2013年岷县漳县M_s6.6地震滑坡特征参数分析

2013年7月22日,甘肃岷县、漳县发生了M_s6.6地震。震后遥感影像目视解译与实地调查结果表明,本次地震触发了至少2 330处滑坡,大概分布在一个面积为330 km~2的矩形区域内。本文在GIS平台下统计了这些滑坡的发生高程、坡度、坡向、斜坡曲率、地层岩性、PGA共6类地形、地质与地震特征参数的特征。结果表明2400 m~2 600 m的高程范围、10°~20°的坡度范围、西与北西坡向、-1~-0.1斜坡曲率值范围、古近系(E~b)砾岩与砂岩中、地震动峰值加速度(PGA)为0.16g是岷县漳县地震滑坡的多发因子区间。     

汶川地震甘肃省文县地震地质灾害遥感分析

2008年汶川地震诱发了大量的次生山地灾害.本文以多源、多时相的遥感影像(TM、ASTER、SPOT)作为信息源,基于地学知识,采用图像增强、人机交互的方式对甘肃省文县地区汶川地震引发的次生山地灾害进行解译.以ArcGIS软件为处理平台,运用空间分析技术,将解译结果与海拔高度、坡度、植被覆盖度和地震烈度进行空间分析,获得了研究区次生山地灾害的分布规律,其特点为:文县境内的次生山地灾害主要分布在20°～60°的边坡;多发生在1 000～2 500m的海拔高程范围内;主要分布在地震烈度Ⅶ度及以上区域.     

地形坡度和高程变异系数在识别墨脱活动断裂带中的应用

喜马拉雅东构造结位于青藏高原东南端,是欧亚板块与印度板块碰撞、会聚的地带,其内部的南迦巴瓦峰地区是喜马拉雅山东段的最高山峰,雅鲁藏布江围绕南迦巴瓦峰形成一个"几"字形的大转弯。南迦巴瓦地区东侧的雅鲁藏布江河谷位于喜马拉雅山的南麓,属于亚热带湿润气候区,分布有茂密的热带雨林植被。该地区的阿尼桥右旋走滑断裂带是南迦巴瓦构造结的东边界断裂。利用30m分辨率的DEM数据,在Arc GIS软件平台上获得了南迦巴瓦及其周边地区的地形坡度和高程变异系数2个定量地貌参数。在地形坡度分布图上,墨脱附近的雅鲁藏布江东西两岸的山体地形为坡度>30°的陡坡,在陡地形坡度的背景下,存在NE走向、断续分布的坡度为5°～25°的缓坡条带。地形高程变异系数分布图上,墨脱附近的雅鲁藏布江两岸地形为高程变异系数>0. 9的高地形起伏区,在高地形起伏区的背景上,发育NE走向、断续分布的高程变异系数为0. 2～0. 9的缓地形起伏条带。通过野外地质地貌调查和探槽开挖,发现上述地貌参数异常条带处为活动断裂通过的位置。上述工作表明,地形坡度和高程变异系数2个地貌参数的定量分析有助于发现地形坡度大、植被覆盖严重、剥蚀强度大的地区的活动断层。     

中国328个城市的植被覆盖度长期变化特征及其驱动因子

城市绿地有助于促进城市居民健康,增强城市生态系统生物多样性,减轻环境污染,缓解城市热岛效应.然而城市植被盖度异质性高,量化难度大.本文利用30m分辨率的陆地卫星数据,研究了1990～2022年间我国328个城市植被覆盖度的变化.结果显示, 1990～2005年,由于城市内建筑容积率和不透水表面的增加,全国平均城市植被覆盖度由0.38降至0.35.此后,城市植被覆盖度开始逆转,到2022年增长至0.45,这种增长趋势在新建城区最明显. 2005年以前,平均城市植被覆盖度的降低主要是低植被覆盖区域的扩张造成的;此后,城市植被盖度的增加则表现为高植被覆盖区域的扩张.城市植被覆盖度变化趋势的转折与2004年以后国家陆续出台政策要求增加城市绿地覆盖度有关,城市国内生产总值与城市植被覆盖度变化呈现最高相关性.对于大城市和中等规模城市,影响植被覆盖度的前三个因子分别为国内生产总值、城市人口和气温.但对于干旱/半干旱地区的城市,植被覆盖度变化对气候因素(如降水)的敏感度更高.尽管近年来中国城市的总体植被覆盖度显著增加,但在小城市和大城市老城区的城市绿地仍有改善空间.     

