共和盆地西缘柔起岗地区变质岩系LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄 —原岩最大沉积时代及物源研究

共和盆地西缘原划古元古代金水口岩群中发育一套低级变质的灰色绢云石英片岩、绢云石英岩及黑云石英片岩组合,该套变质岩系原岩沉积时代及变质基底构造属性存在争议。本文对采自青海省兴海县柔起岗地区的两件片岩样品开展了系统的岩石学及LA-ICP-MS锆石 U-Pb年代学研究,对其原岩沉积时代、沉积物源及基底构造亲缘性进行了探讨。结果表明,该套片岩两件样品的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱可明显分为新元古代和古元古代两个主年龄谱以及中元古代的两个次年龄谱,新元古代主年龄谱分别为688-908 Ma和711-841 Ma,峰值年龄为788 Ma和780 Ma,古元古代主年龄谱分别为1871-2174 Ma和1832-2194 Ma,峰值年龄为2140 Ma和2072 Ma,中元古代两个次年龄谱分别为1520-1638 Ma和1271-1276 Ma,峰值年龄为1635 Ma和1275 Ma。片岩最小碎屑锆石年龄值688 Ma限定了其原岩的最大沉积时代。塔洞片岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱特征表明其碎屑物质来源较为复杂,物源主体来自周邻造山带的西秦岭、东昆仑和柴达木盆地北缘构造带的前寒武纪块体,扬子板块对其沉积物源亦有部分贡献,而华北板块没有对其提供沉积物源。更为重要的是,该套片岩锆石U-Pb年龄谱突出显示新元古代早期的构造-岩浆-热事件年龄信息,而没有华北板块典型的1850 Ma 和2500 Ma左右的特征,结合区域资料认为西秦岭源区基底与东昆仑地块、柴达木盆地北缘、祁连地块等一样表现出扬子板块的构造亲缘性,源区基底固结时代为新元古代早期。     

中国西秦岭碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

西秦岭是北接华北克拉通、西接祁连与柴达木、南接松潘—甘孜地块的东秦岭造山带的西延。文中研究了该区从前寒武纪到三叠纪的碎屑沉积岩。这些碎屑沉积岩中分离出的锆石由LA-ICPMS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)进行了U-Pb定年。全岩Nd亏损地幔模式年龄类似于扬子克拉通年龄,主要分布于1.55~1.98Ga,峰值为1.81Ga,而与华北克拉通主要为古元古代与太古宙的模式年龄形成明显的对比。泥盆系中的碎屑锆石930~730Ma的U-Pb年龄指示其与扬子克拉通具亲缘性。930~730Ma是源区地壳的强烈增长阶段。二叠系—三叠系的碎屑沉积岩主体以含老于1600Ma的碎屑锆石为特征。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄与Sm-Nd同位素组成指示此时华北克拉通南缘的基底岩石成为二叠系—三叠系碎屑沉积岩的重要物源。扬子克拉通在三叠纪时与华北克拉通拼接。西秦岭二叠系—三叠系碎屑沉积岩含有高达50%的华北克拉通南缘的基底岩石。     

大别造山带中元古代变沉积岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学与Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

大别造山带位于扬子陆块北缘,近年来的研究显示其发育太古代-古元古代的结晶基底,但一直缺乏中元古代的物质信息.首次报道了大别造山带核部一套中元古代“变砂岩-大理岩”变沉积岩组合,通过对该套地层的3个样品碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素特征分析,显示最年轻的锆石平均年龄分别为:1 556±13 Ma、1 541±20 Ma和1 584.3±24 Ma,在误差范围内基本一致,说明该套地层的形成时代为中元古代,锆石变质增生边记录该套地层经历了124.1±2.3 Ma的变质事件,碎屑锆石年龄频谱和Lu-Hf同位素特征显示该套地层物源特征与神农架群一致;碎屑锆石峰值年龄2 682 Ma,2 461 Ma记录了“大别陆块”结晶基底两期重要生长事件,峰值年龄2 043 Ma,1 803 Ma和1 572 Ma显示“大别地块”可能参与Columbia超大陆聚合-裂解事件,在新元古代早期与“黄陵陆核”拼合而成为扬子陆块统一基底的重要组成部分.      

