Metal deposits in the Da Hinggan Mountains,NE China: styles,characteristics, and exploration potential

The Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province (DHMP), northeastern China, is divided into three tectonic units and corresponding metallogenic belts. The tectonic units of the Da Hinggan Mountains are the Erguna fold zone on the northwest, the Hercynian fold zone on the north, and the Hercynian fold zone on the south. The corresponding metallogenic belts are the Erguna Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Mo-Au belt of the NW DHMP, the Cu-Pb-Zn-Mo-Fe-Au belt of the northern DHMP, and the Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Sn-Fe-Mo belt of the southern DHMP. Distinct ore bodies, mostly associated with Mesozoic granites and volcanics, comprise (1) hydrothermal vein deposits including Pb-Zn-Ag-(Cu) and W‐Sn-Cu, (2) exhalative (Pb-Zn-Ag, Cu) deposits, (3) porphyry (Cu, Au, Mo), (4) skarn (Fe, Zn, Cu), and (5) epithermal Au-Ag deposits. The hydrothermal veins are hosted by a range of different rock types, whereas the exhalative ores are confined to Permian strata. The porphyry deposits occur within granite porphyries. The epithermal deposits are related to Mesozoic volcanic-subvolcanic rocks and occur within superjacent igneous structures. The first type, represented by the Bairendaba deposit, shows many characteristics of hydrothermal deposits. The second type occurs in a Permian clastic-chemical sedimentary sequence. Most Fe-Zn-Cu deposits related to granites and granodiorites are skarns. Granodiorite and granite-related deposits are typical porphyry ores, formed during Hercynian and Mesozoic time. Promising metallogenic conditions and the recent discovery of many large metal deposits indicate that this mineral province has a great exploration potential.     

含金夕卡岩矿床产出构造环境和地质地球化学评价标志

近十几年来,含金夕卡岩矿床的勘查与研究在国内外取得了很大的进展,发现了一批大型矿床,从而引人注目。含金夕卡岩矿床主要集中分布于环太平洋成矿带,按其产出构造环境可分为三类,即中（新）生代褶皱带、古生代褶皱带和地盾（台）区。控矿地层主要为石炭—二叠系和三叠系碳酸盐岩,次为第三系和寒武系等。有关岩浆岩大多为浅成钙碱性中酸性侵入岩,属Ⅰ型;时代以燕山期和喜山期为主,少数为华力西期、加里东期和印支期。含金夕卡岩绝大多数为钙夕卡岩,只有少数属镁夕卡岩,又可进一步划分为还原型和氧化型。金属矿物组合的特征是常有砷化物、铋化物和碲化物存在,Ｃｕ,Ａｕ,Ａｇ,Ａｓ,Ｂｉ,Ｔｅ,Ｃｏ和Ｓｅ等元素组合是含金夕卡岩特征性的地球化学标志。矿床（田）常具明显的交代矿化分带,并可构成一定成矿系列,其综合交代矿化分带模式,自岩体向碳酸盐围岩方向依次为：Ｃｕ（Ｍｏ）→Ｃｕ（Ｆｅ）→Ｃｕ（Ａｕ）→Ａｕ→Ａｕ（Ｐｂ,Ｚｎ,Ａｇ）。矿物共生组合和流体包裹体研究表明,夕卡岩矿物形成于６８０～３２０℃,盐度为ｗ（ＮａＣｌ）＝５９５％～１８６％,金的沉淀发生在夕卡岩期后的退化热液交代阶段,大致相当于温度为３５０～１５３℃,盐度ｗ（ＮａＣｌ）＝２４％～?     

Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe U-Pb Zircon and 40Ar-39Ar Muscovite Ages of the Yinshan Deposit in the Northeast Jiangxi Province, South China

The Yinshan deposit in the Jiangnan tectonic belt in South China consists of Pb‐Zn‐Ag and Cu‐Au ore bodies. This deposit contains approximately 83 Mt of the Cu‐Au ores at 0.52% Cu and 0.8 g/t Au, and 84 Mt of the Pb‐Zn‐Ag ores at 1.25% Pb, 1.02% Zn and 33.3 g/t Ag. It is hosted by low‐grade metamorphosed sedimentary rocks and mafic volcanic rocks of the lower Mesoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group, and continental volcanic rocks of the Jurassic Erhuling Group and dacitic subvolcanic rocks. The ore bodies mainly consist of veinlets of sulfide minerals and sulfide‐disseminated rocks, which are divided into Cu‐Au and Pb‐Zn‐Ag ore bodies. The Cu‐Au ore bodies occur in the area close to a dacite porphyry stock (No. 3 stock), whereas Pb‐Zn‐Ag bodies occur in areas distal from the No. 3 stock. Muscovite is the main alteration mineral associated with the Cu‐Au ore bodies, and muscovite and chlorite are associated with the Pb‐Zn‐Ag ores. A zircon sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe U‐Pb age from the No. 3 dacite stock suggests it was emplaced in Early Jurassic. Three ⁴⁰Ar‐³⁹Ar incremental‐heating mineral ages from muscovite, which are related to Cu‐Au and Pb‐Zn‐Ag mineralization, yielded 179–175 Ma. These muscovite ages indicate that Cu‐Au mineralization occurred at 178.2±1.4 Ma (2σ), and Pb‐Zn‐Ag mineralization at 175.4±1.2 Ma (2σ) and 175.3±1.1 Ma (2σ), which supports a restricted period for the mineralization. The Early Jurassic ages for the mineralization at Yinshan are similar to that of the porphyry Cu mineralization at Dexing in Jiangnan tectonic belt, and suggest that the polymetallic mineralization occurred in a regional transcompressional tectonic regime.     

论华南喷流—沉积块状硫化物矿床

现代海底喷流－沉积硫化物矿床的发现极大地推动了海底热液成矿理论的发展,也大大地提高了对古代海底喷流块充化物矿术的研究水平。本文指出喷流－沉积是重要的成矿作用,提出喷流－沉积矿床是华南Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｎ、Ａｇ、Ａｕ等矿产资源的重要来源,形成了一批超大型矿床,并将华南许多曾被认为属夕卡岩矿床重新确认为喷流－沉积岩床。文章还论述了华南喷流－沉积块状硫化物矿床的特征、分类、时空分布及其成矿特点等问题,提出断裂拗陷带型喷流－沉积块状硫化物矿床是华南具有特色的类型,而陆相断陷盆地中喷流－沉积矿床值得进一步深入研究。     

Granitoid Types Related to Cretaceous Plutonic Au-Quartz Vein and Cu-Fe Skarn Deposits, Kitakami Mountains, Japan