2013年甘肃岷县-漳县6.6级地震烈度异常点分布及成因

2013年7月22日甘肃岷县-漳县Ms6.6地震发生在临潭-宕昌断裂的东段,遥感和DEM研究表明,该断裂东段在晚第四纪以来仍有活动,自岷县至宕昌,断裂由左旋走滑兼具逆冲性质转为以左旋走滑性质为主。现场烈度和灾害调查发现,Ⅶ度区内形成Ⅷ度的异常点,在Ⅵ度区内形成Ⅶ度的异常点,这些异常点分布在沿断裂带附近约2km的范围内,主要分布在断层的上盘。进一步研究表明,由于临潭-宕昌断裂在岷县以南以走滑运动为主,强震动主要沿断裂传播,同时由于断裂活动形成软弱地基,强震动引起地基失效造成灾害,形成了烈度异常点。     

洱海湖滨区蜻蜓物种多样性与环境影响因子关系初探

为探究洱海湖滨区环境因子与蜻蜓物种多样性之间的关系,2014年5月至2017年5月对洱海10个样点进行实地调查,记录植物20科46种,共采集蜻蜓11科22属28种1448个体,并对环境因子与蜻蜓多样性进行相关性分析.结果表明蜻蜓成虫多样性与植被丰富度、湿生植被覆盖度、挺水植被覆盖度和沉水植被覆盖度均呈正相关,与浮水植物覆盖度和人为干扰程度呈负相关;稚虫多样性与湖底底质和水体溶解氧呈正相关,并对结果进行了讨论.研究结果给洱海蜻蜓栖息地的保护及湖滨缓冲带生态修复提供了有益的参考和数据支持.     

基于时间序列谐波分析的鄱阳湖湿地植被分布与水位变化响应

采用高时间分辨率遥感信息的谐波分析方法,提取反映鄱阳湖湿地植被指数随水位变化的谐波分量,分别以自然年和水文年的不同周期作为湿地植被指数谐波分析单元,利用时间序列信号的最大振幅谐波分量的变化周期表征湿地植被指数在不同分析单元的变化模式,结合常年水位观测数据和湿地植被群落在不同物候期的时间与空间特征,探讨鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区和南矶湿地国家级自然保护区的植被分布面积与水位变化关系.结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖湿地植被分布受水文状况影响的特征明显,相对于南矶自然保护区,鄱阳湖自然保护区湿地植被分布面积对观测水位的变化更为敏感.(2)两个自然保护区范围内的湿地植被分布面积与对应水文年9和10月的观测水位呈现较强的负相关关系,且在0.05水平上显著.一年两季生长的湿地植被分布面积受退水时间影响大于次年的涨水时间,与枯水期的观测水位无明显的相关关系.(3)两个自然保护区在不同高程区间的湿地植被分布面积与观测水位的相关关系和显著性呈现各自特征.在鄱阳湖保护区,12~13 m高程区间的湿地植被分布面积与9月观测水位的相关性最强,且相关关系在0.05水平上显著;13~14 m高程区间的湿地植被分布面积与10月观测水位相关关系更强.在南矶自然保护区,湿地植被分布面积在不同高程区间均与9和10月观测水位显著相关.采用谐波分析方法分析湖泊湿地的植被分布面积与水位关系有助于基于多时间序列遥感信息的湿地水文节律研究.     

