湍流局地平衡假设的新推论--齐次湍流动能输运方程封闭模型与应用(Ⅱ)

在湍流局地平衡假设下 ,建立了齐次湍能输运方程封闭模型 (HKE) ,并在平板边界层的两种经典流动中加以检验 ,给出 HKE封闭下的流速、湍流动能和湍流混合系数剖面的形式解。结果表明 ,HKE可以避免在流速剪切为零时的无湍流混合问题 ,其解与 L aufer湍流实验吻合 ,因而HKE模型比混合长理论有更合理的内涵。文中还给出 HKE封闭的浅海动力学模型 ,以湍应力和水位梯度力的平衡为运动的基本受力平衡 ,进行了模型的量阶分析和运动分析 :当阻尼频率和运动频率同量阶时 ,惯性运动不可忽略 ;在潮振荡占优的浅海中 ,对流非线性相对于惯性运动为小量 ;当阻尼频率足够大时 ,科氏力项相对于湍应力也可能为小量。     

齐次湍流动能输运方程封闭模型在浅海动力学中的应用

该文对已建立的齐次湍流动能输运方程封闭模型 (HKE)封闭的浅海动力学模型进行了检验。湍流混合强度的垂直分布会影流速剖面 ,在风海流、狭长渠道稳态风潮及渠道振荡流流场等的模拟中 ,HKE封闭均取得满意效果 ,结果表明 HKE封闭在正压浅海动力学中是有效的 ,可避免混合长理论的缺陷 ,并未过多增加计算量。振荡流的湍流粘性系数的时间分布特性是时变的 ,其变化频率为振荡频率的两倍 ,且在流速变化最大时湍流混合最强。对应于浅海潮波系统 ,平潮和停潮时局地混合最弱 ,因而最适宜水质采样 ,反之 ,涨急和落急时刻湍流混合最强。但当取湍动能的Schmidt数 σk>10时 ,湍粘性系数的振幅仅为其平均值的 15 % ,因此可以认为在 15 %误差内振荡流的粘性系数可用一个时间平均值来代表     

风波诱导漂流的数值计算

用相均Navier-Stokes方程研究有波浪时的风诱导水中漂移流,方程中雷诺应力用k-ε模式封闭.采用有限容积法在与平均波面相适应的非正交坐标中求解各方程.计算的漂移流场及湍流特性,包括湍流强度和雷诺应力等基本合理并得以解释.用新提出的界面条件计算海面阻力系数ζ₁₀与实测值比较在波浪无破碎情况下符合良好.     

港湾三维水动力和污染物扩散数值模型

本文提出一种浅海三维污染物扩散数值模拟的方法。首先建立σ坐标系下的Navier-Stoker方程及物质扩散方程。基于过程分裂法将前者分解为外模式（二维方程组）及内模式（三维方程组）；并且引入窄缝法对变边界进行模拟，由此建立三维σ坐标潮流模型；并找到σ坐标系下三维污染物扩散方程的差分方法，最后建立三维σ坐标污染物扩散模型。本模型已被应用于厦门海域，并对其2002年海水水质（CODCr值增量)进行了预测。应用结果表明，这种三维可变边界污染物扩散数值模型能够较好地对具有较大面积浅海滩涂的海区进行水质模拟和预测。     

沿岸海域三维斜压场的数值模拟 Ⅱ、渤海湍流能量数值计算

研究建立渤海海域三维斜压场的湍流能量模型。对计算网格无法分辩的湍流运动，引入湍流能量求得垂向动量、质量及能量交换系统，从而形成封闭的湍流运动方程组。定量地计算了湍流能量、湍流速度及有风、无风状况下湍流能量的垂直分布等，探讨了湍流运动对潮波运动的影响。     

海洋浮游生态系统连续介质动力学模型的建立

运用质点、连续介质和状态变量等观点来描述海洋浮游生态系统,根据生物生命运动、生化反应、水动力学和物质守恒等基本规律,建立海洋浮游生态系统动力学的模型方程。推广地球流体力学的湍流二阶闭合理论,建立实用的雷诺平均生态系统动力学模型方程及其二阶相关项的闭合模型方程,将生态动力学状态变量的湍扩散参数化。本文还讨论了该模型与通常的N-P-Z-D模型的关系,提出了其适用范围。     

涠洲岛附近海域溢油数值模拟

采用潮流控制方程和湍封闭方程构建完整的三维浅海潮波定解方程组,建立涠洲岛附近海域的三维潮流数值模型来计算涠洲岛附近海域的潮流和潮位变化情况,采用大海域计算得出的调和常数值作为开边界的输入值,从潮位验证、潮流验证和流场的变化规律等多方面情况看,计算结果与实际监测符合良好,具有较高的精确度,模拟计算结果较真实地反映了涠洲岛附近海域的潮位变化和潮流运动状况.在潮流模拟验证正确的情况下,建立溢油预测模型,采用欧拉-拉格朗日追踪方法,进行油膜中心轨迹的预测,并预测了油膜漂移的扩展面积、扫海面积和残留量随时间的变化值.     

