Seismogram Analysis and Fitting of Three Earthquakes,West Papua,Recorded at Stations ENH and KMI,China

The S wave velocity structure of the earth below Eastern Southeast Asia has been investigated by analyzing the seismogram from surface wave to multiple depth waves in the time domain and three Cartesian components simultaneously. The wave passes across the front area of subduction zone between the Philippine plate and the Asian plate. The main data are waveform comparisons, instead of the arrival times. The synthetic seismogram is calculated using the GEMINI method. The synthetic seismogram constructed by PREMAN global earth model deviates greatly from the measured one. To solve this problem, corrections are needed for the β speed structure. Corrections cover the gradient change of βh, which turns from negative to positive in upper mantle layers as in the PREMAN, change of earth crust depth and change of zero order coefficients of β velocity function in all earth mantle layers. So, the fitting is obtained, as well as the arrival time or the waveform of Love and Rayleigh surface waves, the S wave and the repetitive depth waves ScS2 and ScS3. This result reveals that the Southeast Asia, being stretched due to tectonic release, has a mantle in some parts with negative anomaly of S wave velocity and vertical anisotropy in all earth mantle layers.     

Seismogram Analysis of Indonesian Earthquakes at DAV Observation Station

The S-wave velocity across the earth structure under Indonesia for Indonesia earthquakes has been investigated through seismogram analysis, simultaneously in the time domain and three Cartesian components. The data were recorded at DAV observational station, the Philippines. The main data set is the seismogram comparison between the measured and synthetic seismogram, instead of travel time data, as commonly used in other seismological research. The synthetic seismogram is calculated using the GEMINI method, which is equivalent to Mode Summation. The above seismogram comparison shows that the global earth mantle of PREMAN gives a deviating synthetic seismogram and has earlier arrival times than those of the measurement. The gradient of β_h in the upper mantle layers is altered into a positive, rather than negative slope as stated in the PREMAN model, and negative corrections are imposed to the zero order of the polynomials coefficients in all earth mantle layers. The excellent fitting, as well as travel time or waveform, is obtained from the surface waves of Love and Rayleigh, surface wave to the S and SS mantle waves as well as the core reflected waves. This result expresses that part of the earth mantle, due to a collision between India and Asia tectonic released zones, has a negative anomaly in S-wave velocity and vertical anisotropy in all of the earth mantle layers.     

利用纯S波输入研究地震台站下方的横波速度结构

震中距在50°左右的深源远震,直达波S波震相波列可以与其他震相波列分离. 在层状介质中,本文通过传播矩阵方法得到由S波从台下底层输入获得地面理论地震图的新方法,并由此拟合了河北省两个地震台短周期S波记录,获得台站下方横波速度结构. 结果表明,红山台下13km和24km左右有S波低速层存在,地壳厚度为33.km;涉县台下18km和30km左右有S波低速层存在. 红山台下S波差异显著的2个低速层夹持的高速层、较薄地壳及上地幔顶部低S波速度结构,与166年邢台大地震有关. 考虑到S波速度对部分熔融体的敏感性,认为地壳S波速度结构可作为揭示强震深部背景的依据之一.     

影响面波勘探精度的因素探讨

分析了影响面波勘探精度的主要因素,针对计算面波相速度的精度问题,讨论了常用测量台间以相速度方法的优缺点及其适用范围,并提出通过测量台间格林函数进行相位校正,以得到两台之间的精解相位。以合成的高频理论地震图作为记录信号,并在理论地震图上叠加了２０％的随机噪声,利用这些方法分析理论信号,数字实验表明：在相干频率范围内,格林函数方法能够精确测量台间相速度,而互相关法和窄带通滤波互相关法所得结果较为离散。     

Characteristics of head wave in multi-layered half-space

Introduction Head wave is one of the main phases of local seismic arrivals, and it is important in the study of the crustal structure and the physical characteristics of the transition-zone between the crust and the mantle. So far, the kinetic characteristics of head wave such as arrival time have been widely used, while the dynamic characteristics of head wave like amplitude were usually ignored al-though it includes more information of the structure. In this article, we shall investigate the…     

