电子探针化学测年在攀枝花大田晶质铀矿中的应用及其意义

晶质铀矿和沥青铀矿是热液铀矿床的主要工业铀矿物,在研究热液铀矿床成因及成矿规律方面具有重要的意义。攀枝花大田地区是我国混合岩型热液铀矿分布区,已发现粗粒特富铀矿滚石(铀含量10%)及较富基岩矿石(铀含量为0.1%~2%),主要铀矿物为晶质铀矿,对两种晶质铀矿成分及形成时代的研究对该区混合岩型热液铀矿成矿规律研究具有重要的价值。本文通过对大田地区滚石中的晶质铀矿和基岩矿石中的晶质铀矿进行矿物学及电子探针分析,研究了晶质铀矿的成分及形成时代。结果表明:(1)大田地区滚石和基岩矿石中的晶质铀矿除铅之外化学成分较为相似,两类矿石晶质铀矿中UO_2含量为77.36%~84.04%,ThO_2含量为0.98%~5.59%,PbO含量为1.79%~8.8%,其中滚石晶质铀矿中的铅含量低于基岩晶质铀矿,钍含量高于基岩晶质铀矿;(2)电子探针化学定年结果表明,基岩矿石晶质铀矿的形成时代为774.9~785.5 Ma,滚石晶质铀矿的形成时代为783.7 Ma,与传统同位素测年结果(775~777.6 Ma)非常一致,一方面说明滚石晶质铀矿和基岩晶质铀矿为同一时代的产物,另一方面说明电子探针原位测年方法是可靠的;(3)在后期的热液蚀变中,晶质铀矿先后发生了硅化、碳酸盐化及赤铁矿化,蚀变发生的时间分别为730.6Ma、699.8 Ma和664.0 Ma。此结论对研究攀枝花大田地区热液铀矿成矿时代及成矿作用过程提供了依据。     

含铀副矿物的热液蚀变：来自华南鹿井矿田碎裂蚀变岩型铀矿床的矿物学研究

花岗岩型铀矿中铀的来源问题，长期以来是铀矿床学研究的热点问题之一。大多数学者认为其成矿物质主要来源于花岗岩本身的含铀副矿物，然而对于含铀副矿物热液蚀变行为研究较少。鹿井铀矿田位于诸广山复式岩体的中部，是华南最主要花岗岩型铀矿田之一，碎裂蚀变岩型铀矿化在该矿田内占主导地位。小山铀矿床位于鹿井矿田中部，是近些年新发现的碎裂蚀变岩型矿床。本文以钻孔ZK1- 1为研究对象，对热液蚀变带开展了精细矿物学研究。研究表明：蚀变带中发育有晶质铀矿、铀石—钍石、独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、磷灰石、金红石等含铀副矿物。晶质铀矿、铀石—钍石中铀含量高，热液蚀变条件不稳定，铀容易释放；独居石蚀变为直氟碳钙铈矿和磷钇矿蚀变为次生磷灰石过程中容易释放出铀；锆石因结构稳定，铀难以释放；磷灰石、金红石中铀含量较低，供铀能力差。综合分析认为花岗岩中晶质铀矿、铀石—钍石是主要铀源矿物，独居石、磷钇矿为次要铀源矿物。     

华南鹿井矿田碎裂蚀变岩型铀矿床绿泥石特征及其地质意义——以小山铀矿床为例

鹿井铀矿田位于桃山-诸广铀成矿带的南西部,是华南最主要花岗岩型铀矿田之一,碎裂蚀变岩型铀矿化在该矿田占主导地位,小山铀矿床是近年来新发现的碎裂蚀变岩型铀矿床之一。绿泥石化是该铀矿化重要的蚀变类型和找矿标志,然而针对绿泥石特征及其与铀成矿的关系研究较为薄弱。本文以钻孔ZK1-1揭露的热液蚀变带为研究对象,对绿泥石开展精细矿物学研究。结果表明：(1)小山铀矿床主要存在4种形态类型的绿泥石,分别为黑云母蚀变型、长石蚀变型、裂隙充填型和与铀矿物密切共生型;(2)绿泥石以富铁的铁镁绿泥石为主,部分为蠕绿泥石;(3)绿泥石的形成温度在213.5～249.8℃之间,平均值为233.4℃,属中低温条件;(4)绿泥石形成于低氧逸度、高硫逸度的还原环境,形成机制包括溶解—沉淀和溶解—迁移—沉淀,其中晶质铀矿、独居石以及磷钇矿矿物发生溶解,形成铀石—钍石矿物;(5)绿泥石蚀变改变了围岩性质、铀的赋存状态以及物理化学环境,促使铀的活化、迁移以及沉淀。     