2013年甘肃岷县-漳县6.6级地震烈度异常点分布及成因

2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县Ms6.6级地震发生在临潭—宕昌断裂的东段,遥感和DEM研究表明,该断裂东段在晚第四纪以来仍有活动,自岷县至宕昌,断裂由左旋走滑兼具有逆冲性质转变为以左旋走滑性质为主。现场烈度和灾害调查发现,Ⅶ度区内形成Ⅷ度的异常点,在Ⅵ度区内形成Ⅶ度的异常点,这些异常点沿断裂带附近约2km的范围展布,主要分布在断层的上盘。进一步的研究表明,由于临潭-宕昌断裂在岷县以南以走滑运动为主,强震动主要沿断裂传播,同时由于断裂活动形成软弱地基,强震动引起地基失效造成灾害,形成了烈度异常点。     

澜沧江流域糯扎渡水库消落带植被的物种组成、空间分布特征及地形解释

澜沧江最大梯级水库——糯扎渡水库运行之后,消落带许多原有植被物种被淹消亡,造成大面积次生裸地以及严重水土流失现象.消落带植被亟待生态修复,但缺乏基本数据支撑和参考.2020年7月,基于轻型无人机支持下的3S技术,结合现场调研,采用神经网络模型、空间叠加分析、景观格局指数以及典型相关性分析等方法,提取了糯扎渡水库典型消落带植被分类图及地形数据,定量分析了研究区本土物种组成、面积、覆盖率、分布特征、景观空间格局及地形解释.结果显示,研究区消落带植被覆盖率达74.13%,涵盖18种植物,物种数量仅占蓄水前的18.9%,原生植物仅剩飞机草（Chromolaena odorata）存活,物种组成趋于简单,以一年生草本和多年生草本为主,分别占比55.56%、33.33%,菊科占据优势,苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum）、狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon）、牛筋草（Eleusine indica）和藿香蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）为主要优势物种,分别占比47.41%、29.39%、9.37%和4.56%,可作为生态修复备选物种.地形因子对消落带植被影响大小：高程>地表起伏度>水体距离>坡度>地形湿度指数>坡向.研究区优势植物均呈聚集分布,消落带中下部、上部分别以苍耳和狗牙根斑块为主导,苍耳和狗牙根在斑块优势度、连通性以及形状复杂性方面均远大于牛筋草和藿香蓟,表现出了较强的生存潜力.苍耳在地表起伏度0~1.26 m区段覆盖良好,狗牙根、牛筋草在地表起伏度0.78~2.07 m区段覆盖良好,当地表起伏度>2.07 m,植被生长困难.植被景观格局的破碎化程度、斑块形状复杂性分别与地表起伏度呈正相关、负相关,即地表起伏度越大导致植被景观格局越破碎和斑块形状越简单,进而导致种群生存力减弱.     

中国草地碳储量时空动态模拟研究

基于陆地生态系统模型(TerrestrialEcosystemModel,TEM5.0),利用温度、降水和太阳辐射等气象资料,结合草地植被类型、土壤质地、海拔、经纬度以及大气CO_2浓度数据,模拟研究了1961~2013年中国草地碳储量和碳密度的时空特征及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)1961~2013年间,面积394.93×10~4km~2的中国草地碳储量为59.47PgC,其中植被碳3.15PgC(约占全球植被碳储量的1.3~11.3%),土壤碳56.32PgC(约占全球土壤有机碳储量的9.7~22.5%).草地碳储量以19.4TgCa~(-1)年平均增长速率从1961年的59.13PgC增加到2013年的60.16PgC.(2)研究时段内,青藏高原草地碳储量贡献最大,占总碳储量的63.2%,其次是新疆草地(15.8%)和内蒙古草原(11.1%).(3)1961~2013年,植被碳储量呈增加趋势,年平均增长速率为9.62TgCa~(-1),温度是植被碳库变化的主要因素,二者相关系数可达0.85.在空间分布上,植被碳变化以增加为主,减少主要出现在南方草地中部,内蒙古西部和中部以及一部分青藏高原草地区.土壤碳储量以7.96TgCa~(-1)的速率呈极显著增加趋势,其中20世纪80年代和90年代降水较多温度较低,降水是土壤碳增加的主要影响因素.     

