东昆仑阿其克库勒湖地区的逆冲扩展作用

东昆仑西段是我国西北地区地质研究程度较低的地区之一。通过典型剖面的构造分析，可以得出下列几点重要认识：①东昆仑西段具有十分发育的断裂构造系统，逆冲扩展、正滑作用和拆离作用是该区的主要变形事件。②逆冲断裂起始于晚石炭世和晚三叠世—早侏罗世时期，但强烈活动发生在库木库里盆地强烈坳陷的中新世—第四纪时期。③该区北向逆冲扩展作用和南向正滑作用并存的构造格局，和青藏高原北部的总体构造格局相一致，与青藏高原南缘喜马拉雅地区的的构造格局也十分类似，但逆冲扩展方向相反，强烈逆冲扩展作用都发生在中—上新世至第四纪印度板块与欧亚板块强烈碰撞和青藏高原急剧隆升时期。这种方向相反的逆冲扩展和正滑作用揭示青藏高原深层物质向南、北两侧对称式扩展和表层物质向高原腹地重力滑动的运动学特征。因此该区断裂构造系统的建立对研究青藏高原北部的深部作用过程，建立青藏高原隆升的统一的地球动力学模式提供了一种思路。     

东昆仑阿其克库勒湖地区的逆冲扩展作用

东昆仑西段是我国西北地区地质研究程度较低的地区之一。通过典型剖面的构造分析,可以得出下列几点重要认识:①东昆仑西段具有十分发育的断裂构造系统,逆冲扩展、正滑作用和拆离作用是该区的主要变形事件。②逆冲断裂起始于晚石炭世和晚三叠世早侏罗世时期,但强烈活动发生在库木库里盆地强烈坳陷的中新世第四纪时期。③该区北向逆冲扩展作用和南向正滑作用并存的构造格局,和青藏高原北部的总体构造格局相一致,与青藏高原南缘喜马拉雅地区的构造格局也十分类似,但逆冲扩展方向相反,强烈逆冲扩展作用都发生在中—上新世至第四纪印度板块与欧亚板块强烈碰撞和青藏高原急剧隆升时期。这种方向相反的逆冲扩展和正滑作用揭示青藏高原深层物质向南、北两侧对称式扩展和表层物质向高原腹地重力滑动的运动学特征。因此该区断裂构造系统的建立对研究青藏高原北部的深部作用过程,建立青藏高原隆升的统一的地球动力学模式提供了一种思路。     

青藏高原东缘新构造及其对汶川地震的控制作用

基于卫星遥感图像解译、地形起伏度分析和地面调查资料,论述了青藏高原东缘构造地貌格局、新构造演化阶段和活动断裂特征,提出青藏高原东缘不同地块在晚新生代时期有序的向东挤出过程,并划分为4个阶段：中新世早期川滇地块向北东挤出、中新世晚期川滇地块的再次强烈向东挤出、上新世至早中更新世时期川青地块的向东挤出、晚更新世以来最新构造变动阶段,青藏高原东缘地貌边界带也经历了由西向东、由南向北的有规律的迁移过程。基于活动构造的最新研究成果和现今GPS测量成果,阐述了东昆仑岷山龙门山走滑逆冲断裂系统的运动学特征。根据地震破裂构造的实地调查,分析了汶川地震的地表破裂行为,提出了汶川地震的发震构造模型。研究认为,青藏高原东部地区NW向楔状条块向东运动速度的一半被鲜水河断裂及其北西延伸的构造带所吸收,而龙门山构造带向东运动受阻于四川盆地之下扬子刚性地块,使得龙门山断裂带处在低应变、高应力环境下,因长期应力应变累积而导致向西陡倾的断裂带突然向东逆冲运动而释放能量。汶川强震发生的深部机理值得深入研究。     

青藏高原构造动力及变形机制的弹性有限元分析

利用现今青藏高原地质和地球物理研究成果,本文建立了垂直高原总体构造走向的南北向直立剖面的有限元模型,其根据实际资料,划分成分层和有限单元。在此模型基础上进行弹性材料的计算模拟和分析。 印度板块向北运动挤压、高原北部岩石圈阻碍及软流圈拖曳是青藏高原北移变形、隆升和地壳增厚的动力机制;重力及其均衡调整作用是地体间相对运动和地体内差异运动的主要动力,另外青藏高原还受地壳和上地幔结构构造的影响。计算模拟还得到了一些有实际意义的结果,如活动的地质构造和地球物理现象的分带集中、主边界和雅鲁藏布江等地体边界断裂的逆冲性质、各地体南部地表的南倾正断层及喜马拉雅山南坡向南的重力推覆等。     

那拉提断裂晚第四纪活动及其反映的天山内部构造变形

对天山内部大型断裂带晚第四纪以来变形特征的研究是认知天山现今构造变形特征的重要途径。在大比例尺遥感影像解译的基础上,利用野外调查测量、探槽开挖及热释光测年的方法,对那拉提断裂进行了研究。那拉提断裂是一条晚第四纪以来仍有较强活动的大型逆冲左旋走滑断裂带,断裂带宽度巨大,由多条倾向不同的次级断裂组成,分布在南北宽数公里的范围内,这些滑动面是逆冲走滑断裂在地表分散形成的"正花状"构造。晚第四纪期间,那拉提断裂曾多次发生过断错地表的强震事件,是天山内部一条重要的地震构造带。断裂断错了那拉提山前晚第四纪以来的各级地貌面,主要表现为断层陡坎、冲沟水系和地貌面的左旋位移,根据实测陡坎高度和对应地貌面的定年,获得断裂所造成的南北向地壳缩短速率在O.8~1.1mm/a左右,表明天山内部同样存在明显的构造变形。结合目前已有的地震地质研究资料,对天山山前和天山内部吸收的变形量分配进行了讨论,认为天山南北两侧山前对变形量的吸收调节作用并不显著高于天山内部。那拉提断裂具有左旋走滑特征的发现,对于理解天山现今变形方式以及应变分配具有重要的意义。     

