Dominant winter-time mesospheric wave signatures over a low latitude station,Hawaii (20.8°N): An investigation

We utilize mesospheric O₂ airglow emission intensity and temperature data collected during January–February 2003 on 17 consecutive nights from Maui, Hawaii (20.8°N, 156.2°W) to study the dominant and long period wave features at mesospheric altitudes. Apart from large day-to-day variability, it is found that nocturnal data for the period under consideration was dominated by a terdiurnal tide-like wave. Together, a quasi 5-day wave is also noticed with significant amplitude.     

Bursts of Geomagnetic Pulsations and Night Atmosphere Airglow Caused by Solar Wind Pressure Changes During a Magnetospheric Storm

Doklady Earth Sciences - The dynamics of geomagnetic disturbances and optical airglow at mid-latitude observatories near Irkutsk during a strong magnetospheric storm in the night sector on October...     

大气臭氧遥感中光化学模型及其反应系数解算

奇氧族光化学模型是描述臭氧浓度与氧红外波段气辉体发射率关系的微分方程,结合气辉遥感数据可反演大气臭氧浓度剖面。介绍了以大气动力学与奇氧族光化学为基本原理的O₂a¹Δ_g)光化学模型。采用一种新提出的斜路径积分法计算了光学厚度,从而完成了光化学模型反应系数的解算。针对系数求解计算量巨大的问题,提出建立纬度-高度-太阳天顶角三维系数查找表。利用传统方法和斜路径积分法计算光学厚度比较结果表明,随天顶角增加,偏差由天顶角80°时12%急剧增加至88.7°时的100%,且新方法不会出现负值等结果。系数查找表的建立,可省去实际应用中重复设定参数进行的复杂计算过程。     

Excitation of electromagnetic lower hybrid instability in the region of bouncing electron beams

The region of bouncing electron beams in the earth’s magnetosphere can be unstable against a non-resonant electromagnetic lower hybrid instability. The instability is purely growing in the rest frame of the plasma, and can be excited either by the temperature anisotropy or the drift velocity of the bouncing electron beams. The growth rates of the instability decrease with the increase of cold electron density. Consequently the growth rate is maximum at the equator where the cold electron density is minimum. The intense turbulence generated by this instability could broaden the bouncing electron beams thereby explaining the observed wider cone width of the beams at the equator. The instability could generate magnetic pulsations in the frequency range of orderPc ₁?Pc₃ with typical wavelength ≈ (3–10) km in the, magnetosphere during magnetic storms or substorms.     

基于土壤水分动态随机模型的土壤湿度概率密度函数研究进展

简要回顾和评述了几个典型土壤水分动态随机模型和相应的土壤湿度概率密度函数,并基于这些模型的模拟结果就系统随机波动、气候因素、土壤特性、植被条件、地形特征对稳定状态土壤湿度概率密度函数的影响分别进行了分析和讨论,同时还引用相关的实验结果对这些影响进行佐证.结果表明,土壤湿度概率密度函数对以上因子的响应非常敏感,对揭示土壤水分动态和诠释生态水文现象有很好的指导意义.指出未来土壤湿度概率密度函数的研究方向:开发更加逼近真实情况的随机模型;用土壤湿度概率密度函数的思想量化植被水分胁迫、耦合土壤水分动态与养分动态;对某一地区建立其土壤湿度概率密度函数,并用该函数指导其他相关的生态建设和研究.     

Ozone decline and its effect on night airglow intensity of Na 5893 Å at Dumdum (22.5°N, 88.5°E) and Halley Bay (76°S, 27°W)

The paper presents the effect of O₃ depletion on night airglow emission of Na 5893 Å line at Dumdum (22.5°N, 88.5°E), India and Halley Bay (76°S, 27°W), a British Antarctic service station. Calculations based on chemical kinetics show that the airglow intensity of Na 5893 Å line will also be affected due to the depletion of O₃ concentration. The nature of yearly variation and seasonal variation of the intensity of Na 5893 Å line for the above two stations are shown and compared. It is shown that the rate of decrease of intensity of Na 5893 Å line is comparatively more at Halley Bay due to the dramatic decrease of Antarctic O₃ concentration. A possible explanation for this dramatic decrease of Antarctic O₃ concentration is also mentioned.     

