塔里木盆地西部古盐矿点卤水水化学特征与找钾研究

在塔里木盆地发展地史上,白垩纪—第三纪时曾有过多次大的海浸,带来了丰富的盐类物质成分,又由于干旱封闭的气候环境,其西部沉积了广阔而厚层的盐岩,因此一直被列为我国有利的找钾远景区。在对塔里木盆地西部晚白垩—第三纪地层出露盐矿点实地考察的过程中,采集、分析了一些卤水样品的水化学组成,通过K+含量及一些水化学系数变化特征的研究,查明了卤水的成因类型属石盐岩淋滤水,K+含量较低,没有出现显著水化学系数异常;但相比之下,塔里木盆地西南喀什坳陷构造区Br含量值明显高于库车坳陷,Br×103/Cl值等具找钾意义的水化学系数比其他地区高1～2个数量级,推测淋滤的盐层当时的成盐古卤水浓缩程度较高,Br出现相对的富积,有一定的找钾远景;另外,对比海水蒸发实验结果,发现卤水的化学成分明显不同于经典的海相成盐淋滤卤水,指示海相标志的Br、B等含量较低,反映了该区成盐环境是在海陆相互作用的复杂条件下形成的,今后的找钾工作不能局限于经典的海相成盐理论,应该结合岩盐及含盐系地层地球化学、盆地构造变形历史及构造分异特征的综合分析研究,寻找新的找钾指标,以期在喀什坳陷等更深一级次级盆地发现可能的钾盐矿床。     

阿尔金山两侧盐湖物质来源、成钾作用及其控制因素研究

塔里木盆地东部的罗布泊盐湖和柴达木盆地西部的盐湖分别位于阿尔金山两侧,均产出有大量富钾卤水,在油气藏开采中还伴随产出富钾油田水.为探讨阿尔金山两侧盐类资源富集机制及其控制因素,综合分析了罗布泊盐湖、柴达木盆地西部盐湖以及油田水的水化学和氢氧同位素地球化学特征,发现:富钾卤水的形成除依靠地表汇入水体的蒸发浓缩作用外,罗布泊晶间水、柴达木晶间水和油田水氢氧同位素均可演化至δD=-30‰,δ18 O=7.5‰左右,可能是深部流体上涌补给的结果.同时,根据87 Sr/86 Sr值并结合δ11 B、3 He/4 He同位素特征确认了盐湖成矿与深部流体有关,且指示罗布泊盐湖更具深源特征.深部流体对于两侧盆地成盐富钾有关键性作用,罗布泊盐湖可能接受深部流体补给,柴达木盆地西部富钾盐湖卤水多数可接受油田水的补给,而少部分可能接受深部流体补给.     

柴达木盆地西部卤水特征及成因探讨

柴达木盆地自中生代末-新生代初以来,四周山体不断抬升,形成"高山深盆"的沉积环境,为盆地带来了大量盐类物质,再加上新近纪干旱封闭的气候环境,使得其西部沉积了广阔而厚层的岩盐.在对柴达木盆地西部新近系、第四系地层出露盐矿点实地考察的过程中,采集、分析了18件卤水样品的水化学组成.结果表明,卤水矿化度高,油田卤水富B3 、Li 、Sr2 和Br-等有益组分,其前缘第四纪形成的盐湖也有大量K 资源分布.通过离子含量及水化学特征系数,查明了卤水的水化学类型主要为氯化物型和硫酸镁亚型,地表浅层卤水富Mg2 、SO24-贫Ca2 ,而油田卤水富Ca2 ,贫Mg2 、SO24-.反映了油田卤水具有深部CaCl2型水体的特征,这种富Ca2 的卤水可能与白云岩化作用使卤水中的Ca2 增加而Mg2 减少,以及硫酸盐的还原作用使SO24-减少有关;地表浅层卤水接近青海湖湖水蒸发线,说明盆地卤水主要是由大气降水汇聚蒸发形成.通过卤水氢氧同位素的分析,发现卤水明显偏离于大气降水线,发生了明显的"氧同位素正漂移"现象,且卤水演化趋势线和当地大气降水线的交点与周围山体前缘的盐泉水的氢氧同位素值相近,地表浅层卤水主要分布在大气降水线附近,而油田卤水集中分布在变质水的范围内.说明地表浅层卤水主要是由大气降水汇聚而形成的;而深部油田卤水推测基本上来源于冰雪融水或雨水补给,这些冰雪融水或雨水沿着断裂带下渗,在迁移的途中发生了变质作用和深部地热水体掺杂作用,形成了深部油田卤水.     

