固氮蓝细菌的一种生物标志物——异形胞糖脂及其研究进展

异形胞蓝细菌是重要的固氮微生物,广泛分布于淡水与海洋环境,其细胞壁内侧含有由糖苷基连接长链二醇、三醇、酮醇或酮二醇烷基而形成的糖脂,被称为异形胞糖脂(Heterocyst Glycolipids,HGs)。HGs是异形胞蓝细菌独特的生标化合物,其结构较为稳定,在淡水、海洋、微生物席及沉积物中均被检测到。对HGs生物地球化学研究起步较晚,但近年来进展较快,发现它们在异形胞蓝细菌的生物分类和环境示踪方面具有很大潜力。主要从生物及有机地球化学角度讲述蓝细菌异形细胞的分化机制和HGs结构性质,总结HGs在指示环境温度、异形胞蓝细菌群落演变、陆源有机质输入以及固氮活动中的应用情况,并对其在重建古海洋固氮活动以及古气候的重建等方面提出研究展望。     

海洋微微型蓝细菌分子生态学研究进展

微微型蓝细菌是迄今发现最小也是最古老的光合自养生物,在海洋中分布极广且丰度较高,作为重要的初级生产者对全球碳循环和海洋食物网具有重要贡献。在长期进化中微微型蓝细菌形成简并基因组和高度多样性,其分子生态学的研究能够为理解生物的基因型、表型与生态型的关系以及生物的适应性进化提供关键科学依据。借助分子生物技术的发展,海洋微微型蓝细菌分子生态学近年来的研究揭示了其分布的时空变化特征、不同亚型微尺度分布差异及影响分布的主要环境因子,探讨了环境因子影响下基因组在功能和表达上传递的适应机制信息。通过进一步扩充和挖掘基因组信息,结合分布规律论证微微型蓝细菌在分子水平上的环境适应机制,是实现生态系统微微型蓝细菌功能模块精细化数值模拟的关键,也是未来研究的主要方向和重要内容。     

大气沉降对海洋初级生产过程与氮循环的影响研究进展

大气沉降通过为海洋提供外源性氮、磷和铁等微量元素,可显著影响海洋氮、碳循环过程,并产生气候效应。一方面促进海洋初级生产和生物固氮,增强海洋吸收二氧化碳的能力;另一方面影响海洋氮、碳循环路径,增加海洋生物源气溶胶排放量,间接影响气候变化。由于大气沉降对海洋生态系统及气候变化的重要影响,相关科学问题已成为海洋科学与大气科学交叉研究的热点,被多个国际研究计划列为核心研究内容。在大气污染物排放持续增加与沙尘事件频发的背景下,大气沉降对我国东部陆架海(黄海、东海)及其邻近西北太平洋碳、氮循环过程的影响日趋增强,因此该海区已成为大气沉降及其气候影响研究的代表性海域。结合分子生物学和实验生态学手段理解大气沉降影响下的海洋初级生产过程,利用同位素示踪技术研究大气沉降对海洋氮循环的影响,以及获得大气沉降影响下海洋生物源气溶胶排放的观测证据将是未来研究的重点方向。     

海洋生物高值利用研究进展与发展战略思考

海洋生物高值利用是海洋生物资源可持续利用的重要方面,是全球科技创新中最具实效性和创新性的领域之一。借助于现代生物技术开展海洋生物高值利用研究,开发海洋生物基化学资源、海洋微生物资源、海洋生物基因资源,获得海洋食品、海洋药物、海洋功能制品、海洋生物质能等高值制品,将成为海洋生物资源可持续利用的重要方向和突破口。分析了海洋生物资源高值利用的国内外研究现状,介绍了"十一五"期间中国科学院在该领域的布局情况和所取得的科技创新成果,提出了我国海洋生物资源高值利用研究的发展战略。     

海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成研究进展

海洋中氮的生物地球化学循环影响着海洋生态系统的结构和功能,并和全球气候变化有着密切的联系,一直是海洋科学研究的重点和热点。海水硝酸盐的15N/14N和18O/16O比值可以反映海洋中氮循环的主要过程,因而成为研究海洋氮循环的一个重要手段。综述海水硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的测定方法,同化吸收作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用、生物固氮作用等氮循环过程所导致的氮、氧同位素分馏及其在海洋学研究中的应用。海洋生态系中硝酸盐氮、氧同位素的分布可以提供支持生物生产力的氮来源信息,以及氮在不同储库迁移转化的路径与机制。未来的研究需要发展适用于低含量硝酸盐的同位素测量方法,构筑海洋氮的收支平衡,掌握影响上层海洋硝酸盐氮、氧同位素变化的过程,获取全球海域有关硝酸盐氮、氧同位素组成的更多数据。     

