磁场中p模／s模的转换及黑子对声波的吸收

在柱坐标下将黑子周围的不形区域（黑子除外）内的振荡分解为朝向黑子传播的（入射的）波和离开黑子传播的（出射的）波。对无黑子的环形区域内的振荡也进行了同样的分解。将黑子周转的入射波看成是被黑子磁流管磁化了介质（介质内的磁场基本是水平的）中的波。而无黑子区的放射波看成是非磁化介质中的波。比较这两种波在固定波数下功率随的分布发现，在磁化介质中不同径向除ｎ的声波（Ｐ模）频率系统降低，同时功率也降低，降低的功     

天体物理中的重力波和磁重力波

本文简要综述重力波和磁重力波在各种天体物理场合中的应用，我们描述在具有开放径向磁场的恒星大气各种磁流体波之间的相互转换过程，强调磁重力波被束缚在恒星冕内的可能性，并探讨恒星内部高频的声波模（p-模）被低频的重力波模（g－模）所调制的过程，一旦有了足够长时间未间断高质量的日震数据，太阳内部的重力波对声波模的调制效应－即每一个分立声波模的频率精细结构－则可被用来寻找深陷于太阳内部的重力波模或进一步独立地约束重力波模的振幅上限。     

NOAA6361活动区现象分析

本文分析了ＮＯＡＡ６３６１活动区中的一些现象，发现该活动区在衰亡阶段经历了两次同极性黑子的复合过程，复合后的黑子本影间均有光桥存在，观测结果倾向于支持Ｐａｒｋｅｒ１９７９年提出的黑子多磁流管模型。１４日复合后的黑子本影还顺时针方向旋转了约７０度角，从半影纤维的同样顺时针旋转可以认为：该黑子的半影磁场并非是普遍认为的简单的本影磁场的发散部分。我们还观测到另外两个比较有趣的现象：①δ黑子中的ｐ极性黑子     

天体物理中的重力波和磁重力波

本文简要综述重力波和磁重力波在各种天体物理场合中的应用 ,我们描述在具有开放径向磁场的恒星大气各种磁流体波之间的相互转换过程 ,强调磁重力波被束缚在恒星冕内的可能性 ,并探讨恒星内部高频的声波模 (p -模 )被低频的重力波模 (g -模 )所调制的过程 ,一旦有了足够长时间未间断高质量的日震数据 ,太阳内部的重力波模对声波模的调制效应—即每一个分立声波模的频率精细结构—则可被用来寻找深陷于太阳内部的重力波模或进一步独立地约束重力波模的振幅上限     

太阳AR7646、7647活动区黑子磁场和新的射电微耀斑爆发

１９９４年１月５日日面上产生的１次１Ｎ／Ｍ１．０耀斑爆发，射电１．４２ＧＨｚ高时间分辨率观测也同时接收到，在小爆发过程里伴有５３个脉冲信号叠加在连续辐射背景上，是很罕见的现象。在ＡＲ７６４６的黑子前导区域，５日有２处新浮的小黑子对，磁场分别成细小磁流管平行和交又状态，是产生爆发的根源；脉冲信号是微耀斑在射电方面的瞬时辐射现象，由耀斑连续产生微能量释放而出现，单个的能量释放为（０．３—３．３）×１０１０焦耳。在能量释放过程里，非热电子加速起到重要作用。     

太阳黑子运动引起的耀斑与活动区的耦合

利用紫台赣榆站太阳精细结构望远镜拍摄的色球和光球照片，研究了１９９０年１１月６日至１３日ＮＯＡＡ６３６１活动区的磁位形演化和耀斑产生区域，发现该活动区的活动主要集中在１１日和１２日两天。还观测到新老活动区的碰撞耦合及耦合界面处小纤维（ｆｉｂｒｉｌ）的快速变化，这些现象是由于前导黑子之一的ｐ１黑子的连续几天的运动造成的。所有的活动也主要集中在ｐ１黑子的周围。     

