一种基于改进粒子滤波的动态精密单点定位算法

提出一种改进的粒子滤波,试图提高粒子滤波的收敛速度,减弱非线性模型线性化误差和非正态分布随机误差对动态单点定位结果的影响.首先固定单差无电离层模糊度,以减少状态参数向量的维数,提高初始定位的精度和粒子滤波的收敛速度;采用Kalman滤波作为粒子滤波的预滤波,以提高粒子滤波的重点采样效率,并提高采样粒子精度,减缓粒子退化.利用一个实测动态GPS数据验证表明,改进的粒子滤波可以提高动态GPS的定位精度.     

均值漂移粒子滤波的动态精密单点定位

粒子滤波以大量粒子计算为代价削弱动态精密单点定位的非线性方程线性化、非高斯噪声正态化造成的精度损失,这也带来计算效率较差的问题。针对计算效率低的问题,将均值漂移算法引入到粒子滤波,减少粒子选取个数,提高动态PPP中待估参数的计算效率。以某机载GPS数据为例,基于均值漂移算法的粒子滤波大大削减了粒子个数,计算效率有一定程度的提高。     

基于高斯混合模型的抗差Bayes滤波在动态导航中的应用

在动态环境下导航定位受到很多因素影响,且异常噪声会严重影响导航滤波结果。通过研究Bayes滤波的抗差方法,在导航观测方程中采用高斯混合模型,对混合模型不确定度参数采用层次模型实时估计。借助指示变量进行模型变换,削弱导航过程中异常噪声的影响。并采用Rao-Blcakwellized粒子采样方法,求取复杂、非标准形式的状态后验分布。最后通过卫星导航以及组合导航实验算例,分析验证了基于高斯混合模型的Bayes滤波在动态导航定位中的抗差性能。     

利用固定模糊度的动态精密单点定位算法

首先,采用序贯最小二乘法计算无电离层组合观测值的模糊度;然后,固定宽巷组合模糊度;再固定窄巷组合模糊度;最后,得到无电离层组合观测值的模糊度最终解。谱密度的取值影响状态参数预测值的协方差矩阵元素的大小,因此,采用自适应滤波进行处理。利用机载GPS数据进行验证,结果表明,与其他方案相比,利用固定模糊度的自适应滤波加快了收敛速度,提高了动态精密单点定位的解算精度;无论谱密度取何值,自适应滤波都能够得到较稳定的解。     

利用交互多模型的动态精密单点定位故障诊断算法

提出了一种基于相邻历元模型概率比的交互多模型方法,以提高故障诊断的效率,控制异常数据对定位结果的影响。首先,根据故障可能发生的情况建立交互多模型,以便对故障进行定位;然后,根据相邻历元的故障模型概率比对故障进行诊断,提高故障诊断的正确率;最后,根据抗差估计原理对故障进行处理,控制异常影响,提高动态精密单点定位的精度。以实测动态GPS数据为例,此模型可以提高故障诊断的正确率,控制异常影响,进而提高动态精密单点定位的精度。     

精密单点定位中卫星钟差影响分析

分别采用IGS提供的5 min和30 s采样间隔的精密卫星钟差进行静态和动态精密单点定位实验,分析比较了采用不同钟差处理的精密单点定位结果,以及不同种类钟差对初始化收敛时间、定位精度的影响。实验结果表明,采用30 s精密卫星钟差的静态、动态精密单点定位结果精度均优于采用5 min精密卫星钟差内插成30 s钟差的静态、动态精密单点定位结果。     

顾及系统噪声和观测噪声的分级自适应信息滤波算法

高精度的载体动态导航与定位不仅需要对载体异常扰动和观测异常有良好控制,还需要对状态方程系统噪声及观测噪声的时变特性有准确认识和处理。首先针对包含系统噪声的动力学模型和包含时变观测噪声的导航系统,提出一种基于信息滤波形式的分级自适应滤波算法。然后针对系统噪声的渐变性和突变性,增加了遗忘因子和二段自适应因子,提高了对突变噪声估计的稳定性;顾及观测噪声的时变特性,采用传感器间差分和观测数据历元差分法估计观测噪声协方差。最后进行了仿真实验和深海拖体实验,结果表明,该算法不仅可以有效地估计系统噪声,还能准确地估计时变观测噪声的协方差阵,提高水下载体动态参数的估计精度。     

BDS精密单点定位滤波方法分析

针对精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)初始阶段定位精度较低、无法利用定位结果的问题,验证平滑滤波算法在BDS静态PPP定位解算中的可行性并分析定位性能;针对平滑滤波算法具有平均效应,探讨不同时长的观测值对于点位精度的影响。实验表明:平滑滤波算法在BDS精密单点定位中的结果优于前向和后向滤波,相对于单向滤波在E、N、U方向RMS值平均减少73%—80%,极大地提高了BDS静态PPP定位的精度;其次,随着观测时间的增加,定位精度在质量好的数据下仅会造成毫米级的浮动。     

静态精密单点定位精度分析

阐述了精密单点定位技术的应用价值,分析了观测数据和精密钟差采样间隔对静态精密单点定位的影响,提供了工程实际使用有益的参考.     

论动态自适应滤波

动态导航与定位的质量取决于对动态载体扰动和观测异常扰动的认知和控制。本文首先介绍了目前广泛使用的Sage自适应滤波，讨论了自适应滤波的残差向量、新息向量及状态参数预报值残差向量的解析关系，以及它们之间的协方差矩阵之间的关系；分析了基于新息向量、残差向量和状态参数预报值残差向量的自适应协方差估计存在的问题。对新近发展起来的抗差滤波、Sage自适应滤波及抗差自适应滤波进行了综合比较与分析，结果表明抗差自适应滤波解算理论与方法除自适应地估计载体状态预报向量的协方差矩阵外，还能自适应地估计任意历元观测量的权。计算结果证实，抗差自适应滤波不仅计算简单，而且能有效地控制观测异常和载体状态扰动异常对动态系统参数估值的影响。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。