攀枝花大田铀矿床年代学特征及其意义

文章以康滇地轴典型热液型铀矿——大田铀矿床为研究对象,开展了围岩、构造蚀变带脉岩中的锆石和矿石晶质铀矿U-Pb法定年,以及年代学特征研究,获得如下认识:1)大田地区混合岩的原岩形成于晚元古代早期之前(900Ma);2)混合岩化作用发生于840~900Ma;3)铀矿区F3碱性构造蚀变岩带形成于混合岩化晚期(820~840Ma);4)大田铀矿床的成矿年龄为777Ma左右。因此笔者认为,康滇地轴的形成与发展、包括铀在内的成矿作用,是与罗迪尼亚大陆的形成及裂解演化所导致的构造岩浆作用密切相关。大田地区的构造演化对铀成矿具有重要的意义。     

营口虎皮峪绿泥石化蚀变岩带及其铀矿化特征研究

绿泥石化蚀变岩带位于虎皮峪杂岩体北部。六块地－哈达岭一带，东西长８．２ｋｍ，产在辽河群里尔峪组磁铁矿浅粒岩段与电气石变粒岩段之间，由外向内可划分为４个蚀变亚带，其中绿泥石化、黄铁矿化亚带赋含铀矿。依据矿物蚀变关系、脉体切割关系，蚀变带内矿物生成顺序可划分３期６个阶段，铀矿化产于热液蚀变期。铀矿化受ＥＷ向绿泥石化蚀变岩带控制，与铀矿化有关的蚀变有绿泥石化、硅化、赤铁矿化，主要的合矿围岩有大理岩、蚀变浅粒岩。铀与铁、锰、钙、磷、铜、铅、镧、铈、钴呈正相关，而与造岩元素硅，铝，钾，钠呈负相关。铀矿物主要为沥青铀矿，形成于早元古代。揭露工作证明是一有远景的矿点。     

辽东黄沟铀矿床赤铁矿化蚀变及与铀矿化关系研究

在黄沟铀矿床勘探过程中发现赤铁矿化与铀矿化共生.通过手标本观察,结合岩矿鉴定并采用扫描电镜化学分析,认为赤铁矿化为成矿期蚀变,分为砖红色和棕褐色两种类型.砖红色赤铁矿化蚀变岩中黑云母未完全蚀变成绿泥石,对于铀矿有一定的指示作用;而棕褐色赤铁矿化蚀变岩中黑云母几乎全部被绿泥石交代,可作为本区铀矿找矿重要标志.     

粤北棉花坑(302)铀矿床围岩蚀变分带的铀矿物研究

粤北棉花坑(302)铀矿床是华南最大的花岗岩型铀矿床。本文以该铀矿床的一个代表性钻孔岩心为研究对象,利用电子探针对该钻孔中的铀矿物进行系统研究。该钻孔岩心具有明显的垂直围岩蚀变分带现象:从上到下可分为四个带,分别为:正常花岗岩或弱蚀变带(Ⅰ带);高岭石化、绢云母化带(Ⅱ带);强绢云母化、绿泥石化带(Ⅲ带);矿化带(Ⅳ带)。铀矿物类型也具有分带现象:Ⅰ带、Ⅱ带、Ⅲ带的铀矿物主要是晶质铀矿和铀钍石;矿化带Ⅳ带的铀矿物主要有沥青铀矿、铀石、钛铀矿、铀钍石四种类型。运用电子探针测年方法对不同蚀变带的晶质铀矿和沥青铀矿进行定年,获得晶质铀矿的化学年龄为165±3.1Ma,代表长江岩体的形成年龄;沥青铀矿的化学年龄可分为四组:~120Ma、~102Ma、~92Ma和~68Ma,代表矿区多期次的热液活动时间,也可代表粤北地区多期次铀成矿作用年龄,前三组可能代表早期铀成矿事件,第四组为主成矿期。广泛发育的热液蚀变促使U发生活化、转移,进而在有利空间富集成矿。对典型铀矿床作深入细致的蚀变分带研究工作,有助于提高对成岩成矿过程的认识。     

绿色蚀变带的地球化学性质及其找矿意义探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地直罗组发育大规模的绿色蚀变带，目前对其地球化学性质及与铀矿化的关系在认识上存有分歧。笔经初步研究认为，绿色蚀变可能是热液还原作用的蚀变产物，它与铀矿化的关系密切，具有重要的找矿意义。     

