潮流沙脊和沙波沉积结构特征——以西班牙东北部比利牛斯前陆盆地Roda砂岩组为例

以位于西班牙东北部的比利牛斯前陆盆地(Pyrenean Foreland Basin)南部的Roda砂岩组三段为对象,研究潮流沙脊、沙波的内部结构特征。主要的沉积结构为大型楔状、板状交错层理,局部发育大型槽状交错层理,平行层理和小型波纹层理等。垂向上,板状交错层理呈向上变粗变厚的趋势。潮汐束厚度周期性变化,复活面众多,双泥层不发育,局部可见鱼骨状交错层理。交错层理底部生物扰动强,内部较弱,贝壳碎屑常见,泥粒在交错层理底部普遍,古水流方向多变但主要以向西方向为主,主流方向与三角洲的前积方向呈锐角至平行关系,指示潮流沙脊和沙波共存。     

宁夏香山群徐家圈组基本沉积单元

报道了宁夏香山群徐家圈组基本组成单元,即由细砂岩－粉砂岩－页岩构成的沉积序列,并将该沉积序列划分为密度流沉积层（Ⅰ）、牵引流沉积层（Ⅱ）和悬浮沉积层（Ⅲ）,进而探讨其成因。结果表明：①层Ⅰ主要由细砂岩和粉砂－细砂岩组成,且在不同厚度层之间无明显的粒度分异;②徐家圈组岩性系列中明显缺失细砂质粉砂岩,而这种缺失正好构成了层Ⅰ和层Ⅱ之间的粒度中断;③层Ⅱ发育两组交错层理,第一组是平行层理、准平行层理、复合流层理和小型丘状交错层理,第二组是单向交错层理、双向交错层理和平行层理;④层Ⅲ中的薄层泥晶石灰岩具有不平整的底面并在侧向上呈现出长的透镜状。结合相关的浊流沉积研究成果,综合分析上述结果,可得出以下结论：①层Ⅰ可能为具有高悬浮负载降落速率的高密度衰减流沉积形成;②层Ⅱ可能受内波、内潮汐作用的控制;③层Ⅲ可能以深海、半深海垂直降落沉积为主,并辅以缓慢的平流;④沉积时的浊流可能具有双层结构。     

贺兰山地区中奥陶统樱桃沟组深水牵引流沉积的发现及其意义

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘贺兰山地区的中奧陶统樱桃沟组发育一套夹有碳酸盐滑塌重力流沉积的陆源碎屑浊积岩,研究程度颇高。笔者在野外调查过程中于樱桃沟组浊流沉积体发育的环境中发现了相当数量的交错层理,如大型交错层理,板状交错层理,波状、脉状、透镜状层理和波痕等,曾一度被前人解释为浅水沉积环境的识别标志。本文结合当时的古地理背景、沉积环境和区域构造演化特征,通过对樱桃沟组野外露头的详细描述和岩石特征的精细刻画以及对该组沉积序列的详细分析,认为上述疑似浅水沉积环境的交错层理实为底流(深水牵引流)对浊流改造的结果,并分别形成了内波、内潮汐沉积和等深流沉积,这在研究区为首次发现。据此将其归纳为7种岩石类型:(1)双向交错层理粉砂岩;(2)束状透镜体叠加的交错纹理粉砂岩;(3)具波状层理粉砂岩;(4)单向交错层理砂岩;(5)水流波痕细砂岩;(6)平行层理细-中砂岩;(7)大型交错层理细砂岩。其中,前5种岩石类型为内波、内潮汐沉积,后两种为等深流沉积。研究表明樱桃沟组为深水牵引流沉积(内波、内潮汐沉积、等深流沉积)、重力流沉积(碳酸盐滑塌角砾岩、浊积岩)和原地沉积的复合沉积,并建立了该区水道型内波、内潮汐沉积模式。     

