活性污泥和颗粒污泥生物吸附废水中Pb~(2+)的对比研究

采用序批式实验,分别以活性污泥和颗粒污泥为吸附材料,考察接触时间、pH等因素对废水中Pb2+生物吸附效果的影响.结果表明,活性污泥和颗粒污泥对低浓度Pb2+(0～20 mg/L)能在30 min内达到吸附平衡,当Pb2+浓度在20～100 mg/L时,浓度越低,达到平衡时间越快,以被动吸附为主.在Pb2+低浓度条件下(0～20 mg/L),初始pH为4～5时,Pb2+的去除率达99%以上,且初始pH值是影响活性污泥和颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb2+的重要因素.活性污泥和颗粒污泥对Pb2+的生物吸附符合朗缪尔(Langmuir)方程,在pH为4及25 ℃下,活性污泥饱和吸附量为59.88 mg/g,颗粒污泥饱和吸附量为80.65 mg/g.因此,活性污泥和颗粒污泥可作为有效的生物吸附剂处理低浓度(0～20 mg/L)含铅废水,且颗粒污泥比活性污泥的生物吸附效果好.     

高盐环境下ANAMMOX-UASB反应器启动特性

在高盐环境下(含盐量3%)以耐高盐厌氧反硝化颗粒污泥作为接种污泥启动ANAMMOX-UASB反应器,研究其启动特性。结果表明,高盐环境下ANAMMOX-UASB启动成功仅耗时186 d,总氮(Total Nitrogen, TN)去除率在87.5%以上,NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₂-N消耗量之比(Rs)、NH⁺₄-N消耗量与NO^-₃-N生成量之比(Rp)分别为1.13和0.26。启动成功后反应器中污泥由黑色逐步变为红褐色,污泥颗粒化形态较为明显。高盐环境下ANAMMOX-UASB启动成功后污泥中Heme c含量、硝酸盐还原酶(Nitrate reductase, Nar)活性、亚硝酸盐还原酶(Nitrite reductase, Nir)活性、联氨氧化酶(Hydrazine oxidase, HZO)活性、联氨合成酶(Hydrazine synthase, HZS)活性较接种污泥的增幅分别为8.00、6.74、8.34...     

利用臭氧氧化实现复合生物反应器污泥减量

采用复合生物反应器,对应用臭氧氧化实现污泥减量进行了研究。2个相同的复合生物反应器平行运行,1个作为对照系统,1个作为氧化系统。反应器内装有半软性填料,投加量为10%。曝气池中悬浮污泥浓度为1 500 mg/L左右,生物膜浓度为2 000 mg/L左右。试验结果表明,随着臭氧氧化污泥比例的增加,污泥表观产率系数也随之降低,当臭氧投量为0.05 g O3/gSS,每天氧化的污泥分别为反应器内污泥的10%,20%,30%时,污泥表观产率系数分别减少28.2%,44.9%,75.8%。虽然随着污泥氧化比例的增大,氧化系统出水CODcr略有增加,但氧化系统仍能保持其生物处理能力,CODcr去除率在92%以上;2个系统之间氨氮的去除率相差不大,氧化系统的硝化能力基本没有受到臭氧氧化的影响。     

透射电镜技术在好氧污泥颗粒超微结构研究中的应用

利用透射电镜观察研究SBR反应器中的好氧污泥颗粒。结果显示,不同成熟度的好氧污泥颗粒呈现不同的超微结构特征:成熟度高的污泥颗粒中细菌的微群落化程度高,细菌密度大,颗粒中富含构成细菌之间及微群落之间连接结构的胞外多聚物。而在成熟度低的污泥颗粒中细菌微群落化程度较低,细菌密度相对较小,构成菌间及微群落之间连接的胞外多聚物结构松散或缺失;以电镜钌红染色技术标记好氧污泥颗粒中的多糖,显示了好氧污泥颗粒中多糖的分布与结构特点,为进一步研究污泥颗粒的形成机制、多糖对污泥颗粒稳定性和沉降性能的作用机理提供了形态学依据。     

芽孢对提高好氧颗粒污泥环境耐受力的作用

为研究好氧颗粒污泥中大量存在的芽孢对其环境耐受力的作用,将好氧颗粒污泥经过低温无营养、高温高压、冷冻和紫外线处理后,监测其活性恢复过程中2,6-吡啶二羧酸根(dpa)的释放、比耗氧速率(SOUR)和以还原2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)为标志的脱氢酶的活性变化.实验结果显示,好氧颗粒污泥中大量存在的芽孢在不良环境条件下处于休眠状态,环境条件改善后能迅速转化为繁殖体细胞,进行正常的代谢活动.作为潜在的生命力,好氧颗粒污泥对不良环境的耐受力增强.芽孢是好氧颗粒污泥不容忽视的重要组分.     