1837年甘肃岷县北6级地震考证与发震构造分析

通过对1837年甘肃岷县北6级地震的历史资料考证、 发震构造的综合研究表明:在1837年地震中遭破坏最为严重的地区位于今岷县堡子乡武旗及临潭县陈旗一带(当时的洮州厅以东约15 km)。 由此确定1837年甘肃岷县地震极震区位于甘肃岷县-临潭-卓尼三县交界, 极震区烈度为Ⅷ度, 震中位于北纬34.7°, 东经103.9°, 误差在10 km以内。 该地区构造位于东昆仑断裂带和西秦岭北缘断裂带的应变传递和构造转换的中间过渡区, 其中临潭-宕昌断裂带活动特性差异明显, 只有部分地段表现出全新世活动特征, 地震极震区一带分布有不同程度的滑坡和基岩崩塌等。 综合分析认为, 临潭-宕昌断裂带的岷县-宕昌段的前缘分支断裂是甘肃岷县1837年6级地震的发震构造。     

APPLICATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE AND ELEVATION VARIATION COEFFICIENT IN IDENTIFYING THE MOTUO ACTIVE FAULT ZONE

The eastern Himalaya syntaxis is located at the southeastern end of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is the area where the Eurasian plate collides and converges with the Indian plate. The Namjabawa is the highest peak in the eastern section of the Himalayas, and the Yarlung Zangbo River gorge is around the Namjabawa Peak. The NE-striking Aniqiao Fault with right-lateral strike-slip is the eastern boundary fault of the Namjabawa syntaxis. Motuo Fault is in the east of and parallel to the Aniqiao Fault, distributing along the valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River. The section of Yarlung Zangbo River valley at the eastern side of the Namjabawa area is located in the southern foothills of the Himalayas and belongs to the subtropical humid climate zone with dense tropical rainforest vegetation. Dense vegetation, large terrain elevation difference, strong endogenetic and exogenic forces, and abundant valley deposition bring enormous difficulty to the research on active faults in this area. Since 1990s, surface morphology can be quantitatively expressed by digital elevation models as the rapid development of remote sensing technology. Geomorphic types and their characteristics can be quantified by geomorphological parameters which are extracted from DEM data, describing geomorphologic evolution and tectonic activity. But to date, researches based on quantitative geomorphic parameters are mainly focus on the differential uplift of regional blocks. In the study and mapping of active faults, surface traces of active faults are acquired by visual interpretation of remote sensing images. It has not been reported to identify the location of active faults via the change of quantitative geomorphic parameters. The distribution map of topographic elevation variation coefficient is suitable to reflect the regional erosion cutting and topographic relief, and the places with higher topographic elevation variation coefficient are more strongly eroded. In this paper, we attempt to identify the active faults and explore their distribution in the Yarlung Zangbo Gorge in the east of the Namjabawa Peak based on the application of two quantitative geomorphic parameters, namely, the topographic slope and the elevation variation coefficient. Using the DEM data of 30m resolution, two quantitative geomorphic parameters of topographic slope and elevation variation coefficient in Namjabawa and its surrounding areas were obtained on the ArcGIS software platform. On the topographic slope distribution map, the slope of the eastern and western banks of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Motuo is steep with a slope angle of more than 30°. Under the background of steep terrain, there are gentle slope belts of 5°~25° distributing intermittently and NE-striking. On the distribution map of topographic elevation variation coefficient, the elevation variation coefficient of the Yarlung Zangbo River near Motuo is greater than 0.9. On the background of the high topographic fluctuation area, it develops gently topographic undulating belts with elevation variation coefficient of 0.2~0.9. The belts are intermittently distributed and northeastern trending. Through the field geological and geomorphological investigation and trench excavation, it is found that the abnormal strips of the above-mentioned geomorphological parameters are the locations where the active faults pass. The above results show that the quantitative analysis of the topographic slope and the coefficient of variation of elevation can help us find active faults in areas with large terrain slope, serious vegetation coverage and high denudation intensity.     

