WorldView-2纹理的森林地上生物量反演

使用高空间分辨率卫星WorldView-2的多光谱遥感影像,构建植被指数和纹理因子等遥感因子与森林地上生物量的关系方程,并计算模型估测精度和均方根误差,探索高分辨率数据的光谱与纹理信息在温带森林地上生物量估测应用中的潜力。以黑龙江省凉水自然保护区温带天然林及天然次生林为研究对象,通过灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)、灰度差分向量(GLDV)及和差直方图(SADH)对高分辨率遥感影像进行纹理信息提取,并利用外业调查的74个样地地上生物量与遥感因子建立参数估计模型。提取的遥感因子包括6种植被指数(比值植被指数RVI、差值植被指数DVI、规一化植被指数NDVI、增强植被指数EVI、土壤调节植被指数SAVI和修正的土壤调节植被指数MSAVI)以及3类纹理因子(GLCM、GLDV和SADH)。为避免特征变量个数较多对估测模型造成过拟合,利用随机森林算法对提取的遥感因子进行特征选择,将最优的特征变量输入模型参与建模估测。采用支持向量回归(SVR)进行生物量建模及验证,结果显示选入模型的和差直方图均值(sadh_mean)、灰度共生矩阵方差(glcm_var)和差值植被指数(DVI)等遥感因子对森林地上生物量有较好的解释效果;植被指数+纹理因子组合的模型获得较精确的AGB估算结果(R2=0.85,RMSE=42.30 t/ha),单独使用植被指数的模型精度则较低(R~2=0.69,RMSE=61.13 t/ha)。     

利用无人机数码影像估算马铃薯地上生物量

株高和地上生物量AGB（Above-Ground Biomass）是作物长势监测的重要指标,因此快速获取这些信息对指导田间管理具有重要意义。本研究通过无人机搭载高清数码相机分别获取马铃薯5个生育期的影像数据,地面实测株高H（heigh）和AGB以及地面控制点GCPs（Ground Control Points）的三维空间坐标。首先,利用试验区域的影像数据结合GCPs的位置信息从生成的数字表面模型DSM（Digital Surface Model）中提取出马铃薯的株高（Hdsm）。其次,选取26种植被指数和H、Hdsm组成新的数据集与AGB作相关性分析,筛选出相关性较高的前7个植被指数同Hdsm作为估算马铃薯AGB的输入参数。然后,使用MLR（Multiple Linear Regression）、SVM（Support Vector Machine）和ANN（Artificial Neural Network）方法分别基于植被指数、植被指数和Hdsm构建马铃薯多生育期AGB估算模型,对不同估算模型进行比较分析,从而选择出AGB估算的最佳模型。结果表明：基于DSM提取的Hdsm与实测株高H高度拟合（R²=0.86,RMSE=6.36 cm,NRMSE=13.42%）;各生育期基于3种回归技术均以植被指数融入Hdsm构建的模型精度最高,估算能力最强;各生育期利用MLR方法构建的AGB估算模型效果最佳,其次为SVM-AGB估算模型,而ANN-AGB估算模型效果最差。该研究可为马铃薯AGB快速、无损监测提供科学参考。     

基于遥感的区域尺度森林地上生物量估算研究

森林是陆地生态系统最大的碳库,精确估算森林生物量是陆地碳循环研究的关键。首先从机载LiDAR数据中提取高度和密度统计量,采用逐步回归模型进行典型样区生物量估算;然后利用机载LiDAR数据估算的生物量作为样本数据,与多光谱遥感数据Landsat8 OLI的波段反射率及植被指数建立回归模型,实现区域尺度森林地上生物量估算。实验结果显示,机载LiDAR数据估算的鼎湖山样区生物量与地面实测生物量的相关性R2达0.81,生物量RMSE为40.85 t/ha,说明机载LiDAR点云数据的高度和密度统计量与生物量存在较高的相关性。以机载LiDAR数据估算的生物量为样本数据,结合多光谱遥感数据Landsat8 OLI估算粤西北地区的森林地上生物量,精度验证结果为:R2为0.58,RMSE为36.9 t/ha;针叶林、阔叶林和针阔叶混交林等3种不同森林类型生物量的估算结果为:R2分别为0.51(n=251)、0.58(n=235)和0.56(n=241),生物量RMSE分别为24.1 t/ha、31.3 t/ha和29.9 t/ha,估算精度相差不大。总体上看,利用遥感数据可以开展区域尺度的森林地上生物量估算,为森林固碳监测提供有力的参考数据。     

