扫描电子显微镜对花岗岩中主要矿物裂隙作用的研究

微裂隙对于岩石的物理性质有重要影响.通过光学显微镜对显微裂隙进行的观察,难以将薄片的制作过程中产生的裂隙同自然裂隙区分;其次,观测的裂隙大小限制在0.1mm或以上数量级,一些重要细节观察不到.扫描电镜的高放大倍数和三维分辨率使其成为适合于裂隙研究的理想工具.利用扫描电镜观测了浙江花岗岩在室温下由51.6MPa压力产生的裂隙的发育过程.观察花岗岩的表面以研究其微裂隙和矿物的解理、晶形及破裂作用.微裂隙分为3种类型:晶体内裂隙(完全发育在颗粒内部),晶体间裂隙(穿过颗粒边界进入其他颗粒中),颗粒边界裂隙(沿颗粒边界发育或与边界重合).本研究中的花岗岩为中-粗粒(1~6mm),经过蚀变,约含40%斜长石,25%钾长石,25%石英,10%镁铁矿物(主要为黑云母和白云母).     

扫描电子显微镜对花岗岩中主要矿物裂隙作用的研究(英文)

微裂隙对于岩石的物理性质有重要影响.通过光学显微镜对显微裂隙进行的观察,难以将薄片的制作过程中产生的裂隙同自然裂隙区分;其次,观测的裂隙大小限制在0.1mm或以上数量级,一些重要细节观察不到.扫描电镜的高放大倍数和三维分辨率使其成为适合于裂隙研究的理想工具.利用扫描电镜观测了浙江花岗岩在室温下由51.6MPa压力产生的裂隙的发育过程.观察花岗岩的表面以研究其微裂隙和矿物的解理、晶形及破裂作用.微裂隙分为3种类型:晶体内裂隙(完全发育在颗粒内部),晶体间裂隙(穿过颗粒边界进入其他颗粒中),颗粒边界裂隙(沿颗粒边界发育或与边界重合).本研究中的花岗岩为中—粗粒(1～6mm),经过蚀变,约含40%斜长石,25%钾长石,25%石英,10%镁铁矿物(主要为黑云母和白云母).(1)石英裂隙表面的石英颗粒具有边界破裂和贯穿颗粒破裂.贯穿石英颗粒的破裂常呈贝壳状断口.变形集中带与滑动面相伴,其上发育有擦痕和沟槽,这是石英典型的脆性破裂类型.石英矿物的贝壳状破裂产状指示其变形作用早期的碎裂作用,在变形作用中发生交代作用.一些平滑的破裂面上没有石英颗粒的微裂隙构造,但在石英表面却有明显的擦痕面,可指示应力的方向.由于石英的各向异性,这些面也是由贯穿颗粒破裂所形成.一些开放的裂隙集中于石英晶体之中或沿     

西藏铁格隆南超大型铜(金)矿床白云母矿物学特征及地质意义

铁格隆南矿床产出了西藏班公湖- 怒江成矿带多龙矿集区最大的斑岩- 高硫型铜(金银)成矿系统。由于高硫型矿化与蚀变对斑岩型矿化和蚀变的广泛叠加,导致其成矿系统结构和成矿作用机制变得十分复杂,一定程度阻碍了其精细成矿模型的构建。本文基于铁格隆南矿床现有的勘查和研究成果,从矿物学的角度,以白云母为典型蚀变矿物,通过详细的镜下鉴定、扫描电镜和电子探针分析,详细揭示不同空间位置、不同产状白云母的矿物学特征和成因,探究其对铁格隆南矿床成矿机制的指示意义。结果显示,铁格隆南矿床的热液白云母主要由白云母端元、伊利石端元、绿鳞石端元以及少量钠云母端元组成。矿体中白云母与铜矿物具有成因联系。在深部的早期水岩反应中,白云母主要与黄铜矿伴生,热液蚀变斑岩形成的白云母呈现高Si低Al的特征,而热液蚀变砂岩呈高Al低Si的特征。随着流体向浅部继续运移,白云母共生的金属矿化转换为斑铜矿和铜蓝,多形成高Al低Si的白云母。相对于在侵入岩中产出的白云母,在砂岩中形成的白云母的FeT、Fe3+、Na+含量更高。侵入岩中形成富Fe2+白云母,指示热液还原性较强。此外,在黄铁绢英岩化带较中—浅部产出的白云母常与较多高岭石和铜蓝、斑铜矿伴生,指示了热液中的SO2发生聚集、温度降低、酸性增强并导致水岩反应增强和矿质沉淀的过程。综上,白云母与不同矿物组合及其地球化学特征,对成矿流体环境及勘查评价有良好的指示意义。     

