大黄鱼性早熟问题的研究Ⅱ.不同药物对性早熟的影响

本文研究了促性腺激素释放激素类似物和紫萁两种药物对大黄鱼性早熟的影响。结果表明,在雌性,低和高剂量类似物组与低剂量紫萁组大黄鱼早熟率比对照组分别下降66％和33％,而高剂量紫萁组与对照组间没有差异;在雌必性,低剂量类似物组和低剂量紫萁组早熟率比对照组下降37％,高剂量紫萁组与对照组之间则没有差异。这些结果可为药物防止大黄鱼性早熟提供一条有效的途径。     

养殖鲻鱼的性别比例及其性腺发育的研究

本文报道了在全雌鲻鱼培育过程中，未经激素处理的对照组鲻鱼雌雄性比例为2.5%和97.5%。在对照组精巢和卵巢发育分别处于精原细胞期和卵原细胞期，而实验组则进入小生长期。同时，还观察到两尾鲻鱼为雌雄同体，其中一尾以精巢为主，只存在少数小的卵原细胞，另一尾则以卵巢为主，精巢正在发育。文中还讨论了对照组雄性比例高可能的原因。     

17β-雌二醇对鲻鱼脑垂体促性腺激素细胞分泌活动的影响

本文用组织学方法研究了17β－雌二醇对鲻鱼脑垂体促性腺激素分泌细胞（gonadotropin cell,GtH)发育成熟和分泌活动的影响。结果表明，17β－雌二醇能够促使鲻鱼脑垂体GtH细胞发育成熟。表现在实验组（高和低剂量组）给药2个月后，脑垂体中外侧部多数GtH细胞胞质充满分泌颗粒，而对照组GtH细胞胞质尚未充满分泌颗粒。另外，给药5个月后，高剂量和低剂量实验组多数GtH细胞胞质出现空胞，而对照组空泡则很少。这说明17β－雌二醇有促进GtH细胞的分泌活动，并促使鲻鱼性腺提早发育。这些结果可为17β－雌二醇的作用机制提供科学依据。     

用LHRH-A2埋植法诱导池养鲻鱼卵母细胞发育成熟的试验

将含LHRH－A2的药物颗粒埋植入池养人工繁殖鲻鱼Mugil cephalus Linnaeus雌鱼体内，以诱导其性腺发育成熟，试验为期81d。发现用LHRH－A2埋植的试验组鱼的卵母细胞直径超过500μm以上，达到成熟的个体比率为30％，而空白对照组鱼达到成熟的个体比率为0％。试验结果表明，采用激素埋植的方法，可促进鲻鱼卵母细胞的发育。     

激素诱导斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)雄性化的研究

石斑鱼属雌雄同体雌性先成熟鱼类,低龄鱼卵巢先成熟,表现为雌性,高龄鱼才性转变为雄性。本实验通过持续跟踪取样,分析了人工养殖条件下斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)在36月龄内的性腺发育过程,发现其性分化完成后,雌性卵巢在9月龄后开始发育。因此,采取投喂含有雄激素甲基睾酮(MT)饲料的方法,可以在石斑鱼卵巢发育之前,成功诱导8月龄的斜带石斑鱼幼鱼向雄性方向发育。结果表明,以MT 10mg/kg饲料的剂量投喂3个月能够有效诱导卵巢未发育的幼鱼往雄性方向发育;但停止投喂MT后,幼鱼精巢又开始出现退化,不会继续往雄性方向发展,而转变为雌性。以上结果表明,斜带石斑鱼性别决定和分化除了受遗传因子和内分泌调控外,还受到年龄、体型和群体、环境等因子的影响,人工投喂MT激素的作用并不能从根本上影响石斑鱼幼鱼的性腺发育的方向,只有在持续剂量的MT激素诱导下,石斑鱼幼鱼才能发育为成熟的雄鱼。     

投喂频率对南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei Boone)生长、饲料利用及虾体组成影响的初步研究