Abstract. Early Cretaceous granitic intrusions are associated with Au‐quartz veins and Cu‐Fe skarns in the the Kitakami Mountains, which are underlain by the late Paleozoic of continental margin‐type sedimentary rocks and Mesozoic accretionary complexes. The plutonic rocks are divided into potassic, high‐Sr/Y calc‐alkaline and low‐Sr/Y calc‐alkaline series. All the metallic mineral deposits are spatially associated with small stocks and plugs; they show no consistent association with the larger plutonic bodies. The plutonic rocks generally belong to the magnetite series but less oxidized in the southwestern part of the Kitakami Mountains where Au‐quartz veins occur. The gold deposits are classified into high and low sulfide types. The high sulfide type contains a high volume of sulfide minerals mostly of chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite with low bulk Au/Ag ratios. This type occurs almost exclusively in and surrounding the Orikabe pluton, including two most important gold deposits (Oya and Kohoku) of the Kitakami Mountains. The pluton is composed of potassic gabbroids, potassic granitoids of the shoshonite ‐ high‐K calc‐alkaline series (Orikabe type), and less potassic Sasamori‐type granodiorite. All these rocks belong to a moderately oxidized magnetite series. The Orikabe pluton has one of the lowest initial Sr ratio (0.70392) in the Kitakami Mountains, and the Au‐Cu‐dominant ore components of the high sulfide type Au deposits are considered magmatic in origin carried by the juvenile magmas from the upper mantle. The low sulfide type is generally plain quartz vein with a low volume of sulfides and a high bulk Au/Ag ratio. The associated minerals are often scheelite and/or arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite. The ore deposits include historically famed Au‐quartz veins at Shishiori and Ogayu. They are widespread in the southwestern Kitakami Mountains and may be later than the high sulfide type in age, and are hosted most commonly in the sedimentary rocks, which surround small weakly oxidized magnetite‐series plutons of low to intermediate Sr/Y series. These less differentiated intrusions typically include quartz dior‐ite and granodiorite. Some ore components of this type may have derived from the host sedimentary rocks. Among other mineral deposit types in the region, the largest ore deposit is Kamaishi Cu‐Fe skarn (magnetite ores of 58 MT, Fe 50–64 %; Cu 143 KT). It is related to the high‐Sr/Y series Ganidake granodiorite stock, which is a strongly oxidized magnetite‐series body. In contrast, the second largest deposit in the mountains, Akagane deposit, is a similar‐type skarn but associated with an intrusion classified as less oxidized, ilmenite to intermediate series, and that is intermediate in Sr/Y of calc‐alkaline series granodiorite. Degree of magmatic differentiation appears to be not critical factor in the formation of Au‐quartz vein and Cu‐Fe skarn deposits in the region, but is definitely significant for controlling the distribution of the Mo‐mineralization to the east.     

环巴尔喀什-西准噶尔成矿省矿床类型、成矿系统和跨境成矿带对接

环巴尔喀什-西准噶尔成矿省地处中亚成矿域核心区,古生代构造和岩浆活动强烈,成矿作用丰富多样,发育许多大型-超大型乃至世界级的金属矿床,包括斑岩型铜矿床、斑岩-石英脉-云英岩型钨钼矿床、矽卡岩型铜(多金属)矿床、火山成因块状硫化物型(VMS)多金属矿床、浅成低温热液型金矿床、石英脉-蚀变岩型中温热液金矿床、与花岗岩有关的Be-U矿床、岩浆熔离型铜镍硫化物矿床和豆荚状铬铁矿等,这些矿床集中分布,形成多处成矿带,包括哈萨克斯坦的扎尔玛-萨吾尔、波谢库尔-成吉斯和北巴尔喀什等成矿带以及新疆西准噶尔的萨吾尔、谢米斯台-沙尔布提和巴尔鲁克-克拉玛依等成矿带。哈萨克斯坦包含大型-超大型和世界级金属矿床的成矿带向东是否延入新疆西准噶尔?能否实现新疆西准噶尔找矿重大突破?都是备受关注的重大地质找矿问题。本文在前人研究并结合作者工作基础上,根据成矿带的成矿构造环境、矿床类型、成矿特点和成矿时代,总结出成矿省至少发育九类成矿系统,即(1)奥陶纪-志留纪岛弧斑岩型Cu-Au成矿系统;(2)奥陶纪岛弧VMS型多金属成矿系统;(3)泥盆纪岛弧岩浆熔离型铜镍硫化物成矿系统;(4)泥盆纪与蛇绿岩有关的豆荚状铬铁矿成矿系统;(5)早石炭世岛弧斑岩-浅成低温热液型Cu-Au成矿系统;(6)石炭纪岛弧斑岩型-矽卡岩型Cu-Mo-Au成矿系统;(7)晚石炭世弧后盆地与花岗岩有关的Be-U成矿系统;(8)早二叠世岛弧或岛弧和陆缘弧过渡弧斑岩-石英脉-云英岩型Mo-W成矿系统;(9)早二叠世岛弧石英脉-蚀变岩型中温热液金成矿系统。对比研究发现境内外相邻成矿带具有相同或相似的成矿系统,二者可以对接,新疆西准噶尔三条成矿带分别是哈萨克斯坦三条成矿带的东延部分,构成了成矿省北部的扎尔玛-萨吾尔Cu-Au成矿带、中部的波谢库尔-成吉斯-谢米斯台Cu-Au-Be-U多金属成矿带和南部的北巴尔喀什-克拉玛依Cu-Mo-W-Au-Cr成矿带。新疆西准噶尔具有形成大型-超大型矿床的成矿系统和成矿条件,有望实现找矿勘探的更大突破。     