昌黎海岸风成沙丘的形态与沉积构造特征及其成因初探

本文论述了昌黎海岸风成沙丘的分布与形成特征、层理构造及其沙丘表面沙波发育情况．并对其成因进行了探讨．沙丘迎风坡表面普遍发育有风成沙纹，层理构造非常发育，有低角度交错层理、大型板状交错层理。海岸沙丘沉积物主要来自滦河．滦河入海泥沙在偏风浪的作用下向北搬运并堆积在海滩上．强劲的向岸风使海滩沙向陆搬运建造成海岸沙丘。目前．沙丘仍在活动之中。     

杭州湾南岸庵东潮坪现代沉积特征

在进行庵东潮坪水文要素定点测量的基础上,对地貌特征,沉积粒度,沉积构造及重向剖面作了全面分析与研究。结果表明,滩地位于杭州湾进、退潮流的交会点,控制其发育的主动力为潮汐作用,具明显的不规则半日潮特性,涨潮流强度远大于落潮流,造就了宽达十余公里的潮滩地貌。滩地水动力深受湾内水流影响,高潮期服从其总体潮流流向,导致潮坪上发育众多与杭州湾深槽系统相连的潮沟,破坏了沉积物正常分布规律,高潮坪存在一定向平行岸线的大型潮沟,受强劲水流影响,沉积粒度粗化,并因快冲快淤而产生变形构造;中潮坪接受退潮期潮沟漫岸物质,粒度相对较小,分选性变差,沉积构造以直脊流水波痕及板状交错层理为主;低潮坪潮流作用大、沉积粒度粗,分选性最佳,发育小型流水波痕,内部构造以槽状交错层理,“青鱼刺”层理及再作用构造为特征。潮坪近岸处潮沟迁移层序及浪成波痕层理的发现反映水动力异常强大,威胁人工海塘的安全,建议停止进一步围垦滩涂,采取促淤方法,抑制潮沟的发育,以维持滩地稳定。     

美国阿巴拉契亚山脉芬卡苏地区奥陶纪海底水道中的内潮汐沉积

本文论述了在世界范围内首次鉴别出的新的沉积类型--内潮汐沉积,发现于美国弗吉尼亚州芬卡苏地区奥陶纪深水海底水道充填沉积中。已识别出两种相:①双向交错纹理极细砂岩相,以发育分别向古水道上方和下方倾斜的双向交错纹理为特征,被归因于内潮汐作用沉积的产物。②单向交错层和交错纹理中至细砂岩相,发育向古水道上方倾斜的低角度板状交错层和交错纹理,被解释为叠加有内波的内潮汐沉积物。据沉积相层序分析,内潮汐沉积形成于海平面上升、粗屑重力流受到抑制的时期。     

柴达木盆地旺尕秀地区上侏罗统-下白垩统风成砂的发现及其意义*

本次研究在柴达木盆地旺尕秀地区上侏罗统红水沟组上覆地层中,首次发现了风成沉积。地层主体为一套棕黄色细-中砂岩,由分选、磨圆好的石英砂组成;扫描电镜下可见风成砂特有的碟形撞击坑和新月形撞击坑等特征;层内普遍发育风成大型高角度板状交错层理,层系厚度巨大,风成沙丘前积层特征明显;发育液化作用产生的牵引褶曲、倒转褶曲等常见的风成沙丘同沉积变形构造。根据岩性和沉积构造特征共在地层中识别出4种沉积亚相: 沙丘亚相、丘间亚相、旱谷亚相和沙漠湖亚相,其中沙丘亚相以风成大型交错层理为显著特征,丘间、旱谷和沙漠湖亚相则以水成沉积为主。风成砂沉积的存在丰富了柴达木盆地中生代的沉积类型,为区域地层对比及西北地区晚中生代古气候和古环境研究提供了新的证据和材料。     

