南北同枯场景下南水北调中线丹江口水库供水调度方式

南北同枯场景下南水北调中线丹江口水库供水调度是保障水源工程有效供给、优化配置供水水源的重要课题,如何科学制定不同供水对象的供水水量、兼顾水源区及受水区用水需求、充分发挥丹江口水利枢纽的调蓄作用,是南水北调中线工程功能效益发挥的关键.以南水北调中线水源工程丹江口水库为研究对象,深入分析了中线工程通水后丹江口水库供水现状及面临的技术难题,从而提出南北同枯场景的判别标准及相应水库供水调度的方法,揭示了汉江中下游、清泉沟和南水北调中线供水对水库起始供水水位的响应机理,提出"蓄丰补枯、均衡减少"的方法是南北同枯场景下丹江口水库的供水调度方式,不同供水起始水位及供水方式情况下供水调度仿真结果表明,本文所得结论可为丹江口水库在实际运行中制定调度方案提供参考.     

宝鸡─彭县、天水─宝轮地区活动断裂调查与地震危险性分析

经过对宝鸡─彭县、天水—宝轮地区进行详细的实地调查，对重点地段开展了槽探和剥土，采集年代样及构造岩薄片样，实测河流阶地位相剖面，同时还搜集了遥感图象解译等资料和研究区前人所作工作成果．在此基础上对该区进行了地质构造背景分析、断裂活动性评价、全新世断裂发展能力与位移量评估及区内六个重点区的地震危险性分析．研究区地处川、陕、甘三省交界区，以前很少系统、统一的开展地震地质工作，本次研究成果的整理发表，可供同行讨论和有关方面参考。     

基于典型生命线工程震害评定地震烈度的研究

目前,《中国地震烈度表》(2008)对地震烈度的评定,依靠人的感觉、房屋震害、其他震害现象及水平地震动参数等指标。随着社会的发展、生命线地震工程研究的深入,在震后依据现行地震烈度表判定某地区的烈度时,存在一些不足之处。在这种背景条件下,考虑在地震烈度表中引入一些典型的生命线工程指标,用于辅助地震区地震烈度的评定,有一定的社会需求。本文以生命线工程地震烈度评定为研究的切入点,选择系统中典型结构物或设备进行地震烈度的评定,主要工作内容及成果如下:(1)对我国破坏性地震中典型桥梁震害进行了详细的分析,按照桥梁的结构形式、地震烈度、破坏部位、破坏部位的数量、桥梁的破坏等级、是否发生间接震害等分类整理汇总。根据现有桥梁的占有量,选择两类主要的桥梁类型——梁式桥和拱桥作为研究对象,以地震烈度为基本分类依据,寻找梁式桥和拱桥宏观震害与地震烈度间的关系。经统计分析,得到各烈度下梁式桥和拱桥出现各种震害的概率;得到各烈度下梁式桥和拱桥在完好、轻微、中等、严重和毁坏等5种破坏等级下出现的概率;得到各破坏等级下桥梁不同部位出现震害的概率;得到在各烈度下桥梁出现破坏部位种类的概率。将统计得到的概率简化,采用"个别、少数、多数、绝大多数"等不定量数词对各种震害或破坏等级进行限定,依据桥梁的破坏等级和破坏部位两种震害方式评价地震烈度,给出基于桥梁震害评定地震烈度的建议指标。该建议指标与现行地震烈度表模式相近,不定量数词范围定义一致,为地震烈度表中引入生命线工程的评价指标提供参考。(2)对我国破坏性地震中的变电站内的电力设备进行了广泛而细致的震害分析,总结电力设备的自身结构形状及材料构成特点,通过比较和综合归纳、统计分析,对变电站中变压器本体位移、变压器套管、断路器、隔离开关、CT、PT和避雷器等设备宏观震害进行研究,按照不同烈度进行分类统计。得到各烈度下各类设备震害出现的概率;判断各变电站的破坏等级,并得到各烈度下变电站出现完好、轻微、中等、严重和毁坏等5种破坏等级的概率;得到变电站各破坏等级下各设备出现震害的概率;得到各烈度下变电站内出现破坏设备种类的概率。将统计得到的概率简化,采用"个别、少数、多数、绝大多数"等不定量数词对电力设备各种震害或变电站的破坏等级进行限定,依据变电站的破坏等级和电力设备震害两种方式评价地震烈度,给出依据电力设备震害评定地震烈度的建议指标。该指标与现行地震烈度表模式相近,不定量数词范围定义一致,为地震烈度表中引入生命线工程的评价指标提供参考。(3)对我国破坏性地震中的供水管道进行了广泛而细致的震害分析,对国内外供水管道震害进行分析,总结其震害特点和震害规律。由于供水管道在地震中的易损程度较高,在VI度区庭院管道就可能发生破坏,且随地震烈度的增大,管道破坏也相应加重。此外,供水管道的震害受地震动参数、场地条件、管材特征、管材的设计、使用年限和施工质量等多种因素的影响,统计时很难给出精准的关系。本文从供水管道的区域平均破坏率和系统功能状态为切入点,对国内供水管道震害进行分析和统计,总结震害规律。选择单位长度内管道的破坏处数进行统计,得到各烈度下的供水管道破坏等级;总结各烈度下供水管线的震后水压、漏损率和功能失效时间一级系统功能恢复的难易程度,大范围内衡量了管道震害破坏程度。参考日本和前苏联地震烈度表中对管道的描述,结合震后供水管道的破坏等级和功能失效模式给出基于供水管道震害评定地震烈度的建议指标。(4)应用定性比较分析方法,找出各级地震烈度下,桥梁各电力设备中选定的震害之间的因果联系,确定各破坏同时出现的概率,相较于传统统计方法得到的"和/或"结论更为合理。这是定性比较分析方法在地震工程学领域的初次使用,为今后该方法在地震工程领域的应用奠定了一些基础。本文研究给出的建议指标与现行地震烈度表模式相近,不定量数词范围定义一致,可为地震烈度表中引入生命线工程的评定指标提供参考。     