Gold potential of massive sulfide ores in the Kamennoozero structural unit,Eastern Karelia

Two types of massive sulfide ores have been identified in the Kamennoozero segment of the green-stone belt: (1) hydrothermal volcanic-sedimentary strata-bound ores with massive, banded, and disseminated structures and (2) massive, brecciated, and stringer-disseminated Au-bearing base-metal ores, crosscutting the rocks of the Vozhmozero Group. The strata-bound, slightly metamorphosed orebodies are located at several levels along the contact between the Kamennoozero and Kumbuksa groups in the deep fault zones of the same names. These ores are composed of pyrite and pyrrhotite, small amounts of chalcopyrite and sphalerite, and distinguished by low grades of base metals and not higher than 0.06 g/t Au. In the Lebyazhino and Svetloozero areas, close to the sulfide Cu-Ni ore hosted in ultramafic rocks, the strata-bound bodies contain pentlandite and are enriched in Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and up to 2.0–9.2 g/t Au. Brecciated and recrystallized pyrite ores contain up to 0.08–0.4% Sb and As, and up to 0.6–1 g/t Au in the Kumbuksa Fault Zone near Zolotye Porogi. The North Vozhma and Upper Vozhma base-metal massive sulfide occurrences, composed of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, galena, bornite, and chalcocite, are considered to be promising Au-bearing prospects. Some samples from the North Vozhma occurrence contain up to 1.2–2.8 g/t Au and up to 167 g/t Ag. A gold grade of up to 20 g/t has been detected in the Upper Vozhma occurrence. The potential gold resources of the North Vozhma occurrence are estimated at about 600 kg.     

Geology of gold-bearing skarn deposits in the middle and lower Yangtze River Valley and adjacent regions

The middle and lower Yangtze River Valley and adjacent regions are the most important metallogenic belt of gold (and copper)-bearing skarn deposits in China. The total gold reserves in this belt have been estimated at more than 600 t. The gold-bearing skarns are mainly distributed in the southeastern Hubei, Tongling and northern Anhui regions. Favorable tectonic settings are depressions and fold zones of the platforms, i.e., mobile belts. These skarns are hosted by platformal limestone, dolomitic limestone and dolomite of the Triassic, Carboniferous-Permian and Middle to Lower Cambrian formations. The related intrusions are Yenshanian (180 to 113 Ma) calc-alkaline quartz monzodiorite, granodiorite, quartz monzonite, monzogabbro, and their hybabyssal facies. The intrusions have high Fe₂O₃/FeO (>0.5) and intermediate initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7046 to 0.7087). Their REE distribution patterns are LREE-enriched and exhibit smooth, right-dipping curves. These suggest that the source materials mainly came from upper mantle, with contamination by sialic crustal components. The auriferous skarns are both calcic and magnesian, but calcic skarns are most common. The constituent minerals of the calcic skarns are diopside, garnet, wollastonite, vesuvianite and scapolite, whereas magnesian skarns are dominated by forsterite, spinel, diopside, phlogopite, chondrodite and clinohumite, with abundant superimposed serpentine, clinochlore and brucite. The compositions of coexisting pyroxenes and garnets are diopside and andradite, indicating the high oxygen fugacity and low acidity conditions. Gold is closely associated with Cu (Pb, Zn) sulfides and exists mainly in the form of native gold and electrum. Arsenides, tellurides, bismuthides and selenides are present in many ore deposits. Therefore, Cu, As, Bi, Te, Ag, Pb, Zn, Se and Co are the major metals present in the deposits and are important geochemical ore-searching indicators. In some Au (Fe, Cu) magnesian skarns, magnesiomagnetite, magnesioferrite and ludwigite are locally abundant. The metasomatic zoning in many gold skarn deposits is very distinct consisting of an outward sequence of: Fe (Cu)→Cu (Mo)→Cu (Au)→Au (Cu)→Au (Pb, Zn). The geologic characteristics of Au (Cu) skarn deposits that formed in the mobile platformal setting of China have distinct differences compared to Au skarns formed in orogenic belts at convergent plate margins in British Columbia and the western USA.     