海洋浮游生态系统连续介质动力学的模型的建立

运用质点、连续介质和状态变量等观点来描述海洋浮游生态系统,根据生物生命运动、生化反应、水动力学和物质守恒等基本规律,建立海洋浮游生态系统动力学的模型方程,推广地球流体力学的湍流二阶闭合理论,建立实用的雷诺平均生态系统动力学模型方程及其二阶相关项的闭合模型方程,将生态动力学状态变量的湍扩散参数化,本文还讨论了该模型与通常的Ｎ－Ｐ－Ｚ－Ｄ模型的关系,提出了其适用范围。     

低风速涌浪条件下浪致应力的研究

本文基于2012年2月15日至5月8日的广东省茂名市附近海上铁塔实测数据,分析了海气边界层的湍流运动。结果证实,在涌浪条件下,协谱和Ogive曲线存在明显受涌浪影响的区域。本文进一步研究,发现浪致雷诺应力的正负符号变化与波龄相关,并给出了顺风向和侧风向浪致雷诺应力正负符号反转时波龄的统计分布。此外,本文基于协谱法提取了浪致雷诺应力τ_swell,并与传统方法得到的浪致雷诺应力τ_*swell做比较。结果表明,整体上τ_swell比τ_*swell大2～3个量级,这意味着传统方法显著低估了涌浪的浪致雷诺应力,传统的浪致雷诺应力计算方法还有待改进。     

多金属结核概念车浮游体的外形设计及阻力特性分析

针对深海采矿实际需求,提出将集矿车上的液压站与集矿车分离,设计成相对独立、悬浮于集矿车前部上方的浮游体。设计了多金属结核概念车浮游体(以下简称浮游体)外形,并利用三维设计软件SolidWorks建立了其三维几何模型。在此基础上,对几何模型进行简化处理,建立了浮游体流体动力学计算模型。利用流体动力学仿真分析软件ANSYS CFX,采用雷诺时均算法(RANS算法)和两方程的k-ε湍流模型,得到了不同工况的阻力数据。采用Matlab曲线拟合功能,研究了浮游体阻力特性,验证了外形设计方案的可行性。     

A three-dimensional coupled physical-biological model study in the spring of 1993 in the Bohai Sea of China

A three-dimensional (3-D) coupled physical and biological model was used to investigate the physical processes and their influence on the ecosystem dynamics of the Bohai Sea of China. The physical processes include M2 tide, time-varying wind forcing and river discharge. Wind records from 1 to 31 May in 1993 were selected to force the model. The biological model is based on a simple, nitrate and phosphate limited, lower trophic food web system. The simulated results showed that variation of residual currents forced by M2 tide, river discharge and time-varying wind had great impact on the distribution of phytoplankton biomass in the Laizhou Bay. High phytoplankton biomass appeared in the upwelling region. Numerical experiments based on the barotropic model and baroclinic model with no wind and water discharge were also conducted. Differences in the results by the baroclinic model and the barotropic model were significant: more patches appeared in the baroclinic model comparing with the barotropic model. And in the baroclinic model, the subsurface maximum phytoplankton biomass patches formed in the stratified water.     

Wind Fields over Funka Bay and Their Effect on Water Circulation in the Bay

Horizontal wind fields over Funka Bay during cold air outbreaks were simulated using a 3-D meso-scale atmospheric model. The simulated wind fields over the bay have a positive curl in the north and a negative curl in the south. These wind fields were used to simulate the current in Funka Bay using a barotropic ocean model. The simulated current pattern was composed of two vortices—one with anti-clockwise vorticity in the north and the other with clockwise vorticity in the south—and was in the opposite direction to that simulated by the uniform wind fields. This is because the wind stress curl effect on the vorticity production in Funka Bay opposes and overwhelms the bathymetry torque effect during cold air outbreaks. These results show that the non-uniformity of the wind fields caused by the land topography around a shallow lake or bay cannot be neglected in simulating its currents.     

A BFG model for calculation of tidal current and diffusion of pollutants in nearshore areas

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Numerical Modeling of Suspended Sediment Transport in the Gulf of Kachchh Including Kandla Creek, West Coast of India

A depth-averaged numerical model has been developed to study tidal circulation and suspended sediment transport in the Gulf of Kachchh including Kandla creek, west coast of India. The resolution of the model is taken as 750 m × 750 m, which is found to be adequate for the gulf region. However, this resolution could not produce the realistic circulation pattern and suspended sediment concentration in the Kandla creek region. There is a major seaport at Kandla which serves as the sea gate to northwest India. Therefore, a 2-D fine resolution (75 m × 75 m) model for Kandla creek has been developed and coupled with the coarser gulf model to compute the flow features in the creek region. The model dynamics and basic formulation remain the same for both the gulf model and the creek model. The models are barotropic, based on shallow water equations, and neglect horizontal diffusion and wind stress terms in the momentum equations. The models are fully nonlinear and use a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve mass, momentum, and advection-diffusion equations in a horizontal plane. The tide in the gulf is represented in the model by the semidiurnal M₂ constituent mainly. In this study, no fresh water discharge conditions have been considered so the results are appropriate for the dry season. Numerical experiments are carried out to study the circulation and suspended sediment concentrations in the gulf and the creek regions. The computed results are validated with the available observations.     