蓝细菌和浮游古菌在南海第四纪氮循环中的作用初探

南海晚第四纪沉积物中的氮同位素在冰期-间冰期气候旋回中只有微弱的变化,与东太平洋的反硝化记录截然不同,可能反应了局地的氮生物地球化学过程.文章对位于南海南部钻取的一根柱状样MD05-2897的海洋氧同位素阶段(MIS)3～5期的有机氮同位素、反映蓝细菌贡献的2-甲基藿烷指数和反映氨氧化古菌Thaumarchaea的泉古菌醇进行了分析.结果显示,有机氮同位素在MIS 5期有明显降低,对应于这一降低,2-甲基藿烷指数和泉古菌醇都显示了升高的特点,暗示蓝细菌固氮作用和古菌氨氧化作用可能是导致OIS 5期的氮同位素降低的重要过程.     

“人工海洋”工程建成

1986年底,中国科学院海洋研究所在青岛汇泉湾畔的生物培育楼内,建成了一个最大的人工海洋。它的建成,为海洋科学工作者模拟海洋条件进行各种海洋生物生态学实验、解决生产中的某些问题,如研究有益生物的增殖和有害生物的防除,为生产和国防服务等方面提供良好的实验条件。因此,它不仅为推动我国海洋生物学理论和水产养殖事业的发展提供了重要条件,而且还将在促     

硝酸盐氮氧同位素在海洋氮循环中的应用进展

海洋中硝酸盐的来源及生物地球化学作用是氮循环研究的重要内容。为更好地认识海洋中氮的循环,确定海洋中硝酸盐的来源以及研究氮的生物地球化学作用显得尤为重要。由于不同来源的硝酸盐往往具有不同的氮、氧同位素,并且硝酸盐的生物地球化学作用信息也会反映在氮、氧同位素上。因此,近十年来,利用氮、氧同位素方法研究海洋硝酸盐问题正日益受到国内外研究人员的重视。本文综述了海水硝酸盐N、O同位素分析方法的研究进展,以及用硝酸盐中N、O同位素来研究海洋硝酸盐的不同来源和示踪其地球化学过程这两方面的研究进展,并指出研究中的不足,最后对我国海洋硝酸盐研究现状进行了讨论并提出符合我国国情的研究方向。     

早三叠世海洋异常的碳-氮-硫同位素记录

早三叠世作为显生宙最大生物灭绝之后的一段特殊地质历史时期,不仅见证了海洋生物的迟缓复苏,而且记录了极其动荡的海洋环境变化,该时期异常的生物环境事件及其机制已经成为当前国际地质学者关注的重大科学问题之一.近些年来,研究学者在早三叠世的碳-氮-硫异常循环研究中取得了许多重要的进展,这对深入理解该时期的环境演变及其对生物复苏的影响十分重要.重点回顾近年来关于早三叠世古海洋碳-氮-硫循环方面的研究进展,对当前存在的科学问题及发展趋势进行分析和总结.      

北极快速变化对北冰洋碳循环和生物地球化学过程的影响

北冰洋是全球海洋碳循环研究的关键地区之一,其独特的地理位置决定了它是开展海陆统筹研究碳汇一个绝佳的场所,即地形相对封闭,边缘有着世界上最大的陆架区,外围有广袤的陆地冻土层和大河输入。近年来,由于全球变暖,海冰消退,北极快速变化所引起的一系列大气、冰雪、海洋、陆地和生物等多圈层相互作用过程的改变,已经对北极地区碳的源、汇效应产生了深刻影响。这种变化不仅体现在由于陆地冻土圈变化所引起的甲烷和二氧化碳释放上,而且,随之而来的海水层化、混合和环流变化,陆源有机碳和营养物质入海通量的增加,改变了海洋二氧化碳"物理泵"、"生物泵"和"微型生物碳泵"作用的强度、方式,以及海洋原有的海洋碳储库构成,也很可能会对全球海陆碳源汇格局产生重要影响。本文主要从北极快速变化所引起生物泵过程变化来讨论全球变暖对的海洋生物地球化学的影响。     

Global Nitrogen Cycle: Pre-Anthropocene Mass and Isotope Fluxes and the Effects of Human Perturbations