Cu2+对序批式反应器中活性污泥胞外聚合物产量及其组分的影响

研究了长期暴露条件下Cu2+对序批式反应器(SBR)性能及其活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)特性的影响。结果表明,进水中加入10 mg·L-1的Cu2+后,在SBR运行的第16~55天,COD和NH+4-N的去除率保持稳定;在第56~75天,COD和NH+4-N的平均去除率与进水Cu2+浓度为0 mg·L-1时相比分别下降了3.88%和6.41%。浓度为10 mg·L-1的Cu2+长期作用下,活性污泥中EPS、松散附着EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密附着EPS(TB-EPS)产量及LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白质(PN)含量增加。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明10 mg·L-1 Cu2+的长期暴露导致TB-EPS中PN的C=O键、N-H键和C-O键相对含量降低。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试结果显示在10 mg·L-1 Cu2+长期暴露条件下,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中元素Cu和O百分含量增加。     

活性污泥微生物对苯胺废水的降解研究

利用序批式反应器(SBR)对活性污泥进行培养和驯化,分别取未经驯化和经盐驯化后的活性污泥,通过批量实验研究了两种污泥中微生物对苯胺的降解效果。SBR运行结果表明,活性污泥经过驯化适应了10gNaCl/L后,取得较高的COD、NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率,分别为86.5%、97.6%和96.4%。批量实验结果表明,苯胺降解速率随初始苯胺浓度的升高逐渐增加,且苯胺降解速率在未驯化污泥无盐条件下高于盐驯化污泥加盐条件,分别为2.63~21.31和2.06~12.08mg/(gVSS×h);未投加苯胺时,COD和NH_4~+-N的降解速率是投加苯胺时的5.2~19.3和2.5~4.2倍,且未驯化污泥无盐条件下COD和NH_4~+-N的降解速率是盐驯化污泥加盐条件的2.4和1.5倍;投加苯胺后,COD的降解速率随苯胺浓度的升高逐渐增加;实验结束时,未驯化污泥无盐条件下只存在NO-3-N,而盐驯化污泥加盐条件下同时存在NO-2-N和NO-3-N。     

臭氧氧化分解污泥的试验研究

臭氧氧化能有效地分解污泥,为对臭氧氧化后污泥性质的变化进行系统的研究,本文采用接触反应柱对污泥在臭氧氧化过程中性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明,在臭氧投量为0．1gO3／gSS时,污泥中的溶解性COD浓度从256mg／L增加到2126mg／L,污泥沉降速度由初始的0．19cm／min增至1．43cm／min,滤饼的含水率由初始的76．6％降至70．6％。臭氧氧化后污泥絮体被分解,产生大量悬浮粒子,使污泥上清液的浊度和悬浮物浓度增加。臭氧氧化处理后污泥的过滤性能恶化。污泥比阻增大。     

以污泥提取液为生长介质的纤细角毛藻培养与CO2生物固定

污水污泥(MSS)中含有大量的氮磷营养盐,以其替代传统培养基作为微藻的营养来源,将显著降低微藻吸收固定CO2的成本,增强微藻在工业碳减排中的应用潜力。本研究以污水污泥提取液与海水的混合液作为纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)的生长介质,同时通入高浓度(5%～20%)CO2,在优化培养条件的基础上,将微藻接种到螺旋管式光生物反应器中进行动态试验,并逐日测定相应的藻生物量和固碳能力。结果表明,在污泥提取液和海水的混合体系中,纤细角毛藻的最适生长条件为:通入10%CO2气体,污泥提取液和海水按照1∶29比例混合,温度为30℃,光照强度为6 000lx。当保持10%CO2的通入速度为20mL·min-1时,生物反应器的适宜运行条件为:藻接种量1×106cells·mL-1,循环流量1 200mL·h-1。在上述优化条件下,最大藻生物量产率(0.36g·L-1·d-1)和最高固碳速率(0.67g·L-1·d-1)出现在循环培养第5d;此外,培养液中氮、磷营养盐的利用程度较高,NO3--N、NH4+-N、NO2--N、PO43--P的去除率分别达到96.9%、93.3%、78.0%和88.5%。     

獐子岛养殖海域颗粒有机碳、颗粒氮的时空分布特征

2011年8月、10月、12月和2012年4月对大连獐子岛养殖海域共14个站位进行了大面调查。对其中颗粒有机碳(POC)和颗粒氮(PN)的时空分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,獐子岛养殖海域水体中POC质量浓度的季节变化趋势是:夏季秋季春季冬季。夏季POC质量浓度最高,表、底层的质量浓度分别为0.159~1.672 mg/L和0.045~0.834 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.867±0.451)mg/L和(0.319±0.204)mg/L。冬季表、底层POC质量浓度最低,表、底层POC质量浓度分别为0.020~0.530 mg/L和0.061~0.458 mg/L。平均值分别为(0.240±0.125)mg/L和(0.221±0.129)mg/L。四个季节的POC质量浓度平面分布较为均匀。PN质量浓度的季节变化趋势是:夏季秋季冬季春季。夏季PN的质量浓度最高,表、底层PN的质量浓度分别为0.026~0.439 mg/L和0.020~0.393 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.193±0.067)mg/L和(0.172±0.060)mg/L。春季表、底层PN质量浓度最低,表、底层PN质量浓度分别为0.059~0.178 mg/L和0.024~0.212 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.120±0.047)mg/L和(0.100±0.050)mg/L。PN与POC的分布特征相似,空间分布均匀。叶绿素a(Chl-a)质量浓度的变化趋势为:夏季秋季春季冬季。POC、PN和Chl-a的垂直分布规律相似,春季底层质量浓度高于表层,夏秋两季表层质量浓度高于底层,冬季表、底层质量浓度基本一致。根据C/N以及POC/Chl-a的比值对POC的来源进行初步分析,表明该海域的POC主要来源于海洋生物,并且受陆源的影响较小。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.