贵州牛角塘镉锌矿床中发现原生硫镉矿

在贵州牛角塘镉锌矿床中既有次生硫镉矿的存在，也发现了原生硫镉矿。硫镉矿的产状如下：①呈包裹体形式产于硫化物中；②以不规则晶粒赋存于硫化物粒间：③形成硫镉矿．方铅矿细脉或硫镉矿微脉穿插硫化物；④分布在黄铁矿中方铅矿或闪锌矿周围；⑤被菱锌矿胶结并交代，形成硫镉矿残骸状角砾；⑥组成菱锌矿．硫镉矿疏松集合体或菱锌矿．硫镉矿细脉；⑦呈皮壳状或薄膜状分布在氧化矿石表面或裂隙面上。前五种形式产出的硫镉矿为原生硫镉矿，主要分布在原生矿石或弱氧化的矿石中。后两种产状的硫镉矿为次生硫镉矿，分布于氧化矿石晶洞中或矿石表面和裂隙面上。并从Cd、Zn地球化学特性、热力学和结晶化学性质探讨了原生硫镉矿形成机制。     

浙江五亩山地区钨矿容矿构造及找矿方向

五亩山地区燕山期花岗岩侵入活动后,形成了高温热液裂隙石英脉型黑钨矿(白钨矿)矿床.矿化脉体多分布在区域断裂的裂隙构造中,矿化体在地表以中(或低)角度产出,向下以高角度产出,或者两者交替产出形成类似于倾斜的"阶梯"状.通过对含矿裂隙的测量和统计,确定了成矿前或成矿期的裂隙,NE向裂隙为钨矿的容矿构造,并提出了找矿方向.     

高压—超高压岩石对合肥盆地侏罗系沉积的贡献

合肥盆地侏罗系沉积包括防虎山组、三尖铺组、周公山组和凤凰台组。上述地层中砂岩普遍产出碎屑白云母，而且几乎都为多硅白云母，Si原子数多从3．3至3．6（p.f.u），表明大别造山带高压－超高压变质岩石是合肥盆地沉积的重要物源。由於防虎山组地层沉积於早侏罗世，该地层中碎屑多硅白云母的新发现表明大别造山带高压－超高压岩石在早侏罗世时期已经出露地表。     

白云母／二云母花岗岩形成与陆内俯冲作用

讨论了白云母／二云母花岗岩的机成机制及其与陆内俯冲作用的成生联系。以高喜马拉雅地区为例，从地质学、岩石学、地球化学、实验岩石学和地球物理学等多方位论述了白云母花岗岩形成过程的主要约束，提出并论证了一个比较合理的陆内俯冲带热结构与白云母／二云母花岗岩形成的成因模型，通过分析，得出了一个重要的新结论：白云母花岗岩的形成是陆内俯冲作用的结果。     

浙江省花岗岩交代变质过程中一些矿物的作用

对浙江省内花岗质岩石样品薄片在偏光显微镜下鉴定,试图建立矿物学与微构造之间的联系,确定裂隙分布矿物学控制因素,并调查微裂隙与交代变质蚀变之间的关系.薄片显示花岗质岩石主要由斜长石、钾长石、石英和云母组成.其中长石和云母解理发育,在结构上更易于变形,而石英则表现为均质特征,其中的裂隙比其他矿物(长石、云母)中更发育.这些解理和裂隙接纳流体进入并造成交代变质.在此过程中,黑云母被白云母交代而形成石英并释放出钾,这些钾进而交代斜长石而形成钾长石.值得关注的是,一些矿物颗粒边界显现出很少的变形,如钾长石-斜长石边界和石英-石英边界呈现较低程度的颗粒间碎裂,并变得可能比以前更坚硬,这是因为重结晶作用和交代作用胶结了以前的碎裂结构.最后,变形作用影响到整个岩石,为流体通过岩石打开通道,进一步的微裂隙对大规模钾交代变质作用的发生至关重要.研究区内花岗岩的矿物学及裂隙特征表明,交代作用可以作为可靠的构造标志,用以恢复浙江花岗岩现代和古裂隙的几何特征.     