We present a nitrogen cycle model for pre-industrial times based on an extensive literature database. The model consists of 18 reservoirs in the domains of the atmosphere, land, and ocean. The biotic reservoirs on land and in the ocean (N-fixing plants, non-N-fixing plants, and marine biota) interact with atmospheric N₂ and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, consisting of N₂, NO₃ ^?, and NH₄ ⁺) in the ocean and soil waters. Marine DIN is taken up by marine biota and transformed from ocean particulate organic matter to dissolved organic nitrogen and the ocean sediment. The atmosphere, the largest nitrogen reservoir, supplies N₂ to the system by N fixation, deposition, and dissolution, and these input fluxes are balanced by denitrification and volatilization back to the atmosphere. The land and ocean domains are linked by river transport, which carries both dissolved and particulate nitrogen to the oceanic coastal zone. The isotope–mass balances of the N reservoirs are calculated from the isotopic composition of the reservoirs and the fractionation factors accompanying the fluxes between the reservoirs based on reported values from different natural conditions. The model sensitivity was tested for different biouptake rates and was run with various human perturbations, including fertilization, nitrous oxide emissions, population-related sewage disposal, land-use changes, and temperature-dependent rate kinetics. The new N mass–isotope cycle model provides the basis for assessment of the impact of artificial fertilization between 1700 and 2050. The perturbation experiments in this study suggest that land-use change is the key factor altering the N mass cycle since industrialization.     

大气有机氮沉降及其对海洋生态系统的影响

有机氮是大气中含氮物质的重要组成部分。大气中有机氮化合物的种类繁多,按其存在的形态可分为：氧化型、还原型以及生物/颗粒型有机氮,这些有机氮可来自自然源和人为源的直接释放,也可来自于无机氮与碳氢化合物间的大气化学反应。大气有机氮对海洋的输入不仅可以促进海洋初级生产力的增长、进而增加二氧化碳的吸收速率,还可能影响海洋生态系统的结构和功能。分析了海洋大气有机氮沉降的最新研究进展,结果表明：气溶胶中的有机氮在总氮中所占的比例为39.6%±14.7%;陆地雨水中以有机形式存在的溶解氮为30.2%±15.0%,而海洋上,溶解有机氮可达到雨水中总氮的62.8%±3.3%。可见,目前仅包括无机氮沉降的入海通量可能低估了1/3。因此,开展大气有机氮沉降的研究,有助于评价有机氮在全球氮循环中的作用,以及对海洋生态系统的短期和长期的影响。     

A biomarker of Diazotrophic Cyanobacteria: Heterocyst Glycolipids and Their Research Progress

Heterocystous cyanobacteria are important diazotrophs commonly found in freshwater and ocean. They can produce special glycolipids known as Heterocyst Glycolipids (HGs) in their inner membrane layer. HGs are typically long-chain diols, triols, or hydroxyketones connected with a sugar moiety. HGs are unique biomarkers of heterocystous cyanobactria, which are relative stable and can be detected in lakes, marine systems, microbial mats and sediments. The study of HGs in biogeochemistry has not been carried out until recent years. HGs are proved to have great potential in indicating heterocystous cyanbacteria community and environment conditions. In this paper, the mechanism of cyanobacterial heterocyst differentiation and structure of HGs were introduced. In particular, emphasis was put on the application of HGs to infer environmental temperature, heterocystous cyanobacteria community, terrestrial organic input and nitrogen fixationin. The prospect of future study was also proposed.     

Natural abundance of 15N in particulate organic matter in the North Pacific Ocean

The abundance of ¹⁵N in particulate organic matter in the euphotic layer of the North Pacific Ocean was investigated. δ¹⁵N values ranged from ?1.7 to +9.7% relative to atmospheric nitrogen. ¹⁵N contents in plankton samples collected in the central and northwestern North Pacific were inversely correlated with concentrations of NO^?₃. The ¹⁵N contents of Trichodesmium sp. (?1.7 to +0.5%) and associated Zooplankton (ca. + 2%) were low, suggesting the significance of nitrogen supply via molecular nitrogen fixation which is assumed to involve little isotope fractionation. The variation of ¹⁵N in particulate organic nitrogen in the euphotic layer of the ocean can be explained by biochemical isotope fractionation in the assimilation of nitrate and fixation of molecular nitrogen.     

硝酸盐氮氧稳定同位素分馏过程记录的海洋氮循环研究进展

海洋生态系统中的氮素生物地球化学循环主要是由微生物的代谢过程来驱动的,包括氮固定、氮同化、硝化以及反硝化和厌氧氨氧化过程,这些过程都伴随着不同程度的氮氧同位素的分馏,直接影响着海洋硝酸盐中的氮氧稳定同位素组成.因此,通过检测海洋硝酸盐中的氮氧稳定同位素信号,就可以捕捉到海洋中发生的具体氮素循环过程.细菌反硝化法是这一研究最有力的手段,通过细菌的作用把硝酸盐中记录的氮氧稳定同位素信号转化到N2O中,再通过痕量N2O的同位素质谱测定和分析,准确地反映海洋中发生的氮素转化过程.硝酸盐氮氧稳定同位素分馏过程为深入理解海洋氮循环提供了一个重要的工具,有力推动了海洋氮素生物地球化学的研究,在近10年来取得了重要进展.     