岷江断裂带晚新生代逆冲推覆构造：来自钻孔的证据

岷江断裂带由2个不同性质的断裂组成:早期岷江逆冲断裂和晚期岷江正断裂。野外地质调查和钻孔资料发现在岷江西侧山麓之下存在一套厚度大于110m的早更新世灰黑色湖相地层,三叠系灰岩逆掩在这套湖相地层之上。由此确定岷江断裂是一条西倾的逆冲断层,逆冲作用发生在中更新世之前。在中更新世时期,岷江逆冲断裂发生构造负反转,在其前缘形成一条东倾的正断层,它控制了岷江上游漳腊盆地的发育。本文认为,岷山地区现今地震活动并非受控于岷江断裂带,而可能受到虎牙断裂及岷山隆起深部滑脱构造的控制,岷江断裂带位于该深部滑脱构造的上部。进而认为逆冲—推覆构造样式可能是青藏高原东缘晚新生代造山和快速隆升的主要变形机制。     

青藏铁路风火山段晚第四纪断裂活动分析

地表地质调查发现,第四纪期间在风火山逆冲-褶皱构造带以发生近东西向的伸展变形为特征。在该构造带中形成切割早期近东西向挤压变形构造带、指示近东西向伸展变形、整体沿北60°东向展布的二道沟断陷盆地。断裂活动的地质、地貌证据表明,控制该盆地晚第四纪断陷的主边界断裂位于其北缘,是一条断续延伸达24 km左右、可能兼具左旋走滑性质的正断层。根据该区晚第四纪沉积物的分布和时代,并对断裂所错动的晚第四纪地质-地貌体进行初步的年代学分析,可以初步断定该断裂的晚第四纪垂直活动速率应该介于0.2~0.4 mm/a之间。     

青藏高原现今岩石圈的三维应变

根据质量守恒原理,建立恒定体积条件下青藏高原岩石圈三维应变计算模型,模型以GPS资料提供的水平位移速率作为地表的边界约束.计算结果表明,青藏高原现今岩石圈的变形仍以南北向挤压缩短增厚为主,东西向伸展吸收的南北缩短量＜30%.高原岩石圈深部的变形总体遵循粘滞性应变模型.综合层析成像资料和钾质、过碱性钾质火山作用的时空分布规律,提出岩石圈脉动增厚-减薄的高原隆升机制.     

青藏高原新生代形成演化的整合模型——来自火成岩的约束

深部过程是青藏高原演化的主导因素,其他地质过程都可以看作是对深部过程的响应。因此,一个构造旋回(阶段)的地球动力学事件链可以概括为深部地质过程—幔源岩浆活动—壳源岩浆活动—陆壳增厚—地表隆升—表层剥蚀与沉积,其中幔源岩浆活动的研究成为追索青藏高原演化历史的关键环节。据此,青藏高原演化的关键性时间坐标为80、45、27、17、9和4Ma。青藏高原新生代火成岩具有三种展布形式:与雅鲁藏布缝合带平行的岩浆带、沿深大断裂展布的岩浆带和藏北离散性岩浆分布区,它们分别受控于大陆碰撞、大规模走滑和岩石圈拆沉构造体制,且都受控于印度—亚洲软流圈汇聚过程。据此,文中提出了一个描述青藏高原演化的整合模型:南北向地幔对流汇聚控制了岩石圈块体的相对运动,并最终导致印度—亚洲大陆的碰撞和沿碰撞带的大规模岩浆活动;碰撞之初(白垩纪末期),大陆岩石圈块体的刚性属性有利于应力的远程传递和块体旋转,沿块体边界分布的大型走滑断裂控制了岩浆活动的发生;随着挤压过程的持续进行,岩石圈块体的受热和变形,高原岩石圈的重力不稳定性增加,最终导致拆沉作用和软流圈物质的大规模上涌以及藏北高原的离散性岩浆活动。在高原演化中,岩石圈拆沉作用具有重要意义,许多地质事件的发生都与此有关。同时,软流圈的汇聚还导致软流圈物质的向东挤出,并因此造成青藏高原岩石圈的向东挤出和晚新生代的伸展构造。     

2017年九寨沟Ms7.0地震揭示青藏高原东缘岷山地区一条新的左旋走滑断裂

2017年8月8日,青藏高原东缘川西九寨沟地区发生Ms7.0地震。基于震源机制解和余震分布特征,结合历史地震和区域新构造分析,揭示了一条新的左旋走滑断裂:九寨沟-虎牙断裂,该断裂斜切岷山隆起,呈弧形展布,北接塔藏罗叉断裂,南连虎牙断裂,是东昆仑左旋走滑断裂的最新东延。新构造研究结果表明,第四纪以来,青藏高原东部巴颜喀拉地块向东挤出,在其东缘岷山地区边界运动学性质发生了明显的转换:早-中更新世之交的昆黄运动时期（1.0~0.6Ma）,向东挤出运动主要转换为地壳缩短变形和块体隆升,沿岷山隆起东西两侧发生逆冲断裂作用;而自晚更新世晚期以来（ca 120 ka）,地块向东挤出伴随着块体顺时针旋转,构造变形以左旋走滑活动为主,主要集中在塔藏-九寨沟-虎牙断裂带。新构造运动性质的转换使得一些早期强烈活动的断裂,如岷江断裂、漳扎断裂等,其现今活动性明显减弱,而新的左旋走滑断裂正在孕育诞生。这一活动断裂演化图像的新认识为本地区未来强震评估和预测提供了新的视角。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)