福建泰宁丹霞地貌中的洞穴类型及成因浅析

福建泰宁白垩纪红层盆地出露晚白垩世沙县组紫红色中一薄层粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩和崇安组紫红色厚层砾岩、砂砾岩。红层发育北东,北北东向等多组不同走向断裂及节理。经外动力地质作用形成青年期丹霞地貌,崖壁上千姿百态的丹霞洞穴构成独特的微地貌景观。丹霞洞穴发育受岩性及节理、裂隙控制,崇安组粉砂岩、砂岩及含砾砂岩夹层是形成洞穴的主要层位,岩层的厚度及节理、裂隙控制洞穴产出的规模,风化剥蚀、流水侧蚀、大气降水及其水流侵蚀、重力崩塌是形成不同形态洞穴的主要外动力作用,洞穴的形成以一种外动力作用为主,或在发展过程中叠加了其它外动力作用,因而常为多种外动力综合作用的结果。     

西天山阿希型金成矿系列及其成因

西天山吐拉苏断陷盆地中广泛发育有多种类型与火山岩有关的金矿床，根据成矿特征、控矿因素和产出地质环境等可分为3种基本类型，即低硫浅成熟液型金矿、斑岩型金矿和层控浅成热液改造型金矿。该3种类型的金矿是在相同的地质构造背景下和统一的流体场中形成的系列金矿组合－阿希型金矿系列。次一级的流体场和具体的构造环境决定了具体金矿类型的产出；其成矿时间和产出部位均表现出相应的规律性：低硫浅成热液型金矿形成于早石炭世，产出于火山机械的边缘断裂中；斑岩型和层控热液改造型金矿形成于中晚石炭世，分别产出于酸性斑岩体内部及其边缘断裂裂隙系统中和大哈拉军山组第二岩性段中。     

Radiaxial fibrous calcite: a replacement after acicular carbonate

Radiaxial fibrous calcite, a common cavity fill in ancient limestones, is characterized by curved twin lamellae, optic axes that converge away from the substrate and subcrystals which diverge in this same direction. The optic axes radiate about three or four axes located in positions between adjacent crystals and orientated parallel with the crystal elongation. The crystals are commonly turbid with inclusions, which may be concentrated along twin lamellae and subcrystal and inter-crystalline boundaries, or form zones parallel to the substrate. Some inclusion patterns reveal the position of former crystal faces. From a consideration of the occurrences, gross morphological characters, the fabrics of the crystals and the inclusion patterns, radiaxial fibrous calcite is interpreted as a replacement of an early diagenetic acicular cement, composed of interfering bundles of radiating crystals. It is suggested that replacement takes place by a solution-precipitation process and the migration of a fluid film through the acicular host, with replacement occurring most rapidly between bundles of acicular carbonate. The optic axis pattern of the fibrous calcite is considered to be inherited from the c-axis orientations of the host acicular crystals. Fibrous calcite intercrystalline boundaries form as fractures after replacement. Some inclusion patterns record the characters of the replaced acicular cement; others, formed of impurities reorganized during the replacement, reveal the form of the replacement front.     

青海循化盆地晚渐新世沉积物中坡缕石的特征及其古气候指示意义

采用X射线衍射和扫描电子分析方法,对青海循化盆地晚渐新世沉积物的矿物组成、坡缕石的矿物学特征以及古气候指示作用进行了深入的研究。结果表明,晚渐新世循化盆地沉积物中粘土矿物组成主要有蒙脱石、伊利石、坡缕石和绿泥石等;坡缕石一般呈纤维状或者针状,沿片状蒙脱石的边缘及表面交代生长,为典型自生成因的坡缕石。坡缕石是干旱-半干旱气候条件的特征矿物,其出现表明循化地区晚渐新世气候特征较为干旱,与粘土矿物组合及伊利石结晶度所反映的气候环境信息相吻合;沉积物中坡缕石相对含量及有序度自下而上逐渐增大,说明循化地区的干旱化逐渐加剧。循化地区晚渐新世(～23 Ma)的干旱化可能与青藏高原隆升或者全球气候变冷事件密切相关。     