垂向非均匀介质中首波特征分析

利用合成理论地震图方法研究了存在高速层或低速层的地壳模型及壳-幔过渡带模型中首波等震相的动力学特征，指出首波的特征对于高速层的结构变化比较敏感．当高速层厚度与特征波长相比较小时，地震波的衍射现象明显，这种情况下高速层不能屏蔽在其下面一层的上界面传播的首波，且该首波震相的强度随高速层厚度或速度的增加而递减；当高速层厚度与特征波长相当时，高速层底面的反射波震相与首波震相到时接近，会因互相干涉而减弱；对于低速层，首波震相强度较弱且随低速层速度的减小而递减；在壳-幔间断处引入一定厚度和速度变化范围的过渡带，可以得到更加明显的视首波震相，强度随过渡带厚度或速度变化范围的增加而增大．      

The S to P convert wave from the bottom of sediment basin in the near-field seismic records

Introduction On October 18 and 19, 1989, a sequence of earthquakes with magnitude MS=5.5, 5.8 and 5.5 occurred in the southeast part of Datong basin, Shanxi Province, China. One year and five months later, on March 26, 1991, another strong earthquake with magnitude MS=5.8 strikes the Datong basin once more. After both October 1989 and March 1991 earthquakes, the Institute of Geophysics, China Seismological Bureau (IGCSB) made near-field observations for aftershocks. 5 DCS-302 digital…     

地震近场记录中来自沉积盆地底部的S-P转换波震相c

在1989年10月和1991年3月大同地震余震的近场记录中,发现P波与S波到时之间还存在一个附加震相. 对地震的精确定位表明,有一些带有附加震相的地震记录是在临界角之内的台站得到的,因而可以排除附加震相为地表折射波的可能性. 用质点运动轨迹分析方法对附加震相的振动方向进行分析后认为,附加震相的运动特性与P波的运动特性一致,因而,可能是来自沉积盆地底部的S-P转换波. 设定一个低速的沉积层覆盖在速度较高的基岩之上的速度结构模型,用合成地震图技术模拟出这次地震的附加震相,从而确认该附加震相为盆地底部的S-P转换波. 调整传播路径上沉积基底的深度,可以得到一个概略性的盆地底部的图象,即大同盆地底部是一个沿桑干河河谷中部深、两側浅的V形盆底.      

用宽频带远震接收函数研究青藏高原的地壳结构

为研究青藏高原的岩石层构造及其动力学过程,根据记录到的来自台站东北方向的大量宽频带远震林波波形资料,应用时间域的最大熵谱反褶积算法,得到了11个（全部）PASSCAL（地壳与岩石层的地震台阵研究计划）台站的接收函数．利用时间域广义线性反演的Jumping（跳动）算法,引入模型光滑度约束,并将合成地震图的Kennett完全算法及微分地震图的Randall快速算法用于接收函数的正演计算,由台站接收函数获得了各台站下方的一维S波速度分布．反演结果表明,青藏高原的Moho界面在班公-怒江缝合带附近存在明显的深度错断;在日喀则、拉萨、桑雄和安多等地的地壳内部,可以连续观测到三个显著的速度界面h1,h2和h3,其中h1和h2可以连续追踪到温泉、二道沟和不冻泉等地,而h3在班公-怒江缝合带以北消失;在日喀则、拉萨、桑雄、安多、二道沟和不冻泉等地有壳内低速层．关于班公-怒江缝合带附近Moho界面的错断现象,一个可能的解释是班公-怒江缝合带是印度地壳向欧亚下地壳挤入的前沿．     

利用面波测定台间衰减系数

使用相匹配滤波技术提取基阶面波振型的相位,然后再利用时变滤波进行 振幅谱校正,以此分离出基阶振型面波信号。对合成面波理论地震图的处理结果表 明,该方法可精确地从含高阶（最高阶数为５）的综合地震图中分离出基阶面波,与利 用同一模型合成的基阶面波相比,分离出的基阶面波的振幅谱畸变很小,根据中国数 字化地震台网（ＣＤＳＮ）记录的长周期面波资料,对与震源位于同一大圆弧上的北京。 海拉尔台观测的瑞雷波进行处理,分离出基阶振型信号,然后利用两台的基阶振型信 号进行反褶积得到台间格林函数,由格林函数计算得到台间周期为１３～１４２ ｓ的面 波衰减系数和群速度,所得结果也较为平稳。     