广东仁化县丹霞山红层内风成砂岩的特征

在丹霞山锦岩庙见砂岩具大型板状交错层理,层系厚3m以上,细层厚8—10cm,倾角30—35°,略向下收敛,细层内具正粒序。这是风成沙丘的特征。风成砂岩呈粉红色,粒度0.1—1mm者呈极圆状,其间有粉砂及粘土杂基,呈粒度双峰态。薄片粒度测量作出的概率图几乎全为跳跃总体,其斜率高,分选较好。用萨胡公式判别亦为风成砂。砂粒在显微镜下及扫描电镜下的所有特征也代表了干旱沙漠碱性环境的产物。     

涠西南凹陷11-7区块流沙港组沉积体系构成及演化特征

基于岩心、测井、录井和化验分析资料对研究区流沙港组储层的沉积体系进行了分析。研究结果表明,流三段岩性发育砂砾岩、含砾砂岩,分选、磨圆较差,同时,氧化色的泥岩发育显示滨浅湖的环境,沉积构造和粒度资料均显示发育碎屑流沉积,反映出近源快速堆积的扇三角洲沉积特征;流二段发育厚层泥岩,为半深湖-深湖环境;流一段以辫状河三角洲沉积为主体,岩性粒度较流三段稍偏细,前缘水下分流河道水动力较强,发育板状交错层理、槽状交错层理和平行层理以及波状层理等牵引流沉积构造,同时前缘地带沉积物中发育丰富的重力流、浊流沉积物。流沙港组的湖盆沉积体系经历了一个扩张、鼎盛到萎缩的过程。流三段沉积期为湖盆早期的扩张时期,流二段的巨厚层状的泥岩沉积时期为湖盆扩张的鼎盛时期,随后湖盆又开始逐渐萎缩进入流一段沉积时期,在此过程中,沉积体系主体从扇三角洲演变至半深湖、深湖和辫状河三角洲。     

柴达木盆地旺尕秀地区上侏罗统—下白垩统风成砂的发现及其意义

本次研究在柴达木盆地旺尕秀地区上侏罗统红水沟组上覆地层中,首次发现了风成沉积。地层主体为一套棕黄色细—中砂岩,由分选、磨圆好的石英砂组成;扫描电镜下可见风成砂特有的碟形撞击坑和新月形撞击坑等特征;层内普遍发育风成大型高角度板状交错层理,层系厚度巨大,风成沙丘前积层特征明显;发育液化作用产生的牵引褶曲、倒转褶曲等常见的风成沙丘同沉积变形构造。根据岩性和沉积构造特征共在地层中识别出4种沉积亚相:沙丘亚相、丘间亚相、旱谷亚相和沙漠湖亚相,其中沙丘亚相以风成大型交错层理为显著特征,丘间、旱谷和沙漠湖亚相则以水成沉积为主。风成砂沉积的存在丰富了柴达木盆地中生代的沉积类型,为区域地层对比及西北地区晚中生代古气候和古环境研究提供了新的证据和材料。     

云南西北部丽江—剑川地区古近纪宝相寺组石英砂颗粒表面特征

石英砂具有丰富的颗粒表面特征,是判别沉积环境的重要标志。利用扫描电镜对云南丽江—剑川地区宝相寺组（E2b）的石英砂颗粒表面特征进行了系统分析：下部样品具水成特征,中部样品具风成特征,上部样品则具经水流改造后的风成特征。结合野外观察结果,从宝相寺组石英砂颗粒表面特征的变化规律可以看出,下部为近源洪积环境、中部为风成沙丘环境、上部为湖泊环境。其中中部样品的石英砂磨圆、分选极好,普遍具有标准的碟形、新月形撞击坑和毛玻璃化表面,是典型的沙漠砂沉积。     