白云鄂博群的酸性火山岩

近年来,报道了内蒙白云鄂博群中一些新认识的岩石类型(徐志平等,1980;李继亮与胡辅佑,1981;李继亮,1981)。这些岩石的深入研究,无疑将对内蒙地区元古代地质发展史和白云鄂博群的成矿作用提供有益的证据。1980年,我们考查了白云鄂博镇西面元古界白云鄂博群的酸性火山岩,并进行了初步的室内分析,这里作一简要报道。     

Mineralogy and origin of dumortierite from Girola area,Bhandara district,Eastern Maharashtra

Dumortierite an aluminium borosilicate mineral occurring as aggregates of fibrous, nodular and displaying variable colours is found at Girola hill of Bhandara district. It is associated with kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, muscovite (sericite), quartz, topaz, rutile, tourmaline and pyrophyllite. It is pink, violet and blue (indigo blue) in colour associated with quartz veins. It shows strong pleochroism from colourless to light pink and pale blue to violet (azure blue).     

大吉山稀有金属花岗岩中富镉闪锌矿的矿物学特征

电子探针研究表明江西大吉山矿床二云母花岗岩和白云母花岗岩中副矿物闪锌矿为富镉闪锌矿(Cd,4.34—19.89％,wt％,下同),铁含量低(Fe,1.03—4.24),尤以具W、Be、Ta、Nb矿化的白云母花岗岩中闪锌矿镉含量为高,并随岩体由下到上(标高的增大)而增高。矿物中Cd+Fe与Zn之间存在良好的线性负相关关系,指示了主要类质同象替代发生在Cd、Fe与Zn之间。矿物中可能存在不等位替代现象和四面体空位。富镉闪锌矿晶胞参数为0.54250—0.54440nm,随矿物中Cd含量的增加而增大。对照表明,当矿物中镉含量特别高时,Skinner(1961)晶胞参数计算公式估计值偏大,需作重新修正。最后,文章对富镉闪锌矿的成因意义进行了讨论。     

Cavity‐filling dolomite speleothems and submarine cements in the Ediacaran Dengying microbialites,South China: Responses to high‐frequency sea‐level fluctuations in an ‘aragonite–dolomite sea’

Speleothems, mostly composed of calcium carbonate, are widely present in modern karst‐originated caves, but have rarely been reported in palaeokarst systems. This study presents a novel type of dolomite speleothem and subsequent submarine dolomite cement, which are widely present in the upper Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the upper Yangtze area. These precipitated materials occur in the cavity system that cuts across several peritidal cycles. The interconnected cavity networks with irregular shapes, embayed walls, internal breccias on cavity floor and their preferential development in the shallower cycle tops (for example, tepee‐deformed beds) suggest that they were initially generated by subaerial dissolution. As the earliest infills, the hemispherical protrusions, icicle‐like pendants and ground‐up columns show similar morphological features and occurrence patterns to the cave popcorn, stalactites and stalagmites, respectively. Thus, these earliest infills are speleothems resulting from associated meteoric precipitation during subaerial exposure. The isopachous growth pattern of subsequent more extensive fibrous dolomite cements points to a submarine diagenetic environment in which they were precipitated. Microscopically, the micritic to micro‐crystalline dolomite, acicular dolomite in speleothems and the subsequent fibrous dolomite share similar crystal fabrics to metastable precursors (for example, Mg‐calcite). Meanwhile, the carbon‐oxygen isotope compositions of the speleothem and fibrous dolomite, although partly altered by burial diagenesis, share a large overlap with host rock and coeval marine carbonates all over the Yangtze Platform. For these reasons, these speleothems and fibrous cements are considered to have been initially precipitated as metastable carbonate precursors in meteoric and submarine environments, respectively, and stabilized during submarine mimetic dolomitization. The cyclic occurrence of cavity systems filled with speleothems and submarine cements reflects periodic subaerial exposure and marine flooding of broad tidal flat in the upper Yangtze area, driven by high‐frequency sea‐level fluctuations. Furthermore, the Neoproterozoic seawater chemistry that favoured early dolomitization of carbonate precursor mineralogies was an advantage for the preservation of fabrics from metastable precursor minerals.     