福州-泉州-汕头地区地壳结构的爆炸地震研究

本文根据1982和1985年在福州-泉州-汕头地区的人工爆炸地震测深资料,分析了震相特征,共识别到九个波组:P₁、P_g、P_g^′、P₃^°、P₄（P₄^°）、P₅^°、P_n（P_n^°）、P₇^*及S波组。通过对波的走时反演、正演拟合、理论地震图和射线追踪方法反复计算,得到了该区地壳与上地幔结构模型。结果表明,该区具有大陆地壳向海洋地壳过渡的边缘地区结构特征。地壳P波速度6.30km/s,莫霍面速度7.90km/s,地壳厚度30km,由三层构成,厚度分别为3km、15km和12km。在中地壳存在一层速度为5.50-5.90km/s、厚度为3.0-4.0km的低速层,低速层分布与温泉出露有密切的关系。在下地壳下部有一数公里厚的高速致密的壳-幔混合物层,其形成原因是由于上地幔物质上涌并迁移到下地壳的结果。此外,还讨论了莫霍面结构,界面起伏和断裂展布概况。     

WAVE SCATTERING DECONVOLUTION BY SEISMIC INVERSION*

We propose a wave scattering approach to the problem of deconvolution by the inversion of the reflection seismogram. Rather than using the least-squares approach, we study the full wave solution of the one-dimensional wave equation for deconvolution. Randomness of the reflectivity is not a necessary assumption in this method. Both the reflectivity and the section multiple train can be predicted from the boundary data (the reflection seismogram). This is in contrast to the usual statistical approach in which reflectivity is unpredictable and random, and the section multiple train is the only predictable component of the seismogram. The proposed scattering approach also differs from Claerbout's method based on the Kunetz equation. The coupled first-order hyperbolic wave equations have been obtained from the equation of motion and the law of elasticity. These equations have been transformed in terms of characteristics. A finite-difference numerical scheme for the downward continuation of the free-surface reflection seismogram has been developed. The discrete causal solutions for forward and inverse problems have been obtained. The computer algorithm recursively solves for the pressure and particle velocity response and the impedance log. The method accomplishes deconvolution and impedance log reconstruction. We have tested the method by computer model experiments and obtained satisfactory results using noise-free synthetic data. Further study is recommended for the method's application to real data.     

WAVEFRONT DIVERGENCE,MULTIPLES, AND CONVERTED WAVES IN SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAMS*

Synthetic seismograms can be very useful in aiding understanding of wave propagation through models of real media, verification of geologic models derived from interpretation of field seismic data, and understanding the nature and complexity of wave phenomena. If meaningful results are to be obtained from synthetic seismograms, the method of their computation must, in general, include three-dimensional geometrical spreading of wavefronts associated with highly concentrated (i.e., point) sources. The method should also adequately represent the seismic response of solid-layered media by including enough primaries, multiples, and converted phases to accurately approximate the total wavefield. In addition to these features, it is also very helpful, although not always essential, if the method of seismogram computation provides for explicit identification of wave type and ray path for each arrival. Various seismograms, computed via asymptotic ray theory and an automatic ray generation scheme, are presented for a highly simplified North Sea velocity structure. This is done to illustrate the importance of the above features and to demonstrate the inadequacy of the plane-wave synthesis method of seismogram computation for point sources and the limitations of acoustic models of solid-layered media.     

井间地震波动方程正演数值模拟及其应用

井间地震正演模拟是在给定地层参数及边界条件的情况下求波动方程数值解的过程.本文详细推导了井间二维声波方程四阶差分方程;根据假设的包含楔形体和丘状体的理论地层模型,对其波场进行了模拟计算分析;据胜利油田垦71区块两口井的实际声波测井资料建立了精细速度模型,对其正演模拟的合成记录波场进行分析,并把合成记录反射波成像与实际的过井三维地震剖面进行了对比,验证了所设计观测系统的合理性.     