Numerical Modeling of Suspended Sediment Transport in the Gulf of Kachchh Including Kandla Creek,West Coast of India

A depth-averaged numerical model has been developed to study tidal circulation and suspended sediment transport in the Gulf of Kachchh including Kandla creek, west coast of India. The resolution of the model is taken as 750 m × 750 m, which is found to be adequate for the gulf region. However, this resolution could not produce the realistic circulation pattern and suspended sediment concentration in the Kandla creek region. There is a major seaport at Kandla which serves as the sea gate to northwest India. Therefore, a 2-D fine resolution (75 m × 75 m) model for Kandla creek has been developed and coupled with the coarser gulf model to compute the flow features in the creek region. The model dynamics and basic formulation remain the same for both the gulf model and the creek model. The models are barotropic, based on shallow water equations, and neglect horizontal diffusion and wind stress terms in the momentum equations. The models are fully nonlinear and use a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve mass, momentum, and advection-diffusion equations in a horizontal plane. The tide in the gulf is represented in the model by the semidiurnal M₂ constituent mainly. In this study, no fresh water discharge conditions have been considered so the results are appropriate for the dry season. Numerical experiments are carried out to study the circulation and suspended sediment concentrations in the gulf and the creek regions. The computed results are validated with the available observations.     

Intercomparison of wave-driven current models

Seven numerical models which simulate waves and currents in the surf-zone are tested for the case of a reduced-scale detached breakwater subjected to the action of regular waves with normal incidence. The computed wave heights, water levels and velocities are compared with measurements collected in an experimental wave basin. The wave height decay in the surf-zone is predicted reasonably well. Set-up and currents appear to be less well predicted. This intercomparison exercise shows that radiation stresses are systematically overestimated by formulations used in the models, mean bottom shear stresses are not always co-linear with the mean bottom velocity vector in shallow water, and turbulence modelling in the surf-zone requires a sophisticated     

2DOF numerical investigation of a planing vessel in head sea waves in deep and shallow water conditions

Analysis of a craft with two degrees of freedom (2DOF) consumes time more than simulation of a craft with a fixed trim condition; therefore in most of the previous researches fixed trim condition is taken into account to analyze the flow field around a craft in shallow water and head sea wave conditions. In this paper numerical simulation of Reynolds Average Naiver Stokes (RANS) equations are used to analyze the motion of DTMB 62 model 4667-1 planing vessel in calm water and head sea waves in both deep and shallow water with two degrees of freedom (heave and pitch). For this purpose, a finite volume ANSYS-FLUENT code is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for the simulation of the flow field around the vessel. In addition, an explicit VOF scheme and SST k-ω model is used with dynamic mesh scheme to capture the interface of a two-phase flow and to model the turbulence respectively in the 2DOF model.Regarding the results, reducing the wavelength and also the depth of the water can increase the drag force. Also comparing the results of a fixed trim vessel with the results of a free to sink and trim one in calm water shows a difference of approximately 50% in the drag force in shallow water.     

A numerical model for onset of scour below offshore pipelines

A numerical model is developed to predict the onset of local scour below offshore pipelines in steady currents and waves. The scour is assumed to start when the pressure gradient underneath the pipeline exceeds the floatation gradient of the sediments. In this model, the water flow field above the bed is determined by solving the two-dimensional (2-D) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a k-ω turbulence closure. The seepage flow below the seabed is calculated by solving the Darcy's law (Laplace's equation) with known pressure distribution along the common boundaries of the flow domains-seabed. The numerical method used for both the turbulent flow around the pipeline and Darcy's flow in the seabed is a fractional finite element method. The average pressure gradient along the buried pipe surface is employed in the evaluation of onset condition with a calibration coefficient. The numerical model is validated against experimental data available in literature. A unified onset condition for steady currents and waves is proposed. Influences of flow parameters, including water depth, embedment depth, boundary layer thickness, Reynolds number (Re) and Keuleagan–Carpenter (KC) number, on the pressure drop coefficient over the pipeline are studied systematically.     

一种二维和三维嵌套海洋流体动力学数值模式及其在北部湾潮汐和潮流数值模拟中的应用

研究设计了一种二维和三维嵌套、外模态和内模态分离的水动力学数值模式,既可用于潮汐,也可用于风暴潮的数值计算。该模型对全部海区进行二维计算,对其中重点关心的海区同时进行三维计算。在三维计算区域,采用了内、外模态既分离又耦合的计算技术。数值格式采用全部交错的网格结构,三维模型中垂直方向采用σ-坐标代替通常的z-坐标,垂直涡动粘性系数由混合长度理论确定,垂直粘性项采用隐式差分格式。作为算例,本文对南海北部湾潮波进行了细网格的数值计算。