The Slyudyanogorsk muscovite deposit in the Middle Ural

The Slyudyanogorsk muscovite deposit of the central Urals has been known since 1884, but little geologic data are available in the literature. The muscovite occurrences are restricted to pegmatites found near the contact of the Late Precambrian Slyudyanogorsk Formation and the unconformably overlying Kurta Formation of Ordovician age. The country rock is dominantly metasedimentary in origin. Migmatization of schists is common and migmatites may be traced into pegmatites. The pegmatites may be classified on the basis of form into lens- and net-like veins and pipes that may be concordant or discordant to schistosity. Conformable pegmatites usually have higher mica contents and are distinctive in their extension to great depths. Transverse cutting types of pegmatites taper rapidly downward and are usually mica-free. On the basis Of composition, pegmatites may be divided into plagioclase (albite-oligoclase) and microcline varieties. Commercial muscovite occurrences are restricted to plagioclase pegmatites, as are the accessory ore minerals (molybdenite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite). The mica-bearing pegmatites usually have a more complex structure (zonal, cellular) than the massive mica-free pegmatites. The character and structure of the mica-bearing pegrnatites, the relicts of biotite within sheet muscovite and muscovite aggregates, the enlargement and replacement of biotite by muscovite in the surrounding wall rock, and the high iron content of the muscovite .suggest that muscovite is metasomatic after biotite in pegmatites that have formed from the wall rock by migmatization, recrystallization, and metasomatism. — R. D. DeRudder.     

Deformation of biotite and muscovite: Optical microstructure

An optical comparison illustrates the difference in behaviour of the two mica minerals biotite and muscovite; their response to deformation, and to chemical processes such as grain dissolution. Non-passive mechanical rotation, segmentation of deformed grains by a recovery-recrystallization type process and syntectonic growth of the phyllosilicates all contribute to the development of a strong tectonic foliation within a deformed pegmatite from the Italian Alps. There are significant mechanical differences between the two micas. Biotite readily deforms by kinking whereas muscovite forms sinusoidal folds and seldom kinks. If kink-like structures (deformation zones) are present in muscovite they are generally accompanied by fracturing. Fracturing and displacements are obvious in most deformed muscovites both parallel to axial surfaces and between (001) cleavages. Fracturing is occasionally recognised in biotite. However, it is often obscured by extensive dissolution and new grain nucleation. Evidence for dissolution processes in biotite is more abundant than in muscovite.     

Synthesis of argon muscovite

Natural muscovite treated hydrothermally under high pressures of argon and water takes up 70 to 90 times as much argon as the original muscovite contained. Muscovite synthesized under similar conditions from a colloidal gel contains even more argon. Muscovite synthesized in the presence of argon and water has cell dimensions about 0.3% larger than those of muscovite synthesized without argon present. --F. E. Ingerson.     

Restrictive definition of asbestos and the assessment of potential health hazards: insights from Northern Chile

When asbestos fibres become airborne, they can be inhaled into the lungs, where they may cause significant health problems. The latter includes progressive pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis), pleural disease (effusion and pleural plaques) and malignancies such as bronchogenic carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma. The term asbestos applies to a group of hydrated fibrous mineral silicates including those belonging to the serpentine group of phyllosilicates (chrysotile) and amphiboles. However, only the ‘asbestiform varieties’ of amphiboles such as grunerite (amosite), riebeckite (crocidolite), anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite are regarded as asbestos (s.s.). This implies that ‘non-asbestiform varieties’ of such minerals, that nevertheless generate acicular cleavage fragments, cannot be regarded as asbestos s.s. We argue that a discussion on the term asbestos goes beyond mere semantics, because for environmental regulatory bodies, the definition of a term can make the difference between classifying a mineral as harmful or non-harmful. A case of mesothelioma in the small mining town of La Higuera, northern Chile, may shed some light into this matter, because this form of cancer is almost always caused by exposure to asbestos. The town hosts about 20,000 t of fine-grained tailings left behind after flotation of Cu sulphides during 1950–1979. The ore was extracted from actinolite-rich, copper-iron vein deposits. We show that, if a ‘non-asbestiform variety’ of amphibole (e.g. La Higuera actinolite) is finely ground, it will cleave to asbestos-like acicular crystals and as such has the potential to induce similar health hazards to those posed by asbestos (s.s.).