靖边气田富Br~-、I~-、Li~+、K~+油田水的发现及对找钾的启示

对靖边气田奥陶系和石炭—二叠系产出的油田水进行常、微量元素分析,分析结果表明:样品富集Br-、I-、Li+、K+,奥陶系的Br-、I-、Li+以及石炭—二叠系的Br-和K+都已经达到工业开采或综合开采标准。其高Br-含量特征以及相关水化学参数特点反映靖边气田油田水主要为海相沉积型卤水,且保存环境较封闭,具有很好的原生性;同时,高的溴氯系数及钾氯系数说明奥陶系海水高度浓缩,并已经达到钾盐沉积阶段,反映靖边气田所在的陕北盐盆西部可能有固体钾盐沉积存在。而石炭—二叠系油田水除对原始沉积卤水的保存外,可能受到富钾围岩的影响。     

湖北潜江凹陷古近系深层富钾卤水成因及演化

地下深层富钾卤水是非常重要的钾盐资源,目前很少从区域尺度系统研究沉积盆地中富钾卤水水化学特征及成因.对潜江凹陷深层富钾卤水进行了主、微量元素分析.研究区卤水矿化度为125.70～347.00 g/L,K含量为0.32～6.83 g/L;富集Li、B、I、Na、Cl,亏损Mg、Br,Ca、SO4有富集也有亏损.储层岩石矿...     

从自贡盐矿地球化学特征成盐模式看其找矿方向及含钾性

自贡自流井构造盐矿规模小,呈透镜状,厚度薄,变化大。但盐矿咸化程度高,盐溶水K+、Mg2+含量高;K·103/Cl、K/Br、Br·103/Cl地球化学特征优异。盐矿为潮上蒸发坪上预为浓缩的古卤水聚集于相对低凹的盐沼,再经蒸发而形成,具有成钾条件。盐矿受蒸发坪古地貌控制。在古地貌低洼处及“X”棋盘格式构造交叉处、TM遥感图象上环形影象的点,部署钻探验证,可望找到新的盐矿体。这为进一步开展自流井构造探盐找钾工作可具有重要现实指导意义,对其它地区也有一定启示意义。     

四川盆地中三叠统成都盐盆富钾卤水地球化学特征及其勘查开发前景研究

成都盐盆富钾卤水以深层卤水形式赋存于地下4600m左右的中三叠统雷口坡组第四段（T2l4）含盐系的碳酸盐岩储层中。富钾卤水与海水蒸发系列各浓缩阶段相比,K+、B3+含量异常高,分别达53.27g/L和4994mg/L,超过海水钾盐沉积阶段,也超过综合利用和单独开采工业品位,成为当今世界上罕见的液态钾硼资源。富钾卤水尚富含Br、T、Sr2+、Li+、Rb+等多种有用成分,品质优异,构成优质化工原料水,经济价值极高。卤水具高承压、自溢特点,弹性储量大,具勘查开发前景。富钾卤水为沉积变质卤水和固态钾盐溶滤的复合成因。     

四川盆地卤水分布及开发前景展望

四川盆地卤水分布广泛 ,自震旦系至白垩系各层系均有分布。卤水具低孔渗、高承压、品质优和气水同产等特点。卤水分高浓卤水、淡卤水和中浓卤水三类 ,均不同程度的含有Br-、I-、K+ 、B3 + 、Li+ 、Sr2 + 、Rb+ 等有益组分 ,皆为国家紧缺或紧俏物质 ,其含量多数可达工业品位 ,构成优质化工原料水 ,经济价值极高 ,开发利用前景广阔。     