共和盆地西缘柔起岗地区变质岩系锆石U-Pb年龄——原岩最老沉积时代及物源研究

共和盆地西缘原划古元古代金水口岩群中发育一套低级变质的灰色绢云石英片岩、绢云石英岩及黑云石英片岩组合,该套变质岩系原岩沉积时代及变质基底构造属性存在争议。本文对采自青海省兴海县柔起岗地区的两件片岩样品开展了系统的岩石学及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,对其原岩沉积时代、沉积物源及基底构造亲缘性进行了探讨。结果表明,该套片岩两件样品的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱可明显分为新元古代和古元古代两个主年龄谱以及中元古代的两个次年龄谱,新元古代主年龄谱分别为688~908 Ma和711~841 Ma,峰值年龄为788 Ma和780 Ma,古元古代主年龄谱分别为1871~2174 Ma和1832~2194 Ma,峰值年龄为2140 Ma和2072 Ma,中元古代两个次年龄谱分别为1520~1638 Ma和1271~1276 Ma,峰值年龄为1635 Ma和1275 Ma。片岩最小碎屑锆石年龄值688 Ma限定了其原岩的最老沉积时代。塔洞片岩碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱特征表明其碎屑物质来源较为复杂,物源主体来自周邻造山带的西秦岭、东昆仑和柴达木盆地北缘构造带的前寒武纪块体,扬子板块对其沉积物源亦有部分贡献,而华北板块没有对其提供沉积物源。更为重要的是,该套片岩锆石U-Pb年龄谱突出显示新元古代早期的构造-岩浆-热事件年龄信息,而没有华北板块典型的1850Ma和2500Ma左右的特征,结合区域资料认为西秦岭源区基底与东昆仑地块、柴达木盆地北缘、祁连地块等一样表现出扬子板块的构造亲缘性,源区基底固结时代为新元古代早期。     

华北克拉通东南缘寒武系底部黑色碎屑岩系的物源分析及其对晚前寒武纪地质演化的约束

华北克拉通东南缘新元古代—寒武纪交替时期黑色碎屑岩系马店组(或称为凤台组)的层序划分、时代归属、物源等基础地质问题仍存在分歧,本文从元素地球化学、碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学等角度开展综合分析,为合理建立华北克拉通东南缘地层格架及中、新元古代—早古生代构造演化提供重要证据。马店组整套碎屑岩系的绝大部分元素的富集系数(EF值)基本一致;碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄主要集中于2.6~1.0Ga之间,包括~2.5Ga、~2.1Ga、~1.8Ga、1.6~1.4Ga和1.3~1.0Ga等多个年龄峰。马店组整体为寒武纪第二世的被动大陆边缘连续海侵地层;沉积物来源于华北克拉通内部徐淮地区,具有碳酸盐质新元古代盖层物源和非碳酸盐质早前寒武纪变质基底物源的两端元混合作用,其中1.8Ga碎屑锆石来源于早前寒武纪变质基底,而中元古代碎屑锆石及砂砾级白云质碎屑来源于新元古代盖层,极少量新元古代碎屑锆石来源于新元古代初期基性岩墙群。华北克拉通周缘新元古界—下古生界中丰富的1.6~1.4Ga和1.3~1.0Ga碎屑锆石记录证实至少华北克拉通东缘和南缘曾有与北秦岭地区类似的中、新元古代构造带。该构造带中元古代时强烈地参与了Columbi超大陆裂解和Rodinia超大陆聚合过程,于新元古代初期为华北克拉通周缘盆地的主要物源供给区;约900 Ma可能与华北克拉通开始裂解,至早古生代马店组沉积时期其物源贡献已经完全缺失。     

滇东南震旦-寒武纪沉积岩的碎屑锆石组成和对扬子-华夏界线的限制

滇东南屏边地区的基底组成一直是个谜。该区域的构造属性对约束扬子地块和华夏地块的西段界线非常重要。本文 对出露于该地区的震旦-寒武纪沉积岩进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb-Hf同位素分析。二个样品的锆石U-Pb同位素分析显示这二个 地层中的碎屑物质组成相似,都是以新元古代（700~937 Ma）碎屑物质为主,构成了~815 Ma的主峰。岩石中都含有少量 古-中元古代碎屑物质。屏边群沉积岩样品六个最年轻谐和锆石年龄变化于696~761 Ma,指示屏边形成于新元古代晚期, 与震旦系相当。屏边地区基底变质沉积岩的碎屑锆石年龄谱为一明显富集新元古代年龄的单峰模式,不同于华夏地块和印 支地块的年龄谱,而与扬子地块南缘及扬子西缘的沉积岩相似。Hf同位素特征也显示了与扬子地块（尤其是西缘）的亲缘 关系。结合其他证据,本文认为滇东南屏边地区属于扬子地块,扬子地块与华夏地块分界线的西延部分应该在研究区以南 或东南,而不可能是研究区以北的师宗-弥勒-罗甸断裂。碎屑锆石年龄分布特征还指示屏边群这套浅变质碎屑岩沉积于弧 后盆地,暗示扬子地块西南缘的新元古代俯冲作用可能一直持续到~752 Ma之后。     

华北克拉通北缘白云鄂博群和腮林忽洞群底部碎屑锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素分析及其地质意义

白云鄂博群位于华北克拉通北缘,由于赋存超大型REE-Nb-Fe矿而受到广泛关注。白云鄂博群形成时代有中元古代、古生代等不同认识。腮林忽洞群位于白云鄂博群的南部,与白云鄂博群的关系也有不同认识。本文报道了白云鄂博群和腮林忽洞群底部中-粗粒砂岩的碎屑锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和LA-ICPMS Hf同位素组成。两个岩群碎屑沉积岩的碎屑锆石在形态和内部结构上类似,按结构特征可分为继承或捕获锆石、岩浆锆石、变质锆石和重结晶锆石等不同类型。年龄都主要分布在1.8~2.1Ga之间和2.4~2.7Ga之间,尽管年龄峰值存在一定区别。它们的Hf同位素组成也类似,εHf(t)和tDM2(Hf)变化范围分别主要在约-6.0~6.0之间和2550~2950Ma之间。结合前人研究,可得出如下结论:白云鄂博群和腮林忽洞群的物源区类似,主要由新太古代晚期和古元古代晚期岩浆岩组成,为新太古代早期陆壳物质再循环产物;部分岩石遭受新太古代晚期和古元古代晚期高级变质作用改造;碎屑物质都来自华北克拉通北缘早前寒武纪变质基底,与其形成时代相同的认识不矛盾。     