Vegetation Restoration Monitoring in Yingxiu Landslide Area after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

A total of more than 50 000 landslides has occurred in Sichuan province since the "5·12" Wenchuan earthquake,resulting in serious damage to the surface vegetation in southwestern China.In this study,we select Yingxiu,the epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake,as the experimental area.The vegetation coverage information of the experimental area is extracted from the remote sensing images collected in the year of2005,2011 and 2013,respectively.The surface vegetation coverage in different periods is analyzed,and the vegetation recovery rate of the whole area is calculated.The experimental results show that in the first three years after the earthquake,the speed of vegetation restoration is slow,and the vegetation coverage rate is less than 20%better than 0.241,while in 2013,the vegetation coverage increases significantly.     

2013年岷县6.6级地震前天水台磁通门秒数据异常提取分析

基于GM4磁通门磁力仪秒数据,分析研究了2008-2014年天水地磁台的地磁极化值和转换函数变化,结果表明在2013年岷县6.6级地震前天水台地磁极化值和转换函数存在不同程度的异常：（1）转换函数|A|和|B|在震前均出现了下降-转折-上升的异常变化,在上升至最高点时发生了岷县6.6级地震;（2）较短的周期转折上升变化更明显,幅度也更大,如|A|的20~80 s和|B|的20~110 s;（3）3.20 s、50 s和80 s周期的帕金森矢量方位角在震前出现转向并指向震中的现象;（4）4.5~100 s周期的极化值Yzh在震前3个月出现2次超3倍均方差的高值异常。     

汶川地震滑坡危险性评价——以武都区和文县为例

利用GIS技术详细研究汶川地震在甘肃省陇南市武都区和文县触发的滑坡地质灾害的分布规律及其与地震烈度、地形坡度、断层、高程、地层岩性的相关关系,采用基于GIS的加权信息量模型的崩塌滑坡危险性评价方法,对研究区的地震滑坡危险性进行学科分析。结果表明：极高危险区在高程上主要分布在集水高程区,高度危险区主要沿白水江、白龙江等主干河流两侧极高易发区的边界向两侧扩展,轻度和极轻度危险区面积占比较小,主要分布在低烈度、活动断裂不发育、人类活动微弱的高海拔地区,另外国道G215沿极高危险性区域分布明显;利用危险性等级分区结果统计人口公里格网数据,得到武都区和文县潜在影响人口,发现研究区约78万人将受到地震滑坡灾害的潜在影响。     

Revegetation impacts on runoff generation processes in a typical loess catchment

Since 1999, large-scale ecosystem restoration has been implemented in the Loess Plateau, effectively increasing regional vegetation coverage. Vegetation restoration has significantly elevated the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of the near-surface soil layers and increased the vertical heterogeneity of the Ks profile. Many studies have examined the change of runoff due to revegetation, yet the impacts of Ks profile on the soil moisture distribution and runoff generation processes were less explored. In this study, numerical simulations were conducted to investigate how changes in the Ks profile caused by vegetation restoration influenced the hydrological responses at event scale. The numerical simulation results show that the increase of surface Ks caused by vegetation restoration can effectively reduce runoff at event scale. Moreover, the enhancement of vertical heterogeneity of Ks profiles can significantly change the vertical profile of soil water content, prompting more water to percolate into the deep soil layer. When rainfall exceeds a threshold, the accumulation of soil water above the relatively less permeable layer can cause short-term saturation in shallow soil layers, resulting in a transient perched water table. As a result, after the vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, though Horton overland flow is still the main runoff generation mechanism, there is a possibility of the emergence of Dunne overland flow under the high vegetation coverage (e.g., NDVI larger than 0.5). This emergence of new runoff generation mechanism, saturation excess runoff, in the Loess Plateau due to the vegetation restoration could provide scientific guidance for water and sediment movement, soil and water conservation practices, and desertification control in the Loess Plateau.     