云南西北部丽江—剑川地区古近纪宝相寺组 石英砂颗粒表面特征

石英砂具有丰富的颗粒表面特征,是判别沉积环境的重要标志。利用扫描电镜对云南丽江—剑川地区宝相寺组(E2b)的石英砂颗粒表面特征进行了系统分析:下部样品具水成特征,中部样品具风成特征,上部样品则具经水流改造后的风成特征。结合野外观察结果,从宝相寺组石英砂颗粒表面特征的变化规律可以看出,下部为近源洪积环境、中部为风成沙丘环境、上部为湖泊环境。其中中部样品的石英砂磨圆、分选极好,普遍具有标准的碟形、新月形撞击坑和毛玻璃化表面,是典型的沙漠砂沉积。     

对《西藏高原雅鲁藏布江北岸蛇绿岩带的发现及其地质意义》一文的商榷

综合1：5万区调成果，系统阐述了赣西北地区双桥山群的沉积学特征，认为是一套形成于滨海－半深海环境的重力流沉积体系，基本发育－系列重力流沉积相单元，即块状混杂砾岩相，正递变砾岩相，经典浊积岩相等，对各单元基本层序特征进行了总结论述，并结合地球化学特征及粒度分析成果探讨了沉积环境。     

Sedimentological and deformational criteria for discriminating subglaciofluvial deposits from subaqueous ice‐contact fan deposits: A Pleistocene example (Ireland)

A pit located near Ballyhorsey, 28 km south of Dublin (eastern Ireland), displays subglacially deposited glaciofluvial sediments passing upwards into proglacial subaqueous ice‐contact fan deposits. The coexistence of these two different depositional environments at the same location will help with differentiation between two very similar and easily confused glacial lithofacies. The lowermost sediments show aggrading subglacial deposits indicating a constrained accommodation space, mainly controlled by the position of an overlying ice roof during ice‐bed decoupling. These sediments are characterized by vertically stacked tills with large lenses of tabular to channelized sorted sediments. The sorted sediments consist of fine‐grained laminated facies, cross‐laminated sand and channelized gravels, and are interpreted as subglaciofluvial sediments deposited within a subglacial de‐coupled space. The subglaciofluvial sequence is characterized by glaciotectonic deformation structures within discrete beds, triggered by fluid overpressure and shear stress during episodes of ice/bed recoupling (clastic dykes and folds). The upper deposits correspond to the deposition of successive hyperpycnal flows in a proximal proglacial lake, forming a thick sedimentary wedge erosively overlying the subglacial deposits. Gravel facies and large‐scale trough bedding sand are observed within this proximal wedge, while normally graded sand beds with developed bedforms are observed further downflow. The building of the prograding ice‐contact subaqueous fan implies an unrestricted accommodation space and is associated with deformation structures related to gravity destabilization during fan spreading (normal faults). This study facilitates the recognition of subglacial/submarginal depositional environments formed, in part, during localized ice/bed coupling episodes in the sedimentary record. The sedimentary sequence exposed in Ballyhorsey permits characterization of the temporal framework of meltwater production during deglaciation, the impact on the subglacial drainage system and the consequences on the Irish Sea Ice Stream flow mechanisms.     

Neoproterozoic siliciclastic sedimentation around Kampa-Tenpa area,Pranhita Godavari Graben (PGG), Central India: Facies analysis,petrography and depositional environment