太阳黑子半影的形成和返回磁通量的来源

本文从无半影的黑子成长为带半影的黑子伴随着磁场强度增强和延伸运动这个观测事实出发，通过MHD数值模拟，证明了：（1）对流层内黑子中涡旋流动的自然形成；（2）仅在黑子表面附近磁矢才急速向外移动，最终形成我们观测到的半影磁场位形；（3）光球之上由于β迅速减少，这么小的延伸速度（0.2公里／秒）仅在β～1的光球区200公里厚的层里使磁矢有效地旋转，在约几小时至一天量级时间内将近似垂直的本影磁场向水平方向旋转，形成Osherovich所期的ReturnFlux磁位形，将注入日冕空间的本影主磁流同在色球和光球内就返回的半影磁流自然地划分开来．     

太阳黑子半影纤维尺度的一个解释

在黑子半影电流的磁场中存在扰动不稳定模式,本文认为黑子半影纤维是由这种不稳定扰动发展而形成的,利用短波近似,分别在黑子半径方向及围绕黑子方向上求解非绝热慢波色散方程。由不稳定条件可得到(1)纤维的长度与宽度的数值;(2)纤维模式在长度方向上是静止的,在宽度方向上几乎是不动的;(3)半影纤维是黑子在重力场中的磁流特征之一;(4)半影纤维的出现,表示着黑子扭转磁场的存在。     

非绝热过程对太阳p模振动的影响

本文讨论了与非绝热性有关的辐射损失和对流转移对太阳ｐ模振动的影响．在非绝热情况下，ｐ模的本征频率增加了虚部σ（１）ｉ和σ（２）ｉ．本文试图探讨一种渐进方法研究非绝热效应对太阳ｐ模振动的影响．在渐进近似失效的太阳外大气层，利用表面相移的相关关系给出了非绝热振动方程的严格解．对低、中间频率的振动模，通过渐进解和表面解在外大气层的拟合，得到表面相移只是频率的函数．与绝热振动相比，考虑非绝热效应有可能改善太阳５分钟振动的理论频率和观测频率之间存在的偏差．     

一次特大微波IV型爆发事件的分析研究

云南天文台快速采样射电望远镜（１．４２ＧＨｚ，２．８４ＧＨｚ，４．００ＧＨｚ）于１９８８年１２月１６日观测到一次特大微波ＩＶ型爆发。爆发从世界时０８＾ｈ３１＾ｍ结束。在７０分钟的持续期内，爆发出现了五个主峰段，呈现出１２．５分钟的长周期振荡和１．２分钟的短周期振荡。其中两个频率上出现了丰富的快速精细结构。根据爆发源区的扭斜磁场位形，本文提出振荡是ＭＨＤ调制磁流管的磁场强度产生的，爆发是高能电子在磁     

Mode Conversion of Solar <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-Modes in Non-Vertical Magnetic Fields

Sunspots absorb and scatter incident f- and p-modes. Until recently, the responsible absorption mechanism was uncertain. The most promising explanation appears to be mode conversion to slow magnetoacoustic-gravity waves, which carry energy down the magnetic field lines into the interior. In vertical magnetic field, mode conversion can adequately explain the observed f-mode absorption, but is too inefficient to account for the absorption of p-modes. In the first paper of the present series we calculated the efficiency of fast-to-slow magnetoacoustic-gravity wave conversion in uniform non-vertical magnetic fields. We assumed two-dimensional propagation, where the Alfvén waves decouple. In comparison to vertical field, it was found that mode conversion is significantly enhanced in moderately inclined fields, especially at higher frequencies. Using those results, Cally, Crouch, and Braun showed that the resultant p-mode absorption produced by simple sunspot models with non-vertical magnetic fields is ample to explain the observations. In this paper, we further examine mode conversion in non-vertical magnetic fields. In particular, we consider three-dimensional propagation, where the fast and slow magnetoacoustic-gravity waves and the Alfvén waves are coupled. Broadly speaking, the p-mode damping rates are not substantially different to the two-dimensional case. However, we do find that the Alfvén waves can remove similar quantities of energy to the slow MAG waves.     