豫西汝阳群、洛峪群碎屑锆石年代学特征及其地质意义

华北克拉通南缘"豫陕裂陷槽"发育大量中—新元古代地层,其中汝阳群和洛峪群分布于渑池—确山地层小区,其形成时代一直存有争议.本文针对汝阳群和洛峪群沉积岩进行了系统的碎屑锆石年代学研究工作,结合地层发育和岩石组合分析,为建立华北克拉通南缘中—新元古代地层框架提供依据.根据云梦山组下部碎屑锆石中获得年轻锆石年龄平均值1723.6 Ma,结合前人从洛峪群凝灰岩夹层中获得的年代学资料(1611±8 Ma、1640±16 Ma、1638±9 Ma、1634±10 Ma),将汝阳群-洛峪群的沉积时限限定在1720～1600 Ma之间.本文所采集的云梦山组、白草坪组和崔庄组样品中碎屑锆石207Pb/206Pb年龄分别在2657～1739 Ma、2712～1780 Ma和2654～1819 Ma之间,说明三个组沉积物质主要来源于古元古代地质体,部分为新太古代地质体.鲁山地区发育的新太古代—古元古代的太华杂岩,登封地区发育的新太古代登封群以及古元古代嵩山群和花岗质岩石等,均可为中—新元古代沉积岩提供物源.豫西地区汝阳群-洛峪群碎屑锆石中～2.7 Ga、～2.5 Ga、2.1～2.0 Ga和1.85～1.8 Ga的年龄谱峰值分别对应华北克拉通早前寒武纪发生地壳生长、克拉通化、裂谷和造山等重要地质事件.越来越多资料显示华北克拉通在2.2～2.0Ga时期存在强烈的岩浆活动,豫西地区～2.1 Ga的岩浆作用也逐渐被识别出来.     

扬子北缘大洪山地区中元古代打鼓石群碎屑锆石年代学及其地质意义

扬子陆块出露了较多前南华纪地层和岩浆岩,碎屑沉积岩中保存的碎屑锆石对限定地层沉积时代、示踪沉积物源和反演早期大陆构造演化具有重要意义.通过对扬子北缘大洪山地区中元古代打鼓石群碎屑锆石年代学的研究,结果显示李家咀组最年轻的锆石年龄为1 250±64 Ma,主要峰值为2 078 Ma、2 437 Ma、2 659 Ma和3 084 Ma附近;罗汉岭组最年轻锆石年龄为1 077±51 Ma,主要峰值为1 126 Ma、2 044 Ma、2 458 Ma和2 635 Ma附近.根据结果认为:李家咀组的沉积时代在1 250±64 Ma与1 126 Ma之间,罗汉岭组沉积时代晚于1 077±51 Ma,可以确定打鼓石群的沉积时代为中元古代.另外,通过对打鼓石群、神农架群、会理群和东川群的碎屑锆石统计频谱特征的对比分析,发现在扬子陆块不同地区出露的中元古代地层,具有明显不同的锆石年谱特征,反映了各地层单元的物源差异很大,在中元古时期应分属不同的地块,经历了中-新元古代构造演化,才逐渐拼合成统一的扬子陆块基底.      

扬子陆核与神农架地块中元古代相互关系:来自锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素的约束

通常将华南克拉通的形成理解为扬子陆块与华夏陆块于新元古代沿江南造山带的碰撞拼合,但对两陆块内部的组成和演化关系的了解却相对有限。通过对比神农架地区和扬子陆核区前寒武纪地层碎屑锆石的年龄结构及其原位Hf同位素组成特征,分析了扬子陆块西北部中元古代晚期-新元古代早期的构造演化规律,并对其与统一华南克拉通形成的关系进行了探讨。对前人数据进行统计和对比的结果表明,神农架群碎屑锆石年龄谱中记录了约1.6Ga的年龄峰值,且其原位Hf-O同位素分析指示该期岩浆事件存在幔源物质加入,而相应的岩浆事件(锆石)在扬子陆块陆核区(崆岭地区)前寒武纪地层或岩浆岩单元中缺乏记录。结合神农架群细粒沉积岩Nd同位素地层学特征,指示中元古代时期神农架地区位于活动大陆边缘的构造环境,且神农架群沉积地层的碎屑物质并非由扬子陆核区的崆岭基底岩系经风化-剥蚀作用提供,即非扬子陆核区的边缘盆地。这些证据说明,在新元古代以前,神农架地区与扬子陆核区之间属于两个独立的次一级微陆块。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.