新疆富蕴县乔夏哈拉铜(铁)金矿床地质与微量元素地球化学

笔者简单介绍了乔夏哈拉铜(铁)金矿床的基本成矿及其微量元素地球化学特征,指出其主矿体具有“垂向分带”及“铜、金向下同步富集”的特点,认为其容矿火山岩与中基性侵入岩脉具有基本相似的微量元素地球化学行为,铜、金矿石同其容矿火山岩相比具有相对贫K、Rb、Th、Ba,相对富W、Ni、Co、As、Sb、Zn及明显偏低的Th／Ta、La／Yb值。研究稀土元素地球化学,发现铜、金矿石具有明显不同于其容矿火山岩的强Eu富集,后期形成的地质体一般具有相对更为偏低的∑REE值。综合分析表明,该铜(铁)金矿床为一与“层状夕卡岩”有关的火山热液型“层控”矿床。     

阿尔泰克兰盆地VMS矿床的变形变质与碳质流体特征

阿尔泰南缘克兰火山-沉积盆地的泥盆纪VMS型矿床经历了石炭纪一二叠纪同造山的区域变质和热液叠加改造作用,同构造石英脉和穿切层状铅锌矿化的脉状铜矿化很发育.矿石中反映压力-重结晶作用的各种结构构造发育,包括碎斑结构、交代结构、斑状变晶结构和碎裂结构,以及塑性流动构造或皱纹构造、压力影等.对铁木尔特、大东沟铅锌(铜)矿床的包裹体研究表明,在矿化构造岩和晚期硫化物石英脉中发育极丰富的碳质(CO2-(CH4-N2)流体.与碳质流体共生的LCO2-LH2O型包裹体均一温度为243.1～412.1℃(铁木尔特)和209～430℃(大东沟),碳质流体的捕获压力估计为180～300 MPa.这些特征与区域变质的温压条件相当,与VMS无关.同步辐射X射线荧光(SRXRF)单个包裹体的重金属微量元素初步对比分析表明,造山型萨热阔布金矿的碳质流体中检出有Au、As,而在VMS矿床中没有检出,说明碳质流体在区域变质过程中对A-u成矿有贡献.     

Geology and Geochemistry of Highly Metamorphosed Footwall Alteration Zones in the Hongtoushan Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit,Liaoning Province,China

The Hongtoushan Archean Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, which was metamorphosed (3.0–2.8 Ga) to upper amphibolite facies at temperatures between 600 and 650°C, occurs in the Hunbei granite–greenstone terrane, Liaoning Province of NE China. Stratiform cordierite–anthophyllite gneiss (CAG) that occurs hundreds of meters below the ore horizon in the Hongtoushan district corresponds to the metamorphosed semi‐conformable alteration zone of the VMS hydrothermal system, whereas the CAG that contains abundant deformed sulfide‐bearing quartz veins immediately below the main ore layer represents the metamorphosed discordant alteration zone. Whole‐rock geochemistry indicates that stratiform CAG was derived ultimately from five lithologies (basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite), while discordant CAG derived from a single lithology (rhyolite). Amphibolite and biotite‐rich gneiss are identified as a metamorphosed least‐altered precursor for these CAGs. Mass change calculation indicates that, compared to the least‐altered rocks, stratiform CAG is enriched in Fe and Mg, and depleted in Na, K, Ca, Cu, Pb and Zn, while discordant CAG is enriched in Fe, Mg, Si, Na, Pb, Cu and Zn, and depleted in K. HREE and HFSE (Zr, Ti, Nb and Ta) behaved inertly during submarine alteration, whereas Rb, Sr, Ba and LREE (especially Eu) were leached off. Both stratiform and discordant CAGs are depleted in ¹⁸O, with values up to 7‰ lower than their corresponding least‐altered precursors. Addition of Fe, Mg, and depletion of Ca, K, Sr, and ¹⁸O, indicate that hydrothermal alteration for both types of CAGs was characterized by chloritization prior to metamorphism. Stratiform CAG could be used to evaluate the mineralization potential of VMS in metamorphic terranes, while discordant CAG containing sulfide‐bearing quartz veins could be a good indication for overlying stratiform massive sulfide ores as well as an exploration target itself.     