川西坳陷平落坝构造富钾卤水成因探讨

川西坳陷平落坝构造区是我国目前发现的深层海相碳酸盐岩地层中钾离子浓度最高的构造区,同时伴有B,Br,I,Li等多种元素。从平落4井于20世纪90年代初发现富钾卤水以来,研究人员对富钾卤水的成因先后提出了多种认识,主要认为富钾卤水为原生海水沉积变质作用形成。然而,近年来研究发现有很多无法用沉积变质说解释的现象。为此,在研究过程中,不但追踪卤水中溶剂(水)的来源,还关注卤水中溶质的来源,得出了川西坳陷平落坝构造区富钾卤水属于多来源、多期次成因的结论。研究认为:①卤水中水的来源与古海水和成岩作用中含水矿物脱水有关;卤水中钾具有多源多期次成因特点,主要与原始海水浓缩有关,其次与含钾矿物的溶解有关,同时与二叠纪玄武岩、三叠纪绿豆岩及深部流体活动有关。②富钾卤水的成因模式为:膏盐盆地是富钾卤水形成的基础条件;断层是富钾卤水运移的主要通道;夹持在膏盐岩层之间的碳酸盐岩层是富钾卤水的良好储钾层;裂隙和孔洞是富钾卤水储集的主要空间;构造高点是富钾卤水主要储集场所;温度是富钾卤水品位高低的重要因素;厚度大的膏盐岩层是富钾卤水保存的可靠屏障。     

新疆库车盆地钾盐科探1井含盐系地球化学特征及找钾指示

在盐湖沉积演化过程中,钾盐矿物在盐类沉积的中晚期阶段才开始析出。因此,研究含盐系盐类的沉积地球化学特征,不仅可以从侧面获取岩盐的沉积物源和成盐古卤水蒸发浓缩程度等地球化学信息,而且更能揭示古盐湖钾盐富集趋势。文章通过对库车盆地钾盐科探1井钻取的岩芯样品进行高精度采样测试,得出岩盐中Mg×103/Cl、K×103/Cl、Li×103/Cl与K+、Mg2+、Li+、Ca2+、Cl-含量的垂向变化规律。并与库车盆地其他钻孔中的岩盐含钾性进行对比,同时,依据钻井剖面岩性特征,与潜江凹陷和大汶口凹陷含盐系剖面进行对比,论述研究区成盐的地球化学特征,对其钾盐成矿前景进行分析和评价。     

Minerogenic Theory of the Superlarge Lop Nur Potash Deposit, Xinjiang, China

Located in the eastern part of the Tarim basin, Xinjiang, the Lop Nur was an ultimate water catchment area of the Tarim basin during the Quaternary. Through nearly ten years of investigation and research, the authors have found a superlarge brine potash deposit in the Luobei subbasitv—a secondary basin of the Lop Nur depression. The deposit has been mined now. On that basis, the authors propose new theories on the genesis of the potash rock deposit. In the tectonic and geomorphologic contexts, the Tarim basin lies in a “high mountain-deep basin” environment. At the beginning of the Quaternary, influenced by the neotectonic movement, the Lop Nur evolved into a “deep basin” in the Tarim basin. At the end of the middle Pleistocene, neotectonic migration began to take place in the interior of the Lop Nur and a new secondary deep basin—the Luobei subbasin—formed gradually. Despite its small area, it is actually the deepest subbasin in the Lop Nur depression, where brines of the Lop Nur Salt Lake gather and evaporate, thus providing materials for the formation of a superlarge brine potash rock deposit. With respect to the phenomenon of brine concentration and change with deepening of the lake, the authors propose a model of “high mountain-deep basin” tectonic migration for potash concentration. In the sedimentological context, the honeycomb-shaped voids developed in glauberite rock in the subbasin are good space for potash-rich brine accumulation. Study indicates that the deposition of glauberite requires recharge of calcium-rich water.In the Tarim area the calcium-rich water might come from deep formation water or oilfield water, and the river water recharging the Lop Nur Salt Lake was rich in sulfate radicals and other components; in addition, the climate in the area was very dry and the brine evaporated steadily, thus resulting in deposition of substantial amount of glauberite, potash accumulation in intercrystal brine and final formation of the potash deposit. Generally, potash formation in a salt lake undergoes a three-stage process of “carbonates→sulfates (gypsum and glauberite)→chlorides (halite etc.)”, but in the study area there only occurred a two-stage process of “carbonates→sulfates (gypsum and glauberite)”. The authors call this new geological phenomenon the “two-stage potash formation” model. In conclusion, the superlarge Lop Nur potash deposit is the result of combined “high mountain-deep basin” tectonism and “two-stage potash formation”.     