多源数据支持下的森林地上生物量估算方法

以Landsat8 OLI（operational land imager）为遥感数据源，森林资源二类调查和地理国情数据为主要辅助数据，对森林地上生物量（aboveground biomass，AGB）进行了反演和估算。以安徽省金寨县的天然林为研究对象，通过计算覆盖研究区Landsat8 OLI的光谱、纹理和地形特征，利用森林资源二类调查、地理国情普查与监测和外业调查数据建立AGB定量反演模型，以此为基础分析了不同特征对于AGB估算的影响。结果表明，基于所采用的方法得到的金寨县的森林地上生物量，最优反演模型的实测值与估算值相对误差为0.708 718，均方根误差为1.318 983，精度较高。依据该模型计算得到金寨县的生物总量为4 723 728 530 t，结果与实际情况符合。该研究对AGB定量反演和研究所采用的方法对于大范围监测森林资源具有可用性。     

三峡库区森林叶面积指数多模型遥感估算

叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)是定量研究森林生态系统能量交换的一个重要结构参数。本文利用野外观测LAI,以及Landsat TM计算的7种常用植被指数和5个自定义植被指数,通过筛选建立了不同森林类型的LAI估算模型,其中,针叶林采用多元逐步回归模型,阔叶林与混交林采用主成分分析模型,最终通过多个模型估算三峡库区区域尺度森林LAI。利用样地实测LAI数据进行精度验证,针叶林、阔叶林和混交林的均方根误差分别为0. 829 4,1. 111 5和1. 790 9,判定系数R2均达到了0. 77以上。研究结果将为森林生态系统和碳循环研究提供基础数据。     

基于森林模型参数先验知识估算高分辨率叶面积指数

目前，估算高分辨率叶面积指数LAI（Leaf Area Index）的常用方法是采用大量地面测量数据和遥感数据建立统计模型，再用统计模型估算LAI。然而，与农田地面测量实验相比，森林地面测量实验获取的观测数据更加有限，这使得基于统计模型的森林高分辨率LAI的估算精度低，难以满足应用需求。为此，本文提出一种基于森林模型参数先验知识、使用森林研究区少量的LAI地面测量数据和归一化植被指数NDVI数据估算森林高分辨率LAI的方法。首先，获取全球20个森林实验区的LAI地面测量数据和NDVI数据，建立LAI-NDVI统计模型并提取森林模型参数的先验知识。然后，以一个新的森林站点Concepción作为研究区，将该研究区的数据分为建模数据和验证数据两个部分。使用研究区有限的建模数据对森林模型参数先验知识进行本地化校正得到优化模型，优化模型用于估算森林高分辨率LAI，使用验证数据评价LAI的估算精度。同时，选取了Camerons站点、Gnangara站点、Hirsikangas站点评价本文方法的LAI估算精度。使用地面测量LAI验证基于森林模型参数先验知识估算高分辨率LAI的结果精度，经验证4个森林站点的均方根误差分别为0.6680，0.4449，0.2863，0.5755。研究结果表明：在仅有少量观测数据时，采用本方法能有效地提高森林高分辨率LAI的估算精度。因此，本方法可为森林高分辨率LAI的遥感估算提供参考。     

高光谱和LiDAR联合反演森林生物量研究

估算森林地上生物量(AGB)对于全球实现碳中和目标至关重要。本文以美国缅因州Howland森林为研究区域,借助地面实测样地数据,对比分析协同不同数据源(高光谱和LiDAR)和机器学习算法(随机森林、支持向量机、梯度提升决策树和K最邻近回归)的研究,以改善Howland森林的生物量估计精度。结果表明,采用LiDAR和高光谱植被指数变量模型的最佳精度分别为0.874和0.868,协同高光谱和LiDAR变量并采用梯度提升决策树回归模型的精度为0.927,即多源遥感数据要优于单一数据源。高光谱和LiDAR数据的协同使用对于提高类似于Howland地区或更广泛区域的生物量估计的准确性,具有普遍的适用性与一定的应用前景。     