Experimental and theoretical bond critical point properties for model electron density distributions for earth materials

Generalized X-ray scattering factor model experimental electron density distributions and bond critical point, bcp, properties generated in recent studies for the earth materials stishovite, forsterite, fayalite and cuprite with high energy single crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction data and those generated with high resolution diffraction data for coesite and senarmonite were found to be adequate and in relatively good agreement, ~5% on average, with those calculated with quantum chemical methods with relatively robust basis sets. High resolution low energy single crystal diffraction data, recorded for the molecular sieve AlPO₄-15, were also found to yield model electron density distribution values at the bcp points for the AlO and PO bonded interactions that are in relatively good to moderately good agreement with the theoretical values, but the Laplacian values of the distribution at the points for the two bonded interactions were found to be in relatively poor agreement. In several cases, experimental bcp properties, generated with conventional low energy X-ray diffraction data for several rock forming minerals, were found overall to be in poorer agreement with the theoretical properties. The overall agreement between theoretical bcp properties generated with computational quantum methods and experimental properties generated with synchrotron high energy radiation not only provides a basis for using computational strategies for studying and modeling structures and their electron density distributions, but it also provides a basis for improving our understanding of the crystal chemistry and bonded interactions for earth materials. Theoretical bond critical point properties generated with computational quantum methods are believed to rival the accuracy of those determined experimentally. As such the calculations provide a powerful and efficient method for evaluating electron density distributions and the bonded interactions for a wide range of earth materials.Dedicated to Professor Robert F. Stewart of Carnegie Mellon University on his retirement for his brilliant and original work modeling electron density distributions.     

乌兰图嘎富锗煤中微量元素在不同密度级煤中的分布特征

煤系关键金属的开发利用对于缓解我国战略性矿产资源紧缺具有重要意义。内蒙古胜利煤田乌兰图嘎低阶煤中除富集关键金属Ge以外,同时富集有害元素Be、F、As、Hg、Sb和W,出于对关键金属的提取利用及环境保护2个方面考虑,须对研究区煤炭进行洗选处理。基于前期研究认识,浮选对于乌兰图嘎煤中As、Sb和W脱除效果相对较好,对于F和Hg的脱除效果较差,基于此,采用浮沉实验(重选法)以及XRD、XRF、SEM-EDS和EMPA等实验方法和测试手段,研究关键金属Ge以及Be、F、As、Hg等有害元素在不同密度级煤中的分布特征,结果表明:(1) 乌兰图嘎煤中矿物主要包括石膏、石英、黄铁矿、高岭石等,矿物含量随煤密度级增大而增加,电子探针分析结果表明,Co、As、Sb和Hg赋存在黄铁矿中。(2) 经过重选,低密度精煤中Ge元素富集,表明Ge主要以有机态存在,Be、F、As等可能与有机质相关,或者赋存在嵌布于有机质中的微细粒矿物中,煤中Hg和大部分亲石性元素在高密度级煤中含量较高,表明其赋存在矿物中。(3) 重选对于Hg元素的脱除效果较好,对Be、F、As和一些亲硫或亲铁性元素浮选脱除效果优于重选。建议乌兰图嘎低阶煤使用重选?浮选联合脱除法进行有害元素的脱除。      

MnHCF/MnO_2 Core-shell Nanostructures as Cathode Material for Supercapacitors with High Energy Density

A nanocomposite of manganese dioxide coated manganese hexacyanoferrate was synthesized by a facile co-precipitation method and tested as active electrode material for an electrochemical supercapacitor. A way called "Deep electro-oxidation" was used to generate manganese dioxide coated layer for stabilizing the electrode material. The structure and ingredient of the resulting MnHCF/MnO2 composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Electrochemical testing showed a capacitance of 225.6 F/g at a sweep rate of 5 mV/s within a voltage range of 1.3 V, and high energy density of 37.2 Wh/kg at a current density of 0.5 A/g in galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. It is suggested that the two different components, manganese hexacyanoferrate core and manganese dioxide shell, lead to an integrated electrochemical behavior, and an enhanced capacitor. The electrochemical testing and corresponding XPS analysis also demonstrated that the manganese coordinated by cyanide groups via nitrogen atoms in MnHCF did not get involved in the charge storage process during potential cycles.     