云南牟定戌街地区铀矿化特征及成因探讨

云南牟定戌街1101铀矿区位于扬子地台西南缘,康滇地轴中南段,是我国西南地区产于元古界变质岩中的铀矿之一。通过对矿化区岩石及矿石的岩石学、矿物学、地球化学及年代学特征进行研究,分析了铀矿的形成条件,揭示了铀成矿规律。研究发现:①牟定戌街地区铀矿化赋存于斜长角闪岩、角闪斜长片麻岩和二云母石英片岩等变质混合岩中,主要铀矿物为晶质铀矿、钛铀矿及次生铀矿,含铀矿物有榍石、锆石,硫化物丰富,围岩蚀变主要为硅化、赤铁矿化、碱交代等;②牟定1101铀矿化地区混合岩化岩石的地球化学特征表现为高钾钙碱性-钙碱性系列岩石;③研究区混合岩形成于1 056 Ma左右,铀矿形成于845 Ma左右,为新元古代产物;④牟定1101地区铀成矿受构造、岩性控制,与混合岩化作用、构造热液活动及碱交代作用关系密切,属热液成因铀矿。     

华南混合岩中的铀矿化

以浸染扶晶质铀矿形式产于混合岩中的铀矿化是华南一种新的铀矿化类型。根据晶质铀矿在矿体中的存在形式,可划分为原生型和改造型。原生型矿床中主要铀矿物是晶质铀矿,改造型矿床中的主要铀矿物是沥青铀矿和残余的晶质铀矿。此类型矿床是富铀地层选择性熔融,并在此过程中导致铀的活化、转移和局部富集的结果。     

Controls on pit lake water quality at sixteen open-pit mines in Nevada

Thirty-five mines in Nevada currently have, or will likely have, a pit lake. The large bulk mineable deposits in Nevada mined below the water table are of several types, including Carlin-type Au, quartz-adularia precious metal, quartz-alunite precious metal and porphyry-Cu (-Mo) deposits. Of the 16 past or existing pit lakes at 12 different Nevada mines, most had near neutral pH and low metal concentrations, yet most had at least one constituent (e.g., SO₄) which exceeded drinking water standards for at least one sampling event. Water quality data indicate that, in general, poor water quality will not develop in Carlin-type Au deposits. Wall rocks in the geologic environment typical of these deposits, and in the specific pits sampled, contain substantial amounts of carbonate, which buffers the pH at slightly basic conditions and thereby limits the solubility of most metals. Similarly, the quartz-adularia precious metal deposits generally have geologic conditions that buffer pH and naturally prevent the development of poor water quality. In both of these deposit types, certain elements such as As and Se that are mobile in neutral to basic waters may accumulate to levels near or exceeding drinking water standards. Pit lakes forming in quartz-alunite precious metal deposits hosted in volcanic rocks or in porphyry-Cu (-Mo) deposits in plutonic rocks are of greatest environmental concern in Nevada, as both deposit types have relatively high acid-generating potential and low buffering capacity. However, the sampled Nevada pits in these deposit types indicate that the water may not be of poor quality. In addition, water quality in some pits may actually improve with time due to the increased water-rock ratio as the pit fills with water, as suggested by pit waters at one mine in a Carlin-type deposit (Getchell) that improved between 1968 and 1982. Although water quality in pits in each deposit type is generally good, local, site specific conditions (e.g., surface water inflow) and variations (e.g., evaporation rates) result in some pit lakes (e.g., Boss) in the quartz-adularia deposit type being of substantially poorer water quality than other lakes (e.g., Tuscarora) in the same deposit type. Despite underlying geologic controls based on deposit type, site specific variations in hydrogeologic conditions and surface geologic features can result in differing water quality in pit lakes in the same deposit types, and these factors may, in some cases, provide an overriding control on the geochemical evolution of specific pit lakes.     

New data on the stratigraphy,structure and petrology of the Precambrian/Cambrian inlier at Martley,Worcestershire

A disused Victorian gravel pit [SO 7450 5956] 1 km west of Martley, Worcestershire formerly exposed an inlier of Neoproterozoic meta-igneous rocks and early Palaeozoic quartz arenite. The pit is back-filled, but trenching at the site between 2010 and 2014 re-exposed the rocks of the inlier and the surrounding Silurian and Carboniferous cover rocks. The site lies on the East Malvern Fault (EMF) and the work has proved the relationships between the meta-igneous rocks, quartz arenite and cover rocks, and revealed a complex of thrust faults in the footwall of the EMF. The thrusts are interpreted as footwall shortcuts and provide evidence of the Variscan inversion and compressive events resolved along this fault line (the Malvern Lineament) which has a prolonged and complex history of activation and reactivation. The structures at Martley provide a model in microcosm for other Variscan compressional structures along the Malvern Lineament.     