The Pranhita-Godavari Graben (PGG) represents a major lineament in south Indian Peninsular cratonic province, which preserves a thick column of sediments. In geological time scale, these sedimentary units correspond to Mesoproterozoic to Mesozoic period. The Mesoproterozoic sedimentation has been confined mainly to southern part of the PGG, while Neoproterozoic sediments are exposed at northern tip of the graben. In the area of investigation siliciclastic sedimentation units are exposed, wherein five major lithofacies have been marked out. These lithofacies are i) breccia (Br), ii) large scale trough cross-bedded sandstone (Ls), iii) small-scale trough cross-bedded sandstone (Sss), iv) horizontal bedded sandstone (Hs) and v) ripple laminated sandstone (Rs). The amalgamation of these lithofacies strongly divulges that the lower part of the succession was deposited in braided-streams, whereas the upper part was deposited in erg environment. The unimodal paleocurrent is evident in lower part of the succession while bimodal paleocurrent is noticed from sandstones at upper part of the succession. In general, the sandstones exhibit northwesterly paleocurrent direction. The petrographic studies point out that the sandstones are arenites and were deposited in interior type of continental block provenance under semi-arid to hot humid palaeoclimate. The high percentage of floating grains and the low percentage of interpenetrative contacts as well as the low value of contact index for these sandstones divulge that the grains did not suffer much compaction thereby pointing to shallow burial. The sub-angular zircon and tourmaline suggest that these minerals have travelled short distance from the source rocks. The high percentage of garnet and presence of epidote, staurolite, sillimanite, zoisite, amphibole and kyanite indicate that the sediments were derived from the nearby metamorphic source rocks.     

Sedimentology, stratigraphy and landscape evolution of a Holocene coastal dune system, Lodbjerg, NW Jutland, Denmark

The stratigraphy and landscape evolution of the Lodbjerg coastal dune system record the interplay of environmental and cultural changes since the Late Neolithic. The modern dunefield forms part of a 40 km long belt of dunes and aeolian sand‐plains that stretches along the west coast of Thy, NW Jutland. The dunefield, which is now stabilized, forms the upper part of a 15–30 m thick aeolian succession. The aeolian deposits drape a glacial landscape or Middle Holocene lake sediments. The aeolian deposits were studied in coastal cliff exposures and their large‐scale stratigraphy was examined by ground‐penetrating radar mapping. The contact between the aeolian and underlying sediments is a well‐developed peaty palaeosol, the top of which yields dates between 2300 BC and 600 BC . Four main aeolian units are distinguished, but there is some lateral stratigraphic variation in relation to underlying topography. The three lower aeolian units are separated by peaty palaeosols and primarily developed as 1–4 m thick sand‐plain deposits; these are interpreted as trailing edge deposits of parabolic dunes that moved inland episodically. Local occurrence of large‐scale cross‐stratification may record the head section of a migrating parabolic dune. The upper unit is dominated by large‐scale cross‐stratification of various types and records cliff‐top dune deposition. The nature of the aeolian succession indicates that the aeolian landscape was characterized by alternating phases of activity and stabilization. Most sand transported inland was apparently preserved. Combined evidence from luminescence dating of aeolian sand and radiocarbon dating of palaeosols indicates that phases of aeolian sand movement were initiated at about 2200 BC , 700 BC and AD 1100. Episodes of inland sand movement were apparently initiated during marked climate shifts towards cooler, wetter and more stormy conditions; these episodes are thought to record increased coastal erosion and strong‐wind reworking of beach and foredune sediments. The intensity, duration and areal importance of these sand‐drift events increased with time, probably reflecting the increasing anthropogenic pressure on the landscape. The formation of the cliff‐top dunes after AD 1800 records the modern retreat of the coastal cliffs.     

1960年以来青海湖沉积物粒度的时空分布及其控制因素

对大型湖泊盆地沉积物粒度组成进行研究，有助于解读全球致密油气和页岩油气勘探开发与其记录的古气候信息。 文章对青海湖沉积物粒度时空分布进行了详细的研究，通过采集覆盖大部分湖区的27根近现代沉积岩芯，并对湖心的三根 典型沉积岩芯进行了137Cs测定获取沉积岩芯的年龄；基于磁化率地层年龄模式，建立了整个湖区沉积岩芯的年代框架。粒 度分析结果显示，青海湖岩芯沉积物的粒度分布呈多峰，以细颗粒沉积为主，其中粉砂含量60%~70%，粘粒组分为10%~ 35%，砂粒组分低于20%。青海湖沉积物的粒度变化在空间上相对较复杂，中值粒径呈现明显的砂岛附近、西部和西南湖 区高，其他湖区低的特征。在时间上，大体上自1960年到2017年呈现变粗的趋势，砂粒组分增多，粘粒组分减少。这些粒 度的时空变化可能是受风砂活动、流域土壤侵蚀、河流径流变化、湖平面变化和人类活动共同作用而成。     