Cyclic ore formation of some volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the skellefte district,Sweden

The Näsliden and Rävliden deposits in the Skellefte field consist of stratiform massive sulfide ores associated with submarine volcanic and clastic rocks. The ores are pretectonic. Consequently, the orebodies are considered to have formed syngenetically with deposition of the host rocks. Banding and interlayering with host sediments are common features. Cu : Zn and Zn : Pb ratios of the ores show stratigraphically and laterally defined trends. Cu : Pb : Zn ratios correspond with those found in other deposits of volcanogenic origin. Nonstratiform breccia Cu mineralizations occur directly under the massive stratiform ores in the footwall rocks where hydrothermal alteration is strongest. Ore formation took place intermittently resulting in clusters of ore systems occurring at slightly different stratigraphical levels within each deposit.     

The role of ophiolite in metallogeny of the Sikhote-Alin region

Metalliferous sediments of the Triassic siliceous formation of the Sikhote-Alin (manganese-silicate rocks and cherts with dispersed rhodochrosite, silicate-magnetite ores, and jasper) and skarns of the Dalnegorsk and Olginsk ore districts were initially the wash away products (Late Anisian-end of the Triassic) of the lateritic weathering crust on ophiolite in the islands. Manganese, iron, and other metals were deposited in the sediments of both lagoons (present-day, skarns) and island water areas (manganese-silicate and siliceousrhodochrosite rocks, silicate-magnetite ores, and jasper). Skarns contain boric and polymetallic ores thus indicating the occurrence of both shallow (periodically drying up) and quite deep (with hydrogen sulfide contamination zones) lagoons. Lead was deposited in protoliths of the skarn deposits in lagoons from the beginning of the Carboniferous to the beginning of the Late Anisian (initial island submergence). Tin, tin-leadzinc (with Ag), and silver-lead-zinc (with Sn and Au) vein deposits (Late Cretaceous-Paleogene) of the Taukha and Zhuravlevka Terrains contain lead deposited in the sediments flanking the islands of water areas with the hydrogen sulfide contamination zones, in the Carboniferous-Permian and Triassic metalliferous sediments.     

煎茶岭硫化镍矿床的铂族元素地球化学特征及其意义

采用ICP-MS分析方法对煎茶岭硫化镍矿床岩石及矿石的铂族元素地球化学研究表明,煎茶岭矿床蛇纹岩的Cu/Pd值低于原生地幔岩浆的Cu/Pd值,说明岩浆熔离作用较弱,其Au/Pd值反映存在后期变质热液成矿作用镍矿石的Pd/Ir比值变化较小,指示其多数矿石属于岩浆型,尽管岩浆活动弱,但以岩浆成矿作用为主。该硫化镍矿床的铂族元素特征参数(Pt/(Pt Pd)、(Pt Pd)/(Ru Ir Os)、Pd/Ir及Cu/(Ni Cu)等)具有过渡特征,这与其处于过渡的构造环境、特殊的岩浆性质和复杂的成矿作用有关煎茶岭镍矿床成矿过程中有壳源物质的混染,整体上岩、矿石铂族元素含量较低,这与其岩浆熔离作用弱,PGE成矿作用不发育等因素有关     

Fluid Evolution and Ore‐forming Processes of the Jiama Cu Deposit,Tibet: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions

The Jiama deposit is a large copper deposit in Tibet. Mineralization occurs in three different host rocks: skarn, hornfels and porphyry. A detailed fluid inclusion study was conducted for veins in the different host rocks to investigate the relationship between fluid evolution and ore-forming processes. Based on examination of cores from 36 drill holes, three types of veins(A, B and D) were identified in the porphyries, four types(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ andⅣ) in the skarn, and three(a, b and c) in the hornfels. The crosscutting relationships of the veins and that of the host rocks suggest two hydrothermal stages, one early and one late stage. Fluid inclusions indicate that the Jiama hydrothermal fluid system underwent at least two episodes of fluid boiling. The first boiling event occurred during the early hydrothermal stage, as recorded by fluid inclusions hosted in type A veins in the porphyries, type a veins in the hornfels, and wollastonite in the skarns. This fluid boiling event was associated with relatively weak mineralization. The second boiling event occurred in the late hydrothermal stage, as determined from fluid inclusions hosted in type B and D veins in the porphyries, type Ⅰ to Ⅳ veins in the skarns, and type b and c veins in the hornfels. This late boiling event, together with mixing with meteoric water, was responsible for more than 90% of the metal accumulation in the deposit. The first boiling only occurred in the central part of the deposit and the second boiling event took place across an entire interlayered structural zone between hornfels and marble. A spatial zoning of ore-elements is evident, and appears to be related to different migration pathways and precipitation temperatures of Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Au and Ag.     

火山次火山岩型银矿床的基本地质特征

火山、次火山岩型银矿床储量约占全国银总储量的80％,是我国重要的银矿床类型。该类型矿床均分布于地洼区的不同构造单元的交接部位。结合地洼构造单元分区,将47个银矿床划分为东南、华中、五台—南兴安岭、吉辽、额尔古纳和滇西等6个银成矿区带。运用地洼成矿理论,初步总结了火山、次火山岩型银矿床产布,矿物组合,赋存形式和载体矿物以及成矿机构等方面的基本地质特征。     

Metamorphic-hydrothermal parkerite and associated minerals in the Noril’sk ore field

In the Noril’sk ore field, parkerite is a characteristic mineral of sulfide ore that metamorphosed under conditions of zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies and of arsenide-calcite veins. The mineral occurs in ores containing bornite, anhydrite, magnetite, mackinawite (3–5 wt % Ni), valleriite, calcite, ankerite, native silver, native bismuth, violarite, Te-rich bismutohauchecornite, cupropentlandite enriched in Fe, Pd-rich breithauptite (1.5–2.5 wt % Pd), galena enriched in Cu (3.8 wt % Cu), and Ni arsenides and antimonides. Parkerite occurs in those place, where the primary ores have contained pockets and veins of graphic galena and chalcopyrite aggregates with associated Pt-Pd-Au-Ag minerals. Parkerite metacrysts in galena and Fe-Cu-Ni sulfides contain 6–16 and up to 5 wt % Pb, respectively. Parkerite rims replacing PGM aggregates and galena contain 1–3 wt % Pb. In calcite veins hosted in metamorphosed sulfide ores, parkerite is associated with native silver and bismuth, maucherite, cobaltite, chalcocite, and uraninite. Parkerite from these veins contains up to 0.5 wt % Pb. Thus, the Pb and Bi contents in parkerite basically depend on those of replaced minerals. Rare bismutohauchecornite is associated with parkerite.     

安徽铜陵天马山金硫矿床地质地球化学特征

安徽铜陵天马山金硫矿床发育上部层状矿体和下部网脉状矿体, 地球化学特征呈现出明显的垂向变化和二元结构性。从下部网脉状矿化岩石到上部层状矿石, Pb、Zn、Au、Ag、As、Hg等含量和δ18O值总体逐渐增高, Cu、Mo、Cr、Co、Ni、REE等含量和成矿温度499℃→65℃及δ34S值总体呈逐渐降低趋势。黄铁矿的δ34S值为+4.0‰~+9.6‰, 上部层状块状矿石中方解石和石英的δ18O平均值为+13.7‰, 下部网脉状矿化岩矿石中脉石英或全岩δ18O平均值为+12.3‰。地质地球化学特征反映天马山金硫矿床为海底热水喷流沉积成因。     