基于Google Earth Engine与机器学习的省级尺度零散分布草地生物量估算

大区域草地地上生物量估算对草地资源利用管理及全球碳循环研究具有重要意义。为高效快速地估算大区域零散分布草地地上生物量，本文选取安徽省为研究区，在谷歌地球云引擎（Google Earth Engine）平台的支撑下，通过机器学习方法建立Landsat 8 OLI及其他辅助数据与地面实测草地地上生物量之间的联系，开展了草地零散分布地区省级尺度草地地上生物量高分辨率估算，并与传统的基于归一化植被指数（NDVI）回归模型进行了比较。研究结果表明，综合利用光谱与地形因子的机器学习方法，估算零散化分布草地地上生物量的精度可以达到65%以上，其中分类回归树（CART）模型R²=0.57，预测精度为68.60%，支持向量机（SVM）模型R²=0.59，预测精度为75.74%，而使用NDVI的回归分析产生的误差较大，R²=0.37，预测精度为57.51%，因此机器学习方法相对于传统基于NDVI的回归分析具有明显优势。另外，谷歌地球云引擎平台数据来源广泛、获取方便，可以高效地实现海量影像数据的预处理及计算分析，大大提升了工作效率，与地面调查数据的结合可实现更大区域乃至全国尺度上的零散分布草地地上生物量高分辨率遥感估算。     

利用ESAR极化数据的复杂地形区森林地上生物量估算

利用机载E-SAR传感器获取的P-波段全极化SAR数据与实测林分样地数据,分析不同极化方式后向散射系数在地形起伏区与森林地上生物量（AGB）的响应关系,以改进的水云模型为基础,建立了融入地形因子的分析性模型。采用遗传算法确定模型的最优参数,并对模型在不同坡度情况下的可靠性、稳定性进行分析,同时通过与常用模型相对比,确定水云分析模型在复杂地形区估算AGB的优势。结果表明：在森林AGB处于较低值的情况下,后向散射系数（HH、HV、VV）变化趋势与AGB变化趋势保持一致,但随着AGB值的增大,这种一致性仅在HV极化方式下继续保持,因此相比之下,HV极化方式更适用于复杂地形区生物量的估算。地形对森林AGB的估算具有极大的影响,后向散射系数与AGB的相关性随着地形坡度的增加而减小。5种模型估算森林AGB的能力大小排序为：水云分析模型 > 二次模型 > 对数模型 > 指数模型 > 线性模型。地形起伏较小的地区估算稳定性排序为：水云分析模型 > 二次模型 > 对数模型 > 指数模型>线性模型。地形起伏较大的地区估算稳定性排序为。水云分析模型 > 二次模型 > 线性模型 > 指数模型 > 对数模型。利用水云分析模型对研究区AGB估算,其实测AGB与模型估算的生物量值决定系数为0.597,RMSE为30.876 t/hm²,拟合精度为77.40%。     

无人机多光谱影像的天然草地生物量估算

地上草地生物量是衡量天然草地生态系统的重要指标,是草地资源合理利用和载畜平衡监测的重要依据。为了快速、准确、有效地估算天然草地地上生物量,掌握其变化规律,以天山北坡天然牧场为研究区,分析其地上生物量的时空分布特征。根据研究区阴坡与阳坡不同的草地类型和植被种类,利用多旋翼无人机获取的高分辨率多光谱影像(含近红外波段),结合地面实测数据,在进行天然草地地上生物量与植被指数相关性分析的基础上,运用回归分析方法,建立生物量和多种植被指数的估算模型。结果表明:考虑地形因子(阴阳坡)之后,植被地上生物量与各植被指数的相关性系数显著提高;不同坡向,同一植被指数拟合精度差异较大;同一坡向,各个植被指数的敏感性也有所不同。总体上,比值植被指数(RVI)与阴阳坡草地生物量拟合效果最好,模型精度均达到75%以上。利用植被指数建立的生物量估算方法结果与实际相符,可为天然草地生态系统检测和草地资源合理利用提供方法和依据。     