地震波在垂向不均匀介质中传播问题的某些探讨

本文计算了含有高速夹层介质中首波的理论地震图。通过分析得到,当高速夹层薄到一定程度时,就会产生干涉型首波,从而从一个侧面证明了射线理论的局限性。通过对地震波反射—折射系数能量守恒关系的分析,探讨了反射—折射系数大于1的可能性。最后,介绍了一种计算垂向不均匀介质中拉梅问题理论地震图的数值方法——有限差分法。     

A cloud-based synthetic seismogram generator implemented using Windows Azure

Synthetic seismograms generated by solving the seismic wave equation using numerical methods are being widely used in seismology. For fully three-dimensional seismic structure models, the generation of these synthetic seismograms may require large amount of computing resources. Conventional high-performance computer clusters may not provide a cost-effective solution to this type of applications. The newly emerging cloud-computing platform provides an alternative solution. In this paper, we describe our implementation of a synthetic seismogram generator based on the reciprocity principle using the Windows Azure cloud application framework. Our preliminary experiment shows that our cloud-based synthetic seismogram generator provides a cost-effective and numerically efficient approach for computing synthetic seismograms based on the reciprocity principle.     

An approach of refraction seismology for processing and modeling of local earthquake seismogram sections of virtual sources at multiple depths in seismogenic regions—application to Koyna-Warna region,India, for upper crustal P and S velocity structure

We present an approach based on controlled source seismology (CSS) methods, especially developed for processing and modeling of the local earthquake seismograms. Record sections of the local earthquake seismograms generated for multiple source depths illuminate the upper crustal velocity structure in the region. Extensive travel times and synthetic seismograms modeling of the observed record sections reveal the P and S velocity structure in the region. The strength of this approach essentially lies with the possibility of validating the upper crustal velocity models inferred in various subregions of the seismogenic region. A redundant and significantly large number of virtual source local earthquake seismogram sections, gathered for multiple source depths and varying source mechanisms in each of the subregions, validate the same set of P and S velocity models in that region. Further, those models are found to generate the synthetic seismograms consistent with the observed sections. The proposed approach effectively utilizes a reliable dataset from a great volume of well-located local earthquake recordings of a state-of-the-art digital seismograph network. Such a dataset of local earthquake seismograms in the Koyna-Warna active earthquake zone is used here to demonstrate this approach and obtained subregion-specific models of upper crustal P and S velocity structure in the epicentral region. The results indicate that the technique presented here is efficient for processing and modeling the local earthquake seismograms and deriving upper crustal velocity models in the seismogenic regions.     

层状半无限空间中波动问题的数值模拟

本文对波动方程首先进行富里叶—贝赛尔积分变换,在波数k域内构成(z,t)的有限差分隐格式进行迭代,由此计算出纵向非均匀的层状模型的合成地震图。对含有低速层和高速薄层的几种模型做了对比计算,通过时间场与空间场的波动分析,揭示了几种主要震相的传播与形成过程。计算结果表明,无论高速层的厚薄如何。反射波始终很强烈。但初至首波在薄层构造中不清晰,一种属转换型的续至薄层首波震相值得注意;低速层的顶界面难以形成能量较强的上行波,因此在推断低速层埋深上存在不确定性。     

ODD-DEPTH STRUCTURES FOR DETERMINISTIC DECONVOLUTION AND SEISMOGRAM TESTING*

In odd-depth structure the two-way traveltime to each boundary is constrained to be an odd integer. The odd-depth property of a model is exposed to possible refutation under a seismogram test. Test function is a simple transformation of a synthetic seismogram. For an odd-depth model the test function has identically the value 1. The testability of a synthetic seismogram over an odd-depth structure provides a method of deterministic deconvolution. There is no need of specialized assumptions, like the minimum-phase property, about the source wavelet. The deconvolution may be performed in the absence of the early segment of a seismogram.     

频率域波动方程的双参数识别方法

利用反射波地震记录恢复波动方程的两个系数以研究地球内部构造，是当前应用地球物理研究的热点之一，本文在波动方程反演方法的理论基础上，导出了频率域识别介质的密度波速两个重要参数的新算法，从而把当前的波动方程单参数反演双参数反演方法，通过理论模型及实际测井资料的反演试算对比，均藜得良好效果，在算法中还省去了Ｇｒｅｅｎ函数的繁杂计算，节省了计算量，增加实用性。