大陆块体地球化学边界与成矿——兼论中国东秦岭金属矿集区的构造控制

地球块体不均一性边界存在地球化学急变带 ,控制大型矿床的分布 ;深部构造或隐性的构造面与地壳浅表形成的矿集区有明显的空间和形成机制耦合关系。地球化学急变带在大陆内部往往沿着一些古大陆边缘展布 ,与地壳下部和上地幔的深部构造或扩展到地幔的不连续面具有相联系的空间组合关系 ,反映壳幔相互作用对深部构造效应和大规模成矿热流体的控制。东秦岭金属矿化集中区的大型或超大型矿床沿古大陆边缘产出 ,并受地球化学急变带与地球物理梯度带交叉效应控制 ,揭示了深部构造对大型矿集区的制约。     

东北亚中生代火山岩研究若干问题的思考

东北亚中生代火山岩包括大陆边缘北北东向线型火山岩带,以及大陆内部俄罗斯西伯利亚、蒙古、中国大兴安岭等面型火山岩带。它们是东北亚古亚洲洋构造域向太平洋构造域转换时期深部地幔地球化学过程以及东亚大陆与古太平洋板块相互作用的产物。对它们的研究涉及古生代古亚洲构造域闭合过程的深部地幔的动力学和地球化学演化历史,以及东亚大陆边缘由被动边缘向活动大陆边缘转换历史。古亚洲域大洋岩石圈向地幔深部潜入而引发的热地幔     

山东唐家沟金矿床地质特征及深部预测

唐家沟金矿位于胶东牟平乳山金矿带西南段;历经数次勘查工作,近期获得较大突破,累计金金属资源量规模达到近大型。矿区内出露地层主要为古元古代荆山群变质岩及新生界第四系,构造以古元古代褶皱构造和中生代断裂构造为主,其中含金矿化蚀变带受 NNE 向、NE 向、近 EW 向断裂控制。主要控矿构造呈 NNE 向、近 EW向展布,矿石类型主要为黄铁矿化石英脉、黄铁矿化花岗质碎裂岩和黄铁矿化大理岩,矿化具多期活动特点。研究发现,控矿构造局部引张段与其他构造交会处是储矿的有利部位,矿化蚀变叠加地段预示着深部成矿可能性极大。深部预测 NNE 向金矿化断裂构造与 NE 向硫化物富集带交会部位,残留荆山群地层与侵入岩接触部位、接触带与NE 向硫化物富集带交会部位为成矿的有利地带。     

同位素地球化学急变带的形成机制与形成时代

构造、地球化学与地球物理综合分析表明同位素地球化学急变带分为构造显性与构造隐性两种类型，是深浅构造立交叠加的产物。中国大陆地球化学急变带形成于晚元古代 Rodinia 泛大陆拼结时期。地球化学急变带对资源分布起着重要制约作用。     

川东北地区飞仙关组台缘带鲕滩分布规律

对四川盆地飞仙关组台缘带鲕滩分布规律的认识不清,极大地制约着该区鲕滩气藏的勘探开发成效.以四川东北部飞仙关组为例,分析台缘带鲕滩的发育特征, 探索其分布规律.研究发现区内飞仙关组鲕滩沿台地边缘呈NW向展布,并在NE、NW两组基底正断裂交叉处向台地内部呈指状延伸,其延伸方向与台地边缘近于垂直.讨论认为基底断裂同沉积活动形成的古地理格局、沉积古地貌与相对海平面的升降变化共同控制了该区飞仙关组台缘带鲕滩的纵、横分布规律.指出NW向基底断裂的同沉积张裂活动形成了台坳分异的沉积格局,控制了台缘带及台缘带鲕滩相带展布;NE向基底断裂的同沉积正断活动加剧了台地边缘带的沉积地貌分异,台缘带鲕滩发育于NE-SW向基底断裂“断隆”地貌高地,并向台地内部延展,形成“北西控带、北东修饰”的断控型台缘鲕滩指状窄相带分布规律.考虑相对海平面升降变化对鲕滩沉积厚度及沉积范围的叠加影响,总结了台缘鲕滩的分布模式.      

“构造坡折带”——断陷盆地层序分析和油气预测的重要概念

构造坡折带是指由同沉积构造长期活动引起的沉积斜坡明显突变的地带.渤海湾等盆地的研究表明, 断陷湖盆中存在的构造坡折带制约着盆地可容纳空间的变化, 对层序的发育、沉积体系域及砂体的分布起重要的控制作用.在半地堑盆地中可划分出凸起-缓坡边缘、缓坡-洼陷边缘、陡坡-洼陷边缘、凸起-陡坡边缘等断裂坡折带, 识别了“梳状构造”、“帚状构造”、“叉型构造”等同沉积的构造(断裂) 坡折带样式, 它们控制着特定的沉积相域和砂体的展布形式.构造坡折带是油气藏形成的极有利地带.洼陷边缘断裂坡折带, 如“梳状构造”等构成盆地深部预测勘探的重要领域.      