基于ICESatGLAS的云南省森林地上生物量反演

结合机载、星载激光雷达对GLAS(地球科学激光测高系统)光斑范围内的森林地上生物量进行估测,并利用MODIS植被产品以及MERIS土地覆盖产品进行了云南省森林地上生物量的连续制图。机载LiDAR扫描的260个训练样本用于构建星载GLAS的森林地上生物量估测模型,模型的决定系数(R2)为0.52,均方根误差(RMSE)为31Mg/ha。研究结果显示,云南省总森林地上生物量为12.72亿t,平均森林地上生物量为94Mg/ha。估测的森林地上生物量空间分布情况与实际情况相符,森林地上生物量总量与基于森林资源清查数据的估测结果相符,表明了利用机载LiDAR与星载ICESatGLAS结合进行大区域森林地上生物量估测的可靠性。     

Forest aboveground biomass estimation in Zhejiang Province using the integration of Landsat TM and ALOS PALSAR data

In remote sensing–based forest aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation research, data saturation in Landsat and radar data is well known, but how to reduce this problem for improving AGB estimation has not been fully examined. Different vegetation types have their own species composition and stand structure, thus they have different data saturation values in Landsat or radar data. Optical and radar data also have different characteristics in representing forest stand structures, thus effective use of their features may improve AGB estimation. This research examines the effects of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and ALOS PALSAR L-band data and their integrations in forest AGB estimation of Zhejiang Province, China, and the roles of textural images from both datasets. The linear regression models of AGB were conducted by using (1) Landsat TM alone, (2) ALOS PALSAR data alone, (3) their combination as extra bands, and (4) their data fusion, based on non-stratification and stratification of vegetation types, respectively. The results show that (1) overall, Landsat TM data perform better than PALSAR data, but the latter can produce more accurate estimates for bamboo and shrub, and for forests with AGB values less than 60 Mg/ha; (2) the combination of TM and PALSAR data as extra bands can greatly improve AGB estimation performance, but their fusion using the modified high-pass filter resolution-merging technique cannot; (3) textures are indeed valuable in AGB estimation, especially for forests with complex stand structures such as mixed forests and pine forests with understories of broadleaf species; (4) stratification of vegetation types can improve AGB estimation performance; and (5) the results from the linear regression models are characterized by overestimation and underestimation for the smaller and larger AGB values, respectively, and thus, selecting non-linear models or non-parametric algorithms may be needed in future research.     

Potential of texture from SAR tomographic images for forest aboveground biomass estimation

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) texture has been demonstrated to have the potential to improve forest biomass estimation using backscatter. However, forests are 3D objects with a vertical structure. The strong penetration of SAR signals means that each pixel contains the contributions of all the scatterers inside the forest canopy, especially for the P-band. Consequently, the traditional texture derived from SAR images is affected by forest vertical heterogeneity, although the influence on texture-based biomass estimation has not yet been explicitly explored. To separate and explore the influence of forest vertical heterogeneity, we introduced the SAR tomography technique into the traditional texture analysis, aiming to explore whether TomoSAR could improve the performance of texture-based aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation and whether texture plus tomographic backscatter could further improve the TomoSAR-based AGB estimation. Based on the P-band TomoSAR dataset from TropiSAR 2009 at two different sites, the results show that ground backscatter variance dominated the texture features of the original SAR image and reduced the biomass estimation accuracy. The texture from upper vegetation layers presented a stronger correlation with forest biomass. Texture successfully improved tomographic backscatter-based biomass estimation, and the texture from upper vegetation layers made AGB models much more transferable between different sites. In addition, the correlation between texture indices varied greatly among different tomographic heights. The texture from the 10 to 30 m layers was able to provide more independent information than the other layers and the original images, which helped to improve the backscatter-based AGB estimation.     