Analysis of the Helioseismic Power-Spectrum Diagram of a Sunspot

The continuous high spatial resolution Doppler observation of the Sun by the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager allows us to compute a helioseismic k–ω power-spectrum diagram using only oscillations inside a sunspot. Individual modal ridges can be clearly seen with reduced power in the k–ω diagram that is constructed from a 40-hour observation of a stable and round sunspot. Comparing this with the k–ω diagram obtained from a quiet-Sun region, one sees that inside the sunspot the f-mode ridge is more reduced in power than the p-mode ridges, especially at high wavenumbers. The p-mode ridges all shift toward lower wavenumber (or higher frequency) for a given frequency (or wavenumber), implying an increase of phase velocity beneath the sunspot. This is probably because the acoustic waves travel across the inclined magnetic field of the sunspot penumbra. Line-profile asymmetries exhibited in the p-mode ridges are more significant in the sunspot than in the quiet Sun. Convection inside the sunspot is also highly suppressed, and its characteristic spatial scale is substantially larger than the typical convection scale of the quiet Sun. These observational facts demand a better understanding of magnetoconvection and interactions of helioseismic waves with magnetic field.     

Surface-Focused Seismic Holography of Sunspots: I. Observations

We present a comprehensive set of observations of the interaction of p-mode oscillations with sunspots using surface-focused seismic holography. Maps of travel-time shifts, relative to quiet-Sun travel times, are shown for incoming and outgoing p modes as well as their mean and difference. We compare results using phase-speed filters with results obtained with filters that isolate single p-mode ridges, and we further divide the data into multiple temporal frequency bandpasses. The f mode is removed from the data. The variations of the resulting travel-time shifts with magnetic-field strength and with the filter parameters are explored. We find that spatial averages of these shifts within sunspot umbrae, penumbrae, and surrounding plage often show strong frequency variations at fixed phase speed. In addition, we find that positive values of the mean and difference travel-time shifts appear exclusively in waves observed with phase-speed filters that are dominated by power in the low-frequency wing of the p ₁ ridge. We assess the ratio of incoming to outgoing p-mode power using the ridge filters and compare surface-focused holography measurements with the results of earlier published p-mode scattering measurements using Fourier?–?Hankel decomposition.     

On Absorption and Scattering of P Modes by Small-Scale Magnetic Elements

The solar surface is characterised everywhere by the presence of small-scale magnetic structures. Their collective behaviour in the form of active regions is known to have strong influence on p-mode power. For example, sunspots and plages are strong absorbers of acoustic waves. This paper studies the effects of individual small-scale magnetic elements to understand the details of absorption of p-mode power. For this, we consider a thin magnetic flux tube and calculate the phase shifts and the absorption coefficients by numerically solving the linearised MHD equations. The phase shifts calculated from the Born Approximation are then compared for the same range of degrees. The results are discussed with a view to understanding the physical mechanism.     

Hydromagnetic waves in structured magnetic fields

Although the inhomogeneous nature of solar magnetic fields is now well established, most theoretical analyses of hydromagnetic wave propagation assume infinite homogeneous fields. Here we reformulate the hydromagnetic wave problem for magnetic fields which vary in one direction perpendicular to the field. The permitted modes of small amplitude hydromagnetic oscillations are considered, first in the case of a single interface between semi-infinite magnetic and non-magnetic compressible regions, and secondly for a magnetic flux sheath of given thickness imbedded in a nonmagnetic region. It is shown that, for small values of R (the ratio of the Alfvén to the sound speed), an acoustic or p-mode wave front passes through the flux sheath with only minor deformation. However, for large R, the transmitted acoustic wave is attenuated and, depending upon the thickness of the flux sheath and the angle of incidence, a hydromagnetic wave may be effectively trapped and guided along the flux sheath. It is also shown that, for the symmetric vibration of the flux sheath in the absence of incident acoustic waves, only slow mode type waves are permitted. Thus, in compressible regions for which R > 1 the Alfvénic-type fast mode is not a permitted mode of free vibration of a flux sheath.     