1960年以来青海湖沉积物粒度的时空分布及其控制因素

对大型湖泊盆地沉积物粒度组成进行研究,有助于解读全球致密油气和页岩油气勘探开发与其记录的古气候信息。 文章对青海湖沉积物粒度时空分布进行了详细的研究,通过采集覆盖大部分湖区的27根近现代沉积岩芯,并对湖心的三根 典型沉积岩芯进行了137Cs测定获取沉积岩芯的年龄;基于磁化率地层年龄模式,建立了整个湖区沉积岩芯的年代框架。粒 度分析结果显示,青海湖岩芯沉积物的粒度分布呈多峰,以细颗粒沉积为主,其中粉砂含量60%~70%,粘粒组分为10%~ 35%,砂粒组分低于20%。青海湖沉积物的粒度变化在空间上相对较复杂,中值粒径呈现明显的砂岛附近、西部和西南湖 区高,其他湖区低的特征。在时间上,大体上自1960年到2017年呈现变粗的趋势,砂粒组分增多,粘粒组分减少。这些粒 度的时空变化可能是受风砂活动、流域土壤侵蚀、河流径流变化、湖平面变化和人类活动共同作用而成。     

松辽盆地北部依安凹陷四方台组砂体特征及铀成矿潜力分析

根据钻探施工及取样分析结果,总结了松辽盆地北部依安凹陷内上白垩统四方台组沉积相、砂体发育及后生蚀变特征.依安凹陷内四方台组可分为上下两段,其中四方台组上段主要发育辫状河相沉积,下段主要为曲流河相沉积.辫状河相一般发育1~2层砂体,砂体规模较大,局部后生氧化作用发育.通过对依安凹陷四方台组铀源、构造、砂体发育及后生改造特征分析,认为其具有较好的砂岩型铀成矿所需的铀源条件、构造条件、砂体条件及后生氧化改造条件,铀矿找矿潜力较大.     

Grain-size sorting within river bars in relation to downstream fining along a wandering channel

The textural variability of river bed gravels at bar scales is poorly understood, as are the relations between variability at this scale and at reach and river scales. Surface and subsurface grain‐size distributions were therefore examined at reach, bar and bedform scales along lower Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. Grain‐size variations within compound bars are conditioned by longitudinal position, elevation and morphological setting. Surface and subsurface sediments tend to decrease in median size from bar head to bar tail by 33% and 17%, respectively. Sediment size is constrained at some upper limit that is inversely related to bar surface elevation and which is consistent with competence considerations. The surface sediments on unit bars are finer and better sorted than the bed materials in bar‐top channels and along the main bar edges. Secondary unit bars tend to have a lower sand content than other features, a consequence of sediment resorting. Individual unit bars and gravel sheets exhibit streamwise grain‐size fining and lee‐side sand deposition. Over time, significant amounts of cut and fill do not ipso facto cause changes in surface grain sizes; yet, sediment characteristics can change without any significant morphological adjustment taking place. At the reach scale there is a clear downstream fining trend, but local variability is consistently high due to within‐bar variations. The surface median grain‐size range on individual bars is, on average, 25% of that along the entire 50 km reach but is 68% on one bar. While the overall fining trend yields a downstream change in surface median size of 0·76 mm km^?1, the average value for ‘head‐to‐tail’ size reduction on individual bars is 6·3 mm km^?1, an order of magnitude difference that highlights the effectiveness of bar‐scale sorting processes in gravel‐bed rivers. Possibilities for modelling bar‐scale variability and the interaction of the different controls that are identified are discussed.