Predicting biomass dynamics at the national extent from digital aerial photogrammetry

The demand for precise mapping and monitoring of forest resources, such as above ground biomass (AGB), has increased rapidly. National accounting and monitoring of AGB requires regularly updated information based on consistent methods. While remote sensing technologies such as airborne laser scanning (ALS) and digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) have been shown to deliver the necessary 3D spatial data for AGB mapping, the capacity of repeat acquisition, remotely sensed, vegetation structure data for AGB monitoring has received less attention. Here, we use vegetation height models (VHMs) derived from repeat acquisition DAP data (with ALS terrain correction) to map and monitor woody AGB dynamics across Switzerland over 35 years (1983-2017 inclusive), using a linear least-squares regression approach. We demonstrate a consistent relationship between canopy height derived from DAP and field-based NFI measures of woody AGB across four inventory periods. Over the environmentally heterogeneous area of Switzerland, our models have a comparable predictive performance (R² = 0.54) to previous work predicting AGB based on ALS metrics. Pearson correlation coefficients between measured and predicted changes in woody AGB over time increased with shorter time gaps (< 2 years) between image capture and field-based measurements, ranging between 0.76 and 0.34. A close temporal match between field surveys and remote sensing data acquisition is thus key to reliable mapping and monitoring of AGB dynamics, especially in areas where forest management and natural disturbances trigger relatively fast canopy dynamics. We show that VHMs derived from repeat DAP capture constitute a cost effective and reliable approach to map and monitor changes in woody AGB at a national extent and can provide an important information source for national carbon accounting and monitoring of ecosystem service provisioning.     

Assessing Performance of Tomo-SAR and Backscattering Coefficient for Hemi-Boreal Forest Aboveground Biomass Estimation

Tomo-SAR technique has been used for hemi-boreal forest height and further forest biomass estimation through allometric equation. Backscattering coefficient especially in longer wavelength (L- or P-band) is thought as a useful parameter for hemi-boreal forest biomass retrieval. The aim of this paper is to assess the performance of vertical backscattering power and backscattering coefficient for hemi-boreal forest aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation with airborne P-band data. The test site locates in southern Sweden called Remningstorp test site, and the in-situ forest AGB ranges from 14 t/ha to 245 t/ha at stand level. Multi-baseline P-band Pol-InSAR data in repeat-path mode collected during March and May in 2007 at Remningstorp test site was used. We found that the correlation coefficient (R) between backscattering coefficient of P-band HH polarization and the in-situ forest biomass reached 0.87. The R for P-band VV backscattering power at 5 m is 0.71 and 10 m is 0.72. Backscattering coefficient in HH polarization and vertical backscattering power at 5 m and 10 m were applied to construct a model for hemi-boreal forest AGB estimation by backward step-wise regression and cross-validation approach. The results showed that the estimated forest AGB ranges from 19 to 240 t/ha, and the constructed model obtained a higher R and smaller RMSE, the value of R is 0.91, RMSE is 30.43 t/ha at Remningstorp test site.     

Estimation of forest aboveground biomass from HJ1B imagery using a canopy reflectance model and a forest growth model

Accurately estimating the spatial distribution of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is important because of its carbon budget forms part of the global carbon cycle. This paper presented three methods for obtaining forest AGB based on a forest growth model, a Multiple-Forward-Mode (MFM) method and a stochastic gradient boosting (SGB) model. A Li-Strahler geometric-optical canopy reflectance model (GOMS) with the ZELIG forest growth model was run using HJ1B imagery to derive forest AGB. GOMS-ZELIG simulated data were used to train the SGB model and AGB estimation. The GOMS-ZELIG AGB estimation was evaluated for 24 field-measured data and compared against the GOMS-SGB model and GOMS-MFM biomass predictions from multispectral HJ1B data. The results show that the estimation accuracy of the GOMS-MFM model is slightly higher than that of the GOMS-SGB model. The GOMS-ZELIG and GOMS-MFM models are considerably more accurate at estimating forest AGB in arid and semiarid regions.     

森林地上生物量遥感反演方法综述

森林地上生物量反演对理解和监测生态系统及评估人类生产生活的影响有着重要作用,日益发展的遥感技术使全球及大区域的生物量估算成为可能。近年来,不同的遥感技术和反演方法被广泛用于估算森林生物量。本文首先总结了现有的全球及区域生物量产品及其不确定性,然后综述了3类方法在森林地上生物量遥感反演中的应用,即基于单源数据的参数化方法、基于多源数据的非参数化方法和基于机理模型的反演方法,阐述了各类反演方法的特点、优势及局限性。最后从机理模型研究、多源遥感数据协同、生物量季节变化研究和遥感数据源不断丰富4个方面对今后的生物量遥感反演研究进行了展望。