Magnetoacoustic-gravity surface waves

The linearized theory for the parallel propagation of magnetoacoustic-gravity surface waves is developed for an interface of a horizontal magnetic field above a field-free medium. The media either side of the interface are taken to be isothermal. The dispersion relation is obtained for the case of a constant Alfvén speed. In the absence of gravity the interface may support one or two surface modes, determined by the relative temperatures and magnetism of the two media. The effect of gravity on the modes is examined and dispersion diagrams and eigenfunctions are given. In the usual - k _x diagnostic diagram, the domain of evanescence is shown to be divided into two distinct regions determining whether a given mode will have a decaying or growing vertical velocity component. In the absence of a magnetic field the transcendental dispersion relation may be rewritten as a polynomial. This polynomial possesses two acceptable solutions only one of which may exist in any given circumstances (depending on the ratio of the densities). If the gas density within the field exceeds that in the field-free medium, then the f-mode may propagate. The f-mode exists in a restricted band of horizontal wavenumber and only when the field-free medium is warmer than the magnetic atmosphere. An analytical form for the wave speed of the f-mode is obtained for small values of the Alfvén speed. It is shown that the f-mode is related to the fast magnetoacoustic surface wave, merging into that mode at short wavelengths.     

Effect of finite Larmor radius on the gravitational instability of a conducting plasma layer of finite thickness surrounded by a non-conducting matter

The gravitational instability of an incompressible, infinitely conducting plasma layer of finite thickness surrounded a non-conducting matter has been investigated taking into account the effect of the finite Larmor radius. The magnetic field is assumed to be directed parallel to the interfaces. Only the perturbations transverse to the magnetic field are considered, though both the symmetric and asymmetric nature of the perturbations are taken into account. Using the normal mode technique, dispersion relations are obtained.It is found that the finite larmor radius has, in general, a stabilizing influence on the configuration. Even when the system is thoroughly unstable, it has been shown that there exists a critical value of the wave-number, such that the motion is stabilized for wave-numbers of perturbations exceeding this critical value.     

MHD oscillations in the solar spike radiation

In this paper the observed 1.4–1.6 s quasi-periodic oscillations in the spike radiation of the microwave outburst of 1981 May 16 are analysed in teras of MHD waves. We point out that the fast magnetoacoustic waves (“sausage” mode) propagating inside and outside a loop can modulate the magnetic field and the pitch angle distribution of the electron beams in the source region. The growth rate of electron-cyclotron-maser instability is then affected to give rise to the quasi-periodic oscillations. Quantitative estimates of relevant physical parameters are given.     

Nature of Quiet Sun Oscillations Using Data from the Hinode, TRACE, and SOHO Spacecraft

We study the nature of quiet-Sun oscillations using multi-wavelength observations from TRACE, Hinode, and SOHO. The aim is to investigate the existence of propagating waves in the solar chromosphere and the transition region by analyzing the statistical distribution of power in different locations, e.g. in bright magnetic (network), bright non-magnetic and dark non-magnetic (inter-network) regions, separately. We use Fourier power and phase-difference techniques combined with a wavelet analysis. Two-dimensional Fourier power maps were constructed in the period bands 2??C?4?minutes, 4??C?6?minutes, 6??C?15?minutes, and beyond 15?minutes. We detect the presence of long-period oscillations with periods between?15 and 30?minutes in bright magnetic regions. These oscillations were detected from the chromosphere to the transition region. The Fourier power maps show that short-period powers are mainly concentrated in dark regions whereas long-period powers are concentrated in bright magnetic regions. This is the first report of long-period waves in quiet-Sun network regions. We suggest that the observed propagating oscillations are due to magnetoacoustic waves, which can be important for the heating of the solar atmosphere.     

Conditions for Propagation of Torsional Waves in Solar Magnetic Flux Tubes

Propagation of torsional waves along isothermal and initially-untwisted magnetic-flux tubes embedded in the solar atmosphere is studied analytically. Conditions for wave propagation along thin and wide magnetic-flux tubes are determined, and it is shown that the propagation along thin tubes is cutoff free; however, for wide tubes the propagation is affected by a cutoff frequency. A method to determine the cutoff frequency is presented and applied to a specific model of solar magnetic flux tubes. An interesting result is that the cutoff frequency is a local quantity in the model and that its value at a given height determines the frequency that torsional tube waves must have to propagate at this height.