老挝万象盆地钾盐矿床微量元素地球化学特征 及矿床的成因

老挝万象盆地钾镁盐矿主要富集在塔贡组下段膏盐中,主要由石盐岩、光卤石、钾石盐、含光卤石钾石盐及少量溢晶石等组成,属单层结构类型。钾镁盐矿中的微量元素Br、Rb和氯化物有直接的关系,是在万象盆地内找钾的直接标志,可在不同程度上反映原始盐溶液的浓缩发展过程。而Sr、B地球化学性质稳定,随卤水浓度的增高而富集在卤液中,可间接指示含钾的层位。证实了万象盆地的卤水来源于南部呵叻盆地,并有地表水体及深部卤水补给的可能性。研究万象盆地元素的地球化学特征,对丰富古代固体钾盐成矿理论、指导兰坪-思茅盆地蒸发岩研究及找钾工作具有重要的指示意义。     

老挝万象盆地钾盐矿床微量元素地球化学特征及矿床的成因

老挝万象盆地钾镁盐矿主要富集在塔贡组下段膏盐中,主要由石盐岩、光卤石、钾石盐、含光卤石钾石盐及少量溢晶石等组成,属单层结构类型。钾镁盐矿中的微量元素Br、Rb和氯化物有直接的关系,是在万象盆地内找钾的直接标志,可在不同程度上反映原始盐溶液的浓缩发展过程。而Sr、B地球化学性质稳定,随卤水浓度的增高而富集在卤液中,可间接指示含钾的层位。证实了万象盆地的卤水来源于南部呵叻盆地,并有地表水体及深部卤水补给的可能性。研究万象盆地元素的地球化学特征,对丰富古代固体钾盐成矿理论、指导兰坪-思茅盆地蒸发岩研究及找钾工作具有重要的指示意义。     

新疆罗布泊钾盐矿床成因类型探讨

钾盐矿床产于蒸发岩建造中,是含盐盆地发育过程最后阶段的产物.据已往成果及盐类矿物提供的新资料认为罗布泊以卤水钾矿为主,已查明钙芒稍储钾潜卤水承压卤水钾矿床为一种新类型钾盐矿.此外,深层碎屑岩储钾卤水钾矿层及光卤石——泻利盐沉积和杂卤石沉积交代型固体钾盐矿均是有待进一步查证的稀有类型钾矿.深入研究罗布泊钾盐矿床成因,将有...     

江陵凹陷沙钾3井古近系沙市组地球化学特征及成钾指示

在盐湖沉积演化过程中,钾镁盐在盐类矿物沉积的中晚期才开始结晶析出。因此,研究含盐系地层中盐类矿物的沉积地球化学特征,不仅可以从侧面获取岩盐的沉积物物质来源和成盐期古卤水蒸发浓缩程度等地球化学信息,而且可以直接揭示古盐湖期钾盐富集趋势及规律。目前,除在江陵凹陷的古近系沙市组等含盐系内发现了富钾卤水外,还在中-南部的钻孔盐矿盐岩中,发现了微量钾石盐和钾石膏,这些说明该凹陷古近纪具有成钾潜力。本文通过对SK3井蒸发岩特征研究及岩芯中K、Mg、Cl、Br离子含量与Br×103/Cl系数的垂向变化分析,揭示古盐湖浓缩演化与钾盐富集趋势,进一步揭示该层段沉积时期及所在凹陷古盐湖卤水钾的富集程度。     

柴达木盆地西部古近系和新近系油田卤水资源水化学特征及化学演化

在柴达木盆地西部一些背斜构造单元的古近系-新近系中,赋存储量巨大的油田卤水，有望成为第四系盐湖卤水的后续利用资源。通过对小梁山、南翼山、油泉子、开特米里克、油墩子、油砂山等典型构造区石油钻孔自喷的油田卤水以及地表盐湖卤水、晶间卤水取样分析，讨论了其水化学特征及资源分布，重点通过与海水、青海湖水蒸发曲线对比，分析了油田卤水的化学演化特征。结果表明，油田卤水中K、B、Li资源远超工业开采品位，Br、Sr等也达到工业开采品位，有优越的高品位综合开发利用前景；油田卤水资源元素富集规律表现为平面上以中部南翼山背斜最为富集，向北、向南相对降低，垂向上深部油田卤水比浅层晶间卤水、湖表卤水资源元素相对更为富集；油田卤水的化学演化主要受控于水岩反应、深部水的混合以及蒸发浓缩和盐岩的溶解作用，这些作用为卤水分异演化、富集成矿提供了良好的地球化学条件。     