The altitude structure of the coronal magnetic field of AR 10933

The magnetic fields of solar active regions are analyzed using a method based on comparing the spatial structures of the reconstructed magnetic field and of the radio emission of the active region. Two approaches are used: comparing the radio size of the active region and the corresponding size calculated using the reconstructed magnetic field, and comparing the radio spectra that are observed and calculated using the reconstructed magnetic field. Overall, the calculated sizes and spectra correspond fairly well to the observational data, making it possible to estimate physical parameters of the emitting region, such as the electron density and temperature.     

Fault/fracture density and mineralization: a contouring method for targeting in gold exploration

A widely observed correlation between high fracture density and mineralization throughout terranes and geological time indicates a fundamental underlying ore-forming process. In Archaean greenstone-hosted deposits, high-density fracturing was accompanied by enhanced fluid flow during fault/fracture network development, producing regional-scale fluid pressure gradients that focussed hydrothermal fluids into preferentially fractured areas. Fracture density is both increased and decreased during faulting and fault healing, and fracture density accumulates over time, in zones of high palaeo-fluid flow. Localised zones where the density of fracturing is increased by deformation, become permeability nodes for migrating hydrothermal fluids leading to large zones of alteration and gold precipitation. The Ora Banda mining centre in Western Australia contains significant gold deposits that appear to demonstrate a close association between high-density fracturing and gold precipitation. Fracture density in the Ora Banda mines was enhanced by fault–fault intersections, fault–contact intersections and changes in fault geometry. The mine-scale relationships between fracture density and gold mineralization are repeated at smaller and larger scales, hence these relationships may be used in targeting for gold exploration. Contouring the density of fracturing in a region provides a semi-quantitative way to rank areas for exploration and uses data from mapping, drilling and high-quality geophysical data as a basis for analyses. Fracture density contouring is complementary to other prospectivity-analysis methods.     

Rocket measurements of ozone concentrations in the stratosphere and mesosphere over Thumba

A rocket-borne solar middle ultraviolet photometer has been developed at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad for the measurement of ozone concentrations at stratospheric and mesospheric heights. The instrument has now been flown successfully several times from thumba and ozone concentrations determined over an altitude range of 15 to 80 km. This paper describes the instrumentation, data analysis technique as well as the laboratory calibration procedures. Also presented are the results from four successful rocket experiments conducted during equinoctial months under an Indo-USSR collaborative programme for strato-mesospheric studies. The results show that at Thumba peak ozone concentrations vary between 2·2 and 3·1×10¹² molecules per cc and the peak altitude varies from 25 to 29 km from flight to flight. In the altitude region above about 40 km the ozone concentrations over Thumba are lower than the standard mid-latitude model values, by a factor lying between 1·5 and 2·5.     

Mantle diapirism and the formation of newly formed basins and surrounding centrifugally vergence orogens in the Mediterranean and Caribbean regions

Mantle diapirism contributes considerably to the formation of newly formed basins and surrounding centrifugally vergence fold-thrust belts in the Mediterranean and Caribbean regions. Mantle diapirism results from density inversion in the geosphere of astenosphere+lithosphere geosystem. Such inversion has become a driving force in the background of increasing heat flow caused by the heat-resistant convergence of Africa and Eurasia (in the case of the Mediterranean region) and North and South Americas (Caribbean region) in the Cenozoic. Mantle diapirism is caused by unstable gravity in the periods of tectonomagmatic activations. The analytical solution of the problem yields the critical parameters coupling the mantle flow dynamics and surface relief evolution. The difference between the structures and evolutions for Mediterranean and Caribbean regions is the following. In the Mediterranean region, the mantle diapirism produces newly formed basins of intercontinental seas at the final stage of Africa–Eurasia convergence (in the Cenozoic). In the Caribbean region, intensive mantle diapirism first disjoined the North and South Americas in the Mesozoic, and then played the same role as in the Mediterranean for the convergence of these continents in the Cenozoic.     