Noble-metal ore genesis and mantle–crust interaction

The mineral and geochemical compositions of noble-metal (first of all, gold) deposits of the Fennoscandian, Siberian, and Northeast Asian orogenic belts are considered. These deposits are of several types: Au (disseminated Au–sulfide and Au–quartz), Au–Bi, Au–Ag, Au–Sb, Ag–Sb, Au–Sb–Hg, and Ag–Hg. They formed in different geodynamic settings as a result of the active motion of crustal tectonic blocks of different nature. Subduction processes (both at the front and at the rear of continent-marginal and island-arc magmatic arcs) resulted in Au–Ag, Ag–Sb, Ag–Hg, Au–Sb–Hg, and Au–Bi deposits. Collision events gave rise to Au and Au–Bi deposits. Intraplate continental rifting and formation of orogenic belts along the boundaries of block (plate) sliding led to the origin of Au and Au–Bi ores in association with Au–Ag, Au–Sb–Hg, and complex ores. In all cases, the formation of noble-metal mineralization was accompanied by magmatism of different types and metamorphism. Because of this diversity of ores, there is no single concept of the genesis of noble-metal mineralization. Several competing models of genesis exist: hydrothermal-metamorphic, pluton-metamorphic, plutonic, activity of mantle fluid flows, and multistage concentration during the crust–mantle interaction with the leading role of sedimentary complexes.     

江西永平铜矿床蚀变矿化分带、矿石组构及成矿过程

江西永平铜矿床位于江山-绍兴断裂带南缘、北武夷山燕山早期岩浆岩与海西期-印支期信江断裂坳陷带接合带,是一个伴生S-W-Pb-Zn多矿种的层状铜矿床。逆冲推覆构造控制着矿区内晚古生代地层、燕山期岩浆岩及矿体的空间分布,即基底周潭群逆冲推覆到晚古生界地层上,燕山早期黑云母花岗岩-花岗闪长岩、石英斑岩、花岗斑岩等沿逆冲推覆断面侵入,矿体呈层状产在矽卡岩化石炭系叶家湾组中。矿体围岩主要是石榴石矽卡岩、千枚状页岩及矽卡岩化大理岩。本文从矽卡岩分带、矿石组构等方面来刻画永平铜矿成矿精细过程。永平铜矿矿区的探采工程揭示,以火烧岗岩体为中心向外,蚀变矿物组合、石榴石颜色及矽卡岩的含矿性等表现出明显的分带规律,即从岩体到围岩有:石榴石→透辉石→硅灰石矽卡岩矿物分带;红色→棕色→绿色的石榴石颜色分带;矽卡岩含矿性先增加后降低,其中矿体主要在(红)棕色石榴石矽卡岩呈条带状或网脉状产出。矽卡岩型和变质砂页岩型矿石的矿石矿物组成均与硫化物-石英大脉(～10m)中矿石矿物组成相同或相似,均为黄铁矿-白钨矿-(方铅矿)-闪锌矿-黄铜矿,且生成顺序一致,说明矿区内不同类型的矿石是同一成矿热液体系在不同围岩类型及控矿构造中的产物。永平铜矿成矿过程可划分为石榴石、(磁)赤铁矿阶段、白钨矿阶段、铁铜硫化物阶段、铅锌硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段等六个阶段,其中石榴石阶段形成矽卡岩分带,在该阶段晚期形成磁黄铁矿-铁闪石-(黄铜矿)-石英块状矿石;(磁)赤铁矿阶段发育磁铁矿、赤铁矿;白钨矿阶段形成白钨矿及少量黑钨矿;铁铜硫化物阶段是铜硫矿主要矿化阶段,形成块状及脉状黄铜矿矿石;铅锌硫化物阶段是成矿晚期阶段;碳酸盐阶段代表原生成矿过程结束。