Progress in the Study of Marine Stable Nitrogen Isotopic Changes and Its Geological Records

Marine stable nitrogen isotope containing much key biogeochemical information, is an important way in identifying marine nitrogen sources and understanding the marine nitrogen cycles. These isotopic signals can be preserved in marine sediments and used to trace the marine biogeochemical cycles and environment changes during geological history. Studies in recent decades have illustrated the key role of nitrogen fixation and denitrification. Because of the spatiotemporal variability and the complexity of ocean processes and nitrogen sources in the marine environment, we need to combine the modern observations with geological records, integrate oceanography, biology, and geology, and consider the hydrological environment, geological processes and climate changes, to understand the coupling between the ocean nitrogen cycle, climate and environmental changes.     

A biomarker and δ15N study of thermally altered Silurian cyanobacterial mats

Early Silurian cherts from the Holy Cross and Bardzkie Mountains (Poland) contain abundant microfossils morphologically resembling contemporary cyanobacteria. Most of the organic matter preserved in the cherts is highly mature and extensively degraded because of biological decomposition and progressive thermal alteration. These processes may have changed the original morphology of the deposited microbial remains, so the microfossil origin could be easily misinterpreted. The cherts were therefore examined using organic geochemical and stable isotope techniques to provide support for the presence of cyanobacterial remains. The nitrogen isotopic composition of bulk sediments and extractable organic matter ranged from +0.1‰ to ?2.2‰ and from +1.8‰ to ?1.7‰, respectively. The δ¹⁵N values are thus in good agreement with a contribution of diazotrophic cyanobacteria for both locations. Biomarkers in the Holy Cross Mts. cherts included mid-chain branched monomethyl alkanes, indicative of a cyanobacterial contribution. However, molecular fossils of a cyanobacterial origin were not detected in the Bardzkie Mts. cherts, most likely because of the greater maturity than those from the Holy Cross Mts.     

末次冰期以来南海北部下陆坡区沉积有机质地球化学特征及其意义

选取南海北部下陆坡-深海平原过渡带典型沉积柱状样,通过对其沉积有机质的整体有机地球化学特征进行表征,探讨了南海下陆坡-深海平原区沉积有机质在冰期/间冰期旋回中的赋存状态、来源变化以及与古气候环境之间的相应关系。结果表明,总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）和有机质稳定碳同位素（δ13Corg）与冰期/间冰期旋回有明显的对应关系,冰期时对应高值,间冰期时对应低值;而有机质稳定氮同位素（δ15N）表现为全新世时其值偏低,末次冰消期其值偏高,与气候旋回没有相关性; C/N值和δ13Corg值都表明南海北部下陆坡沉积有机质来源是陆相和海相的混源,且在末次冰期/间冰期尺度上主要以海相来源为主。     

Sedimentary pyrite formation: An update

Sedimentary pyrite formation during early diagenesis is a major process for controlling the oxygen level of the atmosphere and the sulfate concentration in seawater over geologic time. The amount of pyrite that may form in a sediment is limited by the rates of supply of decomposable organic matter, dissolved sulfate, and reactive detrital iron minerals. Organic matter appears to be the major control on pyrite formation in normal (non-euxinic) terrigenous marine sediments where dissolved sulfate and iron minerals are abundant. By contrast, pyrite formation in non-marine, freshwater sediments is severely limited by low concentrations of sulfate and this characteristic can be used to distinguish ancient organic-rich fresh water shales from marine shales. Under marine euxinic conditions sufficient H₂S is produced that the dominant control on pyrite formation is the availability of reactive iron minerals.Calculations, based on a sulfur isotope model, indicate that over Phanerozoic time the worldwide average organic carbon-to-pyrite sulfur ratio of sedimentary rocks has varied considerably. High $\text{C}\text{S}$ ratios during Permo-Carboniferous time can be explained by a shift of major organic deposition from the oceans to the land which resulted in the formation of vast coal swamps at that time. Low $\text{C}\text{S}$ ratios, compared to today, during the early Paleozoic can be explained in terms of a greater abundance of euxinic basins combined with deposition of a more reactive type of organic matter in the remaining oxygenated portions of the ocean. The latter could have been due to lower oceanic oxygen levels and/or a lack of transportation of refractory terrestrial organic matter to the marine environment due to the absence of vascular land plants at that time.