A physical basis for Pauling's definition of bond strength

 The average strength, s, of the bonded interactions comprising a cation containing oxide anion coordination polyhedron and the value of the electron density, ρ(r _c ), at the bond-critical points are inversely correlated with bond length. In each case, the observed bond lengths, R, were modeled with power-law expressions defined in terms of s/r and ρ(r _c )/r, respectively, where r is the Periodic Table row number of the cation involved in the bonded interaction. On the basis of the close connection between bond strength and the value of the electron density at the bond-critical point, we conclude that bond strength is a direct measure of bond type; the greater its value, the greater the localization of electron density in the binding region and the greater the shared–electron covalent character of the bonded interaction. Received: 15 October 2002 / Accepted: 17 February 2003 Present address:G. V. Gibbs in care of M. Spackman Department of Chemistry, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia Acknowledgements The NSF is thanked for supporting this study with grant EAR–9627458. The paper was written while GVG was a Visiting NSF Scholar at The University of Arizona. The faculty and graduate students of the Department of Geosciences and Bob Downs and Marelina Stimpf in particular are thanked for making the visit great fun.     

SiO bonded interactions in coesite: a comparison of crystalline, molecular and experimental electron density distributions

Bond critical point properties of electron density distributions calculated for representative Si₅O₁₆ moieties of the structure of coesite are compared with those observed and calculated for the bulk crystal. The values calculated for the moieties agree with those observed to within ∼5%, on average, whereas those calculated for the crystal agree to within ∼10%. As the SiOSi angles increase and the SiO bonds shorten, there is a progressive build-up in the calculated electron density along the bonds. This is accompanied by an increase in both the curvatures of the electron density, both perpendicular and parallel to each bond, and the Laplacian of the electron density distribution at the bond critical points. The cross sections of the bonds at the critical points become more circular as the angle approaches 180o. Also, the bonded radius of the oxide anion decreases about twice as much as that of the Si cation as the SiO bond length decreases and the fraction of s-character of the bond is indicated to increase. A knowledge of electron density distributions is central to our understanding of the forces that govern the structure, properties, solid state reactions, surface reactions and phase transformations of minerals. The software (CRYSTAL95 and TOPOND) used in this study to calculate the bond critical properties of the electron density and Laplacian distributions is bound to promote a deeper understanding of crystal chemistry and properties. Received: 23 February 1998 / Revised, accepted: 16 July 1998     

Variation of the 0+ ion density during low and high solar activity as measured by the SR0SS-C2 satellite

The O⁺ ion density measured by the SROSS-C2 satellite during solar minima (year 1995, F_10.7 = 77) and maxima (year 2000, F_10.7 = 181) has been analyzed for studying diurnal, seasonal, latitudinal and geomagnetic variations. The study region covers an area encompassed between 5-3 5° N latitude and 65-95° E longitude over India at a ~500 km altitude (F2 region). The year 2000 shows significant enhancement in the annual average of O⁺ ion density and attainment of post sunset secondary enhancement compared to 1995. Attributed to photoionization, daytime shows a maximum ionization compared to nighttime. However, attainment of post sunset secondary maxima is attributed to the strong pre-reversal enhancement in the vertical E x B drift. The effect of geomagnetic activity Kp through the E x B drift dynamic movement on O⁺ ion density distribution studies indicates periodicities of seven and nine days in 1995 and 2000, respectively, and polynomial dependency of the O⁺ ion density on geomagnetic activity Kp. Further on, stratification of the O⁺ ion density according to latitude (5-35° N) indicates high density in mid-latitudes (12-24° N) compared to high and low latitudes, except in the winter of 1995, which shows a distinct trend (i.e., density decreases with increasing latitude).     