南海北部新生代盆地断裂系统及构造动力学影响因素

利用地震资料、油气勘探资料分析了南海北部大陆边缘珠江口-琼东南新生代盆地断裂系统的时空差异及动力学成因机制.珠江口-琼东南盆地古近系裂陷构造层以NE向、近EW向基底正断层构成的伸展断裂系统的几何学、运动学沿着盆地走向有明显变化,盆地内部隐伏的区域性和局部的NW向断裂及相关构造变形带构成伸展断裂系统之间的构造变换带.在空间上,区域性的云开、松涛-松南等NW向构造变换带以西为NE-NEE向正断层构成的"非拆离"伸展断层系,以东为NE向正断层、近EW向正断层(走滑正断层)复合而成的拆离伸展断层系.在时间上,古近纪裂陷作用可划分为早(文昌组沉积期)、中(恩平组/崖城组沉积期)、晚(珠海组/陵水组沉积期)3个有明显差异的裂陷期.裂陷早期,盆地西部以平面式正断层控制的简单地堑、半地堑为主,伸展量相对较小,东部则以铲式正断层控制的复式地堑、半地堑为主,伸展量相对大,断层向深部收敛在中地壳韧性层构成拆离的伸展断层系统.裂陷中期,琼东南盆地、珠江口盆地西部断裂具有继承性活动特点,珠江口盆地东部发育NWW-EW向伸展断层,并向深层切割早期浅层拆离断层,形成深层拆离伸展断层系统,而沿着云开构造变换带发育反转构造.裂陷晚期,琼东南盆地、珠江口盆地西部断裂具有活动性减弱特点,琼东南盆地东部发育NWW-EW向伸展断层,形成深层拆离伸展断层系统,而沿着琼中央构造变换带发育反转、走滑构造.珠江口-琼东南盆地不同区段断裂系统及其构造演化的差异性受盆地基底先存构造、地壳及岩石圈结构及伸展量等多方面因素的影响,拆离伸展断层系统与发育NWW向"贯穿"断裂的基底构造薄弱带、现今地壳局部减薄带相关,南海扩展由东而西的迁移诱导北部大陆边缘块体沿着先存NW向深大断裂发生走滑旋转是导致变换构造带两侧差异伸展的动力学原因,应力场及岩石圈热结构变化是引起拆离断层深度变化的重要因素.     

华北地块南部断裂体系新构造活动特征

根据野外观察、测量与分析,特别是综合华北地块南部断裂体系第四纪活动性质的构造和地貌标志,表明现今华北地块南部NWWNW向断裂活动最为显著,主要表现为左旋走滑性质;在前新生代构造基础上发育的三门峡-鲁山-舞阳断裂带和新构造期发育的新乡-商丘断裂带是具有走滑性质的新生代壳内活动断裂。地球物理资料表明,在介休-新乡-溧阳和巴东-泉州-台湾地震带西北部的深部存在两个NW向构造带,在地幔可能汇聚为一条构造带。综合这些断裂及其所控断陷盆地的展布特征,明确了该区的NE向、NW向及近EW向断裂的运动学关系。即在应力应变基底格局的制约下,两个NW向构造带强烈的左旋走滑拉分运动作用下导致华北地块南部发育拉分盆地,NW向新断裂的形成和先存NNE、NW及近EW向断裂的复活,控制了新生代复杂的断裂或断块构造格局的形成。     

地球化学急变带及对中国南方油气勘探的思考

地球化学急变带反映了克拉通边缘的地球化学特征，它可比地质观察更有效地揭示克拉通边界的位置。地球化学急变带分为构造显性与构造隐性两种类型，克拉通边缘前陆盆地多出现于构造隐性急变带上，这对油气勘探有重要指示意义。渤海周边油气田、南襄盆地、江汉盆地油气田均位于急变带上，中国南方油气勘探前景较好的苏南块体，金衢盆地，黔南－桂中盆地，楚雄盆地等也与急变带有密切的关系。     

甘肃东沟金矿床地质矿化特征及找矿方向

东沟构造蚀变岩-石英脉型金矿床,位于关子镇-元家坪和娘娘坝-舒家坝两条韧性剪切带与天子山和磨扇沟花岗岩体的夹持区,金矿化严格受其次级近EW向断裂控制,后期断裂构造对矿体具一定破坏作用。矿石类型地表以构造蚀变岩型为主,向深部过渡为石英脉型,褐铁矿、黄铁矿、毒砂是主要载金矿物。围岩蚀变以硅化、褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、绢云母化为特征。中基性火山岩、韧脆性断裂构造、中酸性岩浆侵入“三位一体”是控制矿床形成的基本条件,近EW向断裂蚀变带及延伸部位是找矿有利地段。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.