地面高精度磁测在信阳地区地质调查中的应用

信阳地区位于秦岭造山带东段,横跨华北板块与扬子板块.通过在该地区开展地面高精度磁法测量工作,以高精度磁测ΔT等值线平面图为基础,运用化极、向上延拓等技术手段提取与地质相关的磁场信息,缩小重点调查范围,提高了在该地区进行地质调查工作效率.本文详细介绍了在该地区进行地面高精度磁测的工作方法.对区内磁异常进行了分类和评价,本次工作以正磁异常为主圈定了28个磁异常,按其分布范围与地质单元的关系分为5类.研究区内磁场特征和磁异常的分布特征与地层、岩体及构造带的分布特征相吻合,区内磁场按磁场强度分为4个类型:平稳磁场区、弱磁场区、带状强磁场和零乱磁场区.根据磁场特征,结合野外地质调查,在研究区推测隐伏岩体3处;从灵山岩体中解体出李家寨岩体,并根据磁场形态完整性特征确定了两者侵入早晚关系.     

南海东部几种典型海底地貌特征的研究与认识

近年在南海东部80~1500 m水深区进行了许多场址的工程物探调查项目,基于对这些项目侧扫声呐地貌资料的解释和研究,本文对研究区内的几种典型地貌特征进行了梳理和分析.研究区内海底地貌特征分布广泛、种类众多,其中常见的底质异常、沙波、海底光缆、硬质海底、崎岖地形与滑坡、断层等是研究区内具有代表性的典型地貌特征.本文目的是通过研究不同区块、不同类型的地貌特征,提高对海底地貌特征的认识,分析其对于海底工程活动可能存在的潜在危害和影响,有效提升地貌资料研究评价的准确性和可靠性,为以后在类似区域进行海底灾害地质研究提供参考和借鉴.     