Assessing vegetation dynamics impacted by climate change in the southwestern karst region of China with AVHRR NDVI and AVHRR NPP time-series

The relationship between climate change and vegetation dynamics in the southwestern karst region of China has been identified by recent studies. Based on previous researches and AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) GIMMS (Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling Studies) NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) (1982–2003) and AVHRR GloPEM (Global Production Efficiency Model) NPP (Net Primary Production) (1981–2000) datasets, vegetation dynamics impacted by climate change in the southwestern karst region of China were assessed. The results show that: (1) since the early 1980s, both vegetation cover density and net primary production have insignificant ascending tendencies. However, the inter-annual variation rates of vegetation indexes have apparent spatial differentiations; (2) the correlation coefficients between the inter-annual variations of vegetation indexes and the inter-annual variations of climate factors vary geographically; (3) as indicated by NDVI and NPP, various vegetation types have different responses to climate change, and the annual mean temperature variation has more significant impact on vegetation dynamics than the annual precipitation variation in the study area; (4) distribution laws of correlation coefficients between the inter-annual variations of vegetation indexes and the inter-annual variations of climate factors in different climate conditions are apparent. All these findings will enrich our knowledge of the natural forces which impact the stability of the karst ecosystems and provide scientific basis for the management of the karst ecosystems.     

西秦岭直合隆地区三叠系深水水道沉积模式分析

西秦岭三叠系地层主要由深水沉积物组成。选取西秦岭直合隆地区出露较好的三组剖面进行研究,按重力流类型及静水条件下所发生的沉积现象,总结出六种岩石相类型,即滑塌岩相（F1）、碎屑流相（F2）、超高密度流相（F3）、高密度浊流相（F4）、低密度浊流相（F5）、深海泥岩相（F6）。通过对三处剖面的横向追踪对比,结合不同沉积环境下表现出特定的岩石相占比及砂体堆叠样式,共识别出限制性水道、弱限制性水道及水道天然堤三类沉积单元。限制性水道中砂体叠置关系复杂,以超高密度流相占主导地位,次为碎屑流相;弱限制性水道中砂体叠置较规整,以超高密度流相占主导地位,次为低密度浊流相;而水道天然堤表现为砂泥互层（总厚度约15 m）,主要为低密度浊流相和深海泥岩相。最后建立了研究区内深水水道沉积演化阶段模式图——早期限制性环境下水道较顺直,水道较窄,砂体叠置关系复杂;中期限制性环境相对早期有所减弱,水道弯曲度增大,水道变宽,出现溢岸沉积,砂体叠置关系复杂;晚期为弱限制性环境,弯曲水道两侧发育天然堤,砂体叠置规整。本次研究利用野外露头建立的深水水道沉积演化模式,在一定程度上还原其相关的重力流演化过程及发育期次,对全球其他类似研究具有一定的参考意义。     

鹤岗煤田新华勘探区地质构造定量分析

鹤岗煤田新华勘探区地质构造复杂,断层较为发育,对煤层赋存形态和煤层厚度产生了较强烈的改变运动。通过收集钻孔资料及断层数据,对该区断层数据开展数理统计与断层密度等值线分析,并对矿区30煤底板标高进行四次趋势面计算,以此研究断层构造发育规律及对该区煤炭开采造成的影响。研究表明：区内断层走向为NE、NW和近EW向,以北西向为主;断层密度等值线表明矿区内存在三个密闭的等值线圈;趋势面分析表明区中存在三处异常带且呈NW向展布,主要分布在矿区西北部的F2、F3,东北部的F25,F34,南部F10、F14。、F27断层处;30煤的煤层在矿区中部较厚,在东南处和西北处煤层较薄,且西北处煤层厚度变化较为急剧,东南处煤层厚度变化较平稳。