimate the azimuthal fracture orientations and the fracture densities, as well as their uncertainties. Our numerical examples suggest that velocity anisotropy data alone cannot recover the unknown fracture parameters. However, an improved estimation of the unknown fracture parameters can be obtained by joint inversion of velocity and attenuation anisotropy data.     

徐家围子断陷火山机构叠置关系解析及其数字化模型参数建立

随着庆深气田勘探开发工作的不断深入,揭示出火山岩气藏以孤立火山机构控藏的特征,火山岩地层的非均质性特征非常明显,为提高火山岩气藏的综合研究程度,实现认识上的飞跃.在松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷密井网-三维地震工区,开展了地质先验模型约束下的地震火山机构解剖.识别出层状、穹窿和漏斗形三种火山机构;它们的叠置方式有串珠、上叠和...     

Stress Field Estimations for Colima Volcano, Mexico, Based on Seismic Data

 For first time, during 1991, seismic activity was recorded during an eruption at Colima volcano. We analyze these data to obtain a stress pattern using a composite focal mechanism technique. From the analysis of regional seismicity, the Tamazula Fault and the Armeria River appear as active features and the dip of the slab east of the Jalisco Block is approximately 12°. Southwest of Colima volcano a vertical alignment of seismic events was observed. We estimate five different composite focal mechanism solutions from our data set, which indicate a change of the stress field at the volcano after the 1991 eruption. These solutions suggest that the stress field in the volcanic edifice was controlled by stresses related to the emplacement of magma superimposed on the regional stress field. No evidence of active local faults in the volcanic edifice was found. We propose a model for the eruptive process that involves tilting of the volcanic edifice. Received: 15 October 1995 / Accepted: 26 October 1998     

湖北地区上地幔各向异性及其动力学意义

SKS波分裂测量是研究大陆地幔的形变特征、探索大陆动力学和演化过程的重要工具.本文选用湖北数字地震台网(HB台网)和中国数字化宽频带地震台网(CB台网)提供的三分量宽频带数字化地震资料,使用旋转相关法和切向能量最小法,计算得到了湖北地区20个地震台站下方上地幔各向异性参数.结果表明,快波偏振方向较为复杂:大别造山带内,...