Reviews on Potash Deposit Metallogenic Conditions

Potash salt is one of key scarce strategic resources. Searching for large scale of potash salt deposit is one big problerm which Chinese academic community faces. Many new discoveries of world potash deposit have been made in recent ten years, which provide abundant practical information and complement the potash metallogenic theory. Through the summary of the potash forming characteristics at home and abroad, the paper studies the potash forming time, tectonic condition, paleogeographic condition, paleoclimate, basin location and salt source. Potash is mainly formed in Permian, Cretaceous, late Jurassic, Cambrian and Devonian. The combination of structure and environment helps to form large scale of evaporation. The climate cycle is related with crust activity. As the other ore deposit, the formation of potash ore also needs dry climate. Potash is the product of final stage in brine evolution, and therefore, it needs persistent drought climate. However, the climate condition is very complicated. Drought climate belt also occurs in humid climate stage, which is controlled by geomorphology. Potash ore can also form in local drought condition. Generally, potash forms in rock salt basin. However, the actual situation is very complicated. Some potash basin is coincided with rock salt basin, some is on one side of rock salt basin; and some are even in the outside of rock salt basin. Salt materials can be from three sources: marine source, terrigenous source and deep source.The paper gives an overview of the research status about the potash deposit forming conditions, which has great guiding significance for searching potash deposit in China. The paper also summarizes the three types of metallogenic models for potash deposit, including epicontinental metallogenic model, abnormal marine evaporation model and rift valley model. The three models are mainly different in material sources, in which the potash in epicontinental metallogenic model is from seawater; the potash in abnormal evaporation model is from nonmarine brine and the potash in rift valley model is mainly from deep material of volcanic activity.     

Geologic settings of the potassium formations in the Lanping-Simao Basin,Yunnan provinceEI北大核心CSCD

The Lanping-Simao Basin is an important potash basin in western Yunnan province. In this paper, we study the potash deposit potential of the basin by systemic analysis of the tectonic evolution, paleogeography, paleoclimate, distribution of salt deposition and geochemical characteristics. The geochemical characteristics of Br and 87Sr/86Sr reflect that the salts maybe originated from sea water. Based on geological setting analysis, we suggest that the Late Triassic and Jurassic are important salt-forming eras of the Lanping-Simao Basin, and there may be a thick layer of source salt at the depth of the basin, with huge potash potential. With analysis of 87Sr/86Sr ratio, we argue that the potassium deposits in the Mengyejing area were sourced from the deep buried Mesozoic evaporate strata. We suggest that attention should be paid to the deep buried Mesozoic evaporate strata in the future potash exploration in Southwestern Yunnan.     

Progress in the investigation of potash resources in western China

Through the study of the geological conditions of potash deposits in China from recent years, a new understanding of potash theories has arisen that appropriate Chinese geological features. Important progress and substantial breakthroughs have been gained in the direction and management of potash prospecting: (1) Important breakthroughs in continental potassium prospecting: The “Quaternary gravel type deep potassium rich brine metallogenic model in western Qaidam” ensures Quaternary deep potassium rich brine prospecting will grow new KCl resources by 350 Mt, providing a resource guarantee for meeting the Chinese demand for sylvite. (2) The Marine facies potash prospecting shows good prospects: the determination of the new type of Triassic polyhalite potash ore deposits in Sichuan provide an important scientific basis for the establishment of exploration planning and the selection of exploration target areas for polyhalite minerals in the Sichuan Basin; The “two-storey potash deposits model” in southwestern Yunnan has been confirmed, which indicates prospects for the exploration of potash in the deeper Marine facies in southwestern Yunnan are likely to be successful. The discovery of a high concentration of rich bromite salt and potash salt in the Paleogene of the Kuqa depression and the southwestern Tarim region provides strong support for the likelihood large-scale potash deposits exist in these regions.     

海相钾盐矿床溶滤卤水找钾指标体系: 以川东北天星桥构造寒武系深部地下卤水为例

长期工作成果显示我国现阶段常用的找钾指标Br×103/Cl值偏低.创新性地应用"以古验古"的溶滤实验与地质统计法厘清了海相蒸发盐盆地找钾指标体系,充分考虑了不同地质年代海水成分的变化,也可克服"将今论古"应用于现代海水在等温等压条件下实验数据的不足.通过对世界上典型钾盐矿床的石盐、含钾石盐及钾盐(含光卤石)进行溶滤实验...