本实验选用商品饲料饲养平均初体重为0．09g的南美白对虾，经过30d的生长实验，研究不同投喂频率对南美白对虾生长、成活以及饲料利用的影响。结果表明，随着投喂频率由3次／天增加到5次／天，南美白对虾的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率显著提高，而饲料系数则显著降低，但当投喂频率由5次／天增加到7次／天时，南美白对虾增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率并无显著提高。对对虾全虾体主要组成成分的分析表明南美白对虾体主要组成成分并不受投喂频率增加的影响。     

外源激素诱导赤点石斑鱼雄性化

以每次剂量为体重的５×１０＾－＾６（ｍ／ｍ）１７ａ－甲基睾酮（１７α－ＭＴ）投喂２－４龄赤点石斑鱼，成功地促使其提早３－４ａ性转变为具有生殖功能的雄性鱼。经５０ｄ投喂药饵４６次，累积总剂量达到鱼体重的２４１．３×１０＾－＾６（ｍ／ｍ）时，性腺中的卵巢组织萎缩，绝大部分卵母细胞已退化；精巢组织发达，间质细胞数量增多，精小囊内充满成熟精子，雄性化率达１００％。实验组的流精率为９３．５％。雄性化后的平均     

投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶和免疫酶活力以及氮收支的影响

为了探讨投饵对对虾的影响, 作者研究了投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、消化酶和免疫酶活性以及氮收支的影响。结果表明: 投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾的存活率、生长率、饲料系数、氮生长效率以及部分消化免疫酶活力有显著影响。日投喂5 次实验组获得较高的存活率、增质量率和特定生长率以及较低的饲料系数。投喂频率与特定生长率间呈二次曲线关系, 投喂频率为4.45次时, 获得最大特定生长率。摄食氮、生长氮和排泄氮和排粪氮, 以日投喂频率2 次为最低, 5、6 次较高。高投喂频率组获得较高的消化酶和免疫酶活性。     

眼斑拟石首鱼早期幼鱼的饲料试验

本文报道用 1 .92万尾平均体重为 1 .4 2 g 尾的眼斑拟石首鱼 (Sciaenopsocelle tus)早期幼鱼 ,在 5个海上浮式网箱中分两个阶段用粉末型配合饲料与传统的鲜活饲料进行饲养效果对比试验 .试验期间表层海水温度范围 2 2 .9～ 30 .0℃ ,表层海水比重范围 1 .0 1 55～ 1 .0 2 0 1 .试验结果如下 :对照组 (喂鲜活饲料组 )和各试验组 (喂粉末型配合饲料组 )全长和体重、体长和体重、全长和体长关系式的差异都不大 ,对照组和试验组实验鱼的平均肥满度分别为 1 .4 8、1 .51 g cm3.粉末型配合饲料组鱼的平均成活率为 81 .5% ,全长平均增长率为 73.2 % ,体长平均增长率 79.6 % ,平均增重量为 2 7.5g 尾 ,平均增重率为 52 6 .9% ,总投饲量为 336 .2 6kg ,饲料系数的平均值为1 .0 7.鲜活饲料组鱼的平均成活率为 87.2 % ,全长平均增长率为 57.0 % ,体长平均增长率为 6 1 .4 % ,平均增重量为 1 9.0 g 尾 ,平均增重率为 377.6 % ,总投饲量为1 1 54.2 8kg ,平均饲料系数为 5.1 6 .粉末型配合饲料养殖效果的综合生物学评定值为 2 38% ( >1 0 0 % ) ,表明其养殖效果优于鲜活饲料     

石鲽鱼人工育苗技术研究

根据石鲽鱼的生物学特性，对亲鱼的选择培育、人工催产、挤卵、受精孵化和仔稚鱼的培育技术，进行试验探索，在室内人工控制水温、光照、饵料投喂的条件下，较为系统地研究了石鲽鱼的发育和变态及其与理化因子的关系，探索了人育苗的关键技术，突破了过去单纯领带采捕自然苗进行人工养殖的方式，为实现室内全人工育苗及养成产业化生产，解决苗种来源途径提供了技术保证。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.