岩体渗透结构与矿坑涌水强度关系

非均质和结构性是岩体的渗透特征。渗透结构可以分为壳状渗透结构、脉状渗透结构和层状渗透结构三种基本类型 :壳状渗透结构条件下矿坑涌水强度随深度衰减 ;脉状渗透结构使得矿坑涌水强度随深度衰减幅度小 ;层状渗透结构对矿坑涌水强度的控制作用取决于岩层的组合效果。矿区含水岩体的渗透特征由三种基本渗透结构复合而成。复合的渗透结构使矿区出现多条突水强度随深度衰减曲线 ,多个突水强度峰值     

急斜特厚煤层开采地表沉陷特征立体实验研究

借助急斜煤层大型立体模拟试验架,对急斜煤层水平分段放顶煤开采地表变形破坏特征进行了开采的立体模拟试验研究。研究发现,急斜煤层开采后形成的沉陷不同于缓斜煤层,其沉陷最初由在地表生成的孔洞发展为孔洞间的贯通,形成塌陷坑。塌陷坑靠顶板侧岩体的垮落程度明显大于靠底板侧岩体的垮落程度,而且沉陷随着分段工作面的向下延伸表现为反复多次沉陷,塌陷坑内垮落体表现为由底板侧朝顶板侧的台阶式下降分布,最终形成深槽型塌陷坑。     

Stability Assessment of a Pit Slope Under Blast Loading: A Case Study of Pasir Coal Mine

In Pasir mine, coal seams and host rocks of varying thickness have been uniquely deposited with an average dip angle of 85°. The host rocks are weak and mainly composed of mudstone and sandstone comprising of 90–95% of the total pit volume. The thickness of coal seams and host rocks ranges from sub-metric to few tenths of meter. The overall safe pit slope angle was evaluated to be 27° for mining depth of 50–150 m. Several slopes failure incidents have occurred in the mine causing considerable disruption in production and monetary loss. It is envisaged that slope failures may be triggered due to blasting conducted in steeply dipping stratified deposit. In order to investigate the causes of slope failures, peak particle velocity (PPV) and accelerations at various locations from the blast site have been measured. In addition, finite element models of pit slope have been analyzed by applying static or gravity loading as well as blasting or dynamic loading. This paper elaborates the results of in situ measurements of ground vibration and numerical investigation and suggests possible causes of slope failures in Pasir mine.     

钢管桩嫁接大直径桩在边坡支护中的应用

在坚硬岩体中施工大直径抗滑桩非常困难,需要安全有效的结构设计和合理施工方法的选择。以某基坑支护工程实践为例,大胆创新支护桩结构设计方案,通过在坚硬岩段采用微型钢管群桩代替大桩方案的变更设计,改进了施工工艺,有效地克服了在坚硬岩体中施工大口径桩嵌岩困难的问题,满足了原设计中的嵌岩深度,达到了支护效果。     

矿井陷落柱勘查中的电测深技术应用

从矿井陷落柱的数值模拟出发，结合实际施工经验给出了实用的矿井陷落柱井下直流电法勘探施工技术以及资料解释方法，取得了较好的应用效果。     

Tectonic setting of volcanic rocks in the Akara Au mine, north-central Thailand using petrochemical and stratigraphic investigations

Akara gold mine in north-central Thailand is situated within the Loei-Phetchabun-Nakhon Nayok volcanic belt. The roughly north-south trending, Permo-Triassic volcanic rocks earlier mapped by Thailand Department of Mineral Resources were re-mapped and samples were collected from the main active open pit. Forty-four samples were petrographi-cally classified and geochemically analyzed to docu-ment their stratigraphy. Two types of volcanic rocks are recognized, namely coherent and non-coherent units, in which the former is older on the basis of stratigraphic succession. Several lines of evidence suggest that the studied rocks occurred nearby the volcanic edifices and were dominated by debris flows of submarine environment.     

矿坑涌水量预测的影响因素分析

矿坑水的补给条件、矿体围岩的岩性和产状、矿床的开采方式以及所选计算公式各参数是预测矿坑涌水量时应考虑的主要影响因素。     

内蒙古黄花滩铜镍矿区辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地球化学特征

在乌拉特后旗—达茂旗—四子王旗一带的内蒙古中部地区分布着超基性-酸性连续岩浆系列,开展其岩体年代学、地球化学研究可为内蒙古中部地区与超基性-基性岩有关的铜镍矿成矿规律研究提供基础地质资料,还可以推断岩浆侵位时期的区域大地构造背景。本文以达茂旗黄花滩铜镍矿区出露的辉长岩为研究对象,采用LA-ICP-MS仪器对无裂隙、高透明度、阴极发光均匀、环带清晰的锆石进行U-Pb定年,获得岩体加权平均年龄为262.4±1.1 Ma,并利用XRF和ICP-MS进行岩石地球化学分析显示黄花滩辉长岩具有后碰撞拉伸环境下的岩浆特征。综合前人相关研究认为,内蒙古中部地区于中二叠世晚期(255~275 Ma)已经进入后碰撞构造阶段,而古亚洲洋在该区域的闭合应发生在晚二叠世前(~285 Ma),此结论丰富了古亚洲洋闭合时间上限及中晚二叠世期间内蒙古中部地区构造背景方面的证据。