大连市普湾新区地震小区划研究

在区域、近场区地震活动资料整理分析以及地震构造发育和活动性调查、研究的基础上,通过地震危险性分析、场地地震工程地质条件探查、地震反应分析计算等系统性研究工作,对大连市普湾新区规划区进行了地震小区划,所取得的成果能够为开展中强地震区的地震小区划提供参考。     

北京市地下水资源开采的现状和问题

目前北京市地下水资源已处在多年超量开采、地质环境质量不断下降的状况,建议：第四系地下水不宜扩大开采,应急水源地不应作为常规后备水源使用,北京市需依靠节水、扩大再生水利用、实施水资源联合调蓄等一系列措施解决北京市水资源问题,同时结合科学合理确定城市规模,调整经济产业结构等措施,启动涵养恢复地下水资源等工程,保证首都的供水安全。     

电震联合法在涪陵裂隙溶洞调查中的应用研究

涪陵页岩气勘查开发区内地层以碳酸盐岩为主,地下存在裂隙、溶洞、暗河等是该区要识别、防范的重要地质隐患。本文分析了音频大地电磁法（AMT）探测和浅层纵波反射地震勘探法的特点,明确了不同方法对裂隙溶洞调查的优缺点,认为电震联合裂隙溶洞调查的方法是获得区内异常构造与电阻率、波阻抗对应关系的有效途径。通过两个应用实例,解析区内地下500 m深的地层、地质构造和裂隙溶洞水的赋存规律,勘探结果可靠,展示综合物探对碳酸盐岩岩溶地层的研究能力,推进西南岩溶缺水区物探找水技术的发展,使基础地质调查广泛应用于涪陵页岩气勘查开发及远景规划,社会效益显著。      

陕西铜川新区地震小区划工程地质分区

陕西铜川市新区位于黄土高原和关中盆地的交接地带,地貌单元主要为黄土台塬。基于野外地质调查、钻孔勘探、工程地质剖面、剪切波速测试、土工试验、地基土物理力学测试、地脉动测试等工程地质条件勘测资料,结合场地地形地貌,得到了铜川新区场地工程地质分区,共分为3个一级工程地质分区和5个二级工程地质亚区。该结果为铜川新区地震小区划场地土层地震反应分析、设计地震动参数的确定及地震地质灾害评价提供基础资料,也为类似工作的开展提供了借鉴。     

水工隧洞综合超前地质预报应用对比研究

近年来,一大批大型水利水电工程正在或即将投入建设,这些工程中存在大量长大隧洞和特大型地下厂房(硐室群),在施工过程中常常伴随着突水突泥、塌方、岩爆等安全事故风险.针对目前对常用的隧洞超前地质预报方法缺乏系统的适应性研究的问题,首次将国内外常用的8种超前预报技术针对同一个探测对象开展了现场试验研究工作,并分析对比了各种物探方法的探测效果.本文创新地提出了同心圆等炮检距垂直反射法观测系统,同时开展了电火花震源适应性试验研究工作.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

Resistivity methods in geothermal prospecting in Iceland

Resistivity techniques have been used successfully to identify and delineate geothermal resources in Iceland. The most frequently used techniques include Schlumberger, central loop TEM and head-on profiling. Geothermal systems in Iceland are located both within and outsite the active volcanic regions. Outsite the active volcanic regions the temperature in the upper most kilometer of the geothermal systems is below 150° C whereas the temperature in the geothermal fields within the active volcanic regions exceeds 200° C. The resistivity of the rock in geothermal fields located outside the active volcanic regions ranges from about 10 m to some hundreds of m, and are characterized by considerably lower resistivity than of the surrounding rocks. Most of the geothermal systems within the active volcanic regions, show common resistivity structure with low resistivity of 1–5 m surrounding an inner core of higher resistivity. This increasing resistivity with depth is associated with a change in the conduction mechanism, from interface conduction to electrolyte conduction due to a change in alteration minerals at about 240° C. Examples of resistivity surveys of geothermal fields from both outsite and within the active volcanic regions are discussed.