Research on the evolution law of permafrost under the influence of urbanization based on remote sensing technology

The permafrost of Mohe County and its suburbs in the Daxing′an Mountains has been influenced by the urbanization. Remote sensing, GIS technology and numerical simulation was used to study the temperature variations of permafrost with the changes in surface vegetation that cover Mohe County and suburban areas, and the law of permafrost degradation on the study area was analyzed. The research results show that the urban area of the study area increased 114.42%from 2000 to 2016, and the urbanization process is continuing to accelerate. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index map of 2017 in Mohe County and its suburbs was studied and the maximum proportion of vegetation coverage was different in the four seasons. The numerical calculation model results show that the permafrost temperature change in the study area cyclically fluctuates in a cosine form. The annual variation curve of permafrost temperature gradually decreased and its accompanying phase lag increased with depth. The annual temperature change value with the different depths of the town was greater than the natural ground. The maximum permafrost thawing depths of the town and natural ground were 4.2 m and 2.82 m in 50 a, and the degradation rates of the two permafrost are, respectively, 0.88 cm/a and 0.46 cm/a. These results show that urbanization has accelerated the degradation of permafrost.     

三峡库区消落带不同水位高程植被和土壤特征差异

植被和土壤是消落带生态系统的重要组成部分.本研究选择三峡库区腹地忠县境内的3个地质地貌和土地利用历史相似的近自然消落带,对不同水位高程(160 m和170 m)植被群落和土壤特征进行研究,结果表明:一年生草本在消落带植物物种数中比例高达72.4%,而多年生草本仅为27.6%;不同水位高程植被物种组成完全相同,且盖度、生物量、生物多样性指数均没有显著差异;随着水位高程变化,群落优势物种存在一定差异,即160 m高程优势种为多年生狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon),而170 m高程为一年生白酒草(Conyza japonica);土壤容重、含水量、pH、有机质、总氮、总磷在160 m和170 m水位高程间均没有显著差异.因此,160 m和170 m水位高程在淹水时间和深度上的差异造成群落优势种的不同,而对当前植被和土壤特征并没有显著影响.     

Modelling of sediment supply from torrent catchments in the Western Alps using the sediment contributing area (SCA) approach

The production of coarse sediment in mountain landscapes depends mainly on the type and activity of geomorphic processes and topographic and natural conditions (e.g. vegetation cover) of these catchments. The supply of sediment from these slopes to mountain streams and its subsequent transport lead to sediment connectivity, which describes the integrated coupled state of these systems. Studies from the Northern Calcareous Alps show that the size of the sediment contributing area (SCA), a subset of the drainage area that effectively delivers sediment to the channel network, can be used as a predictor of sediment delivery to mountain streams. The SCA concept is delineated on a digital elevation model (DEM) using a set of rules related to the steepness and length of slopes directly adjacent to the channel network, the gradient of the latter and the vegetation cover. The present study investigates the applicability of this concept to the Western Alps to identify geomorphologically active areas and to estimate mean annual sediment yield (SY) in mainly debris-flow-prone catchments. We use a statistical approach that shows a parameter optimisation and a linear regression of SY on SCA extent. We use a dataset of ~25 years of assessed coarse sediment accumulation in 35 sediment retention basins. In the investigated catchments, sediment transport is governed by several factors, mainly by the extent of vegetation-free areas with a minimum slope of 23° that is coupled to the channel network with a very low gradient of the latter. With our improved framework, we can show that the SCA approach can be applied to catchments that are widely distributed, in a large spatial scale (hectare area) and very heterogeneous in their properties. In general, the investigated catchments show high connectivity, resulting in significant correlations between long-term average yield and the size of the SCA.