铅锌矿床定年方法评述

矿床成矿时代的界定对于矿床成因的认识、成矿事件时间维的标定及找矿方向的确定具有十分重要的理论意义和实际意义。MVT铅锌矿床的精确定年更是建立可靠的成矿模式所必须解决的问题。本文评述了几种常用的MVT铅锌矿床的定年方法，如古地磁法、^40Ar-^39Ar法、U—Pb法、Rb—Sr法、Sm—Nd法和裂变径迹法；阐明了精确定年在研究MVT矿床成因中的作用。随着实验技术和测试手段的不断发展和提高，^40Ar-^39Ar法、Rb—Sr法和Sm—Nd法将在MVT矿床精确定年中得到广泛应用。     

四川盆地北缘灯影组中MVT铅锌矿成矿时代的确定

<正>长期以来,成矿时代的精确限定是困扰MVT铅锌矿床研究中最大难题之一。随着放射性同位素定年方法精度的提高和制样工艺的改进,闪锌矿等硫化物Rb-Sr同位素等时线法已成为可以直接测定MVT矿床成矿年龄的有效方法(Nakai and Halliday,1993)。前人采用这一方法对分布于四川盆地北缘米仓山一带的马元铅锌矿已进行过Rb-Sr同位素定年(李厚民等,2007)。该矿床与古油藏密切共生,     

铅锌矿床定年研究现状

精确厘定金属矿床的成矿时代对探讨成矿物质、成矿流体来源和建立切合实际的矿床成因模式具有重要意义.铅锌矿床定年一直是国内外地学界的难题,即使是世界上研究程度最高的MVT矿床也是如此(Nakai等,1990,1993;Sangster,1996;Leach等,2001).许多学者都曾致力于铅锌矿床成矿年代学研究,由于不同矿床的实际情况不同,很难找到一种通用而有效的定年方法.本文综述近年来铅锌矿床定年的研究现状.     

密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床成矿年代学研究进展：兼论金顶矿床成矿年龄分歧

金属矿床精确定年仍是国内外科学研究的难题,妨碍了对成矿规律的认识和资源勘探目标的优选评价。针对密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床,前期有人分别利用Re-Os法、U-Pb法、⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar法、Rb-Sr法、Sm-Nd法、古地磁测年法和裂变径迹法等不同手段对其成矿时代进行了探索性尝试。其中,Re-Os同位素测年技术虽然仍是疑难金属矿床直接定年的有效手段,但现有Re-Os同位素定年技术还达不到锆石U-Pb法的精度水平。本文以三江特提斯兰坪盆地金顶铅锌镉铊矿床为研究对象,在精细解剖矿床的基础上,开展单阶段硫化物精确识别和高纯提取,建立不同阶段硫化物矿物学标志。前期研究侧重于金顶矿床脉石矿物和黄铁矿等非直接成矿矿物的定年,且年龄变化范围较大(114～23Ma),难以对该矿床的形成时代给出精确的制约;为此,本文对该矿床的成矿矿物开展了高精度定年。5件闪锌矿矿物的Re-Os等时线年龄为129±10Ma(MSWD=126,n=5),对应成矿时代早于古新统云龙组和白垩系景星组赋矿围岩,尚不能代表真实的铅锌成矿时代。闪锌矿测年结果可能受富含Re和Os的有机质的...     

关于滇东北MVT型铅锌矿成矿时代的讨论

滇东北地区是我国重要的铅锌矿产品生产基地,区内发育多个大型密西西比河谷型（Mississippi valley-type, MVT型）铅锌矿床,个别矿床（会泽）达到超大型。前人对该区域的铅锌矿床开展了大量的年代学研究工作,获得了一大批成矿年龄,本文在通过对各类同位素测年方法在该类型矿床中使用存在的弊端进行分析后,基于滇东北地区的地质构造事件,即滇东北地区从晚震旦—早白垩世沉积的地层之间均为整合或平行不整合接触,由此推断该地区发生大规模冲断—褶皱事件的时间应该在晚白垩世—古近纪,而区域性的冲断—褶皱带控制着滇东北MVT型铅锌矿床的产出,因此认为滇东北MVT型铅锌矿床的成矿时代为晚白垩世—古近纪。     

黔东成矿带铅锌成矿作用刍议

铅锌属于紧缺资源之一,"湘西—黔东铅锌成矿带"是我国重要铅锌成矿带之一,贵州境内部分称为"黔东成矿带",该区铅锌矿床(点)分布广泛,具有成群成带分布等特征。由于相关地质地球化学研究相对薄弱,黔东地区铅锌地质勘探进展缓慢,并未像湘西地区一样取得重大突破。本文通过总结"黔东成矿带"内铅锌成矿作用地质与地球化学特征,探讨该区存在的诸多科学研究薄弱环节,结合MVT铅锌矿床研究现状,提出该区铅锌成矿作用与MVT矿床基本一致,是国内研究MVT铅锌矿床理想基地,采用原位分析等先进测试技术,加强矿床地质地球化学特征对比、成矿物质来源、成矿流体和同位素定年等研究,以揭示各矿区与区域成矿流体系统的性质及其演化,建立合理成矿模式及与研究区构造和古油藏演化的关系,并探讨其形成的动力学背景,不仅突出黔东MVT铅锌成矿作用特色,从而促进MVT铅锌矿成矿作用和分散元素超常富集理论发展,更重要的是可为拓宽黔东地区铅锌找矿思路提供理论依据。     

密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床:认识与进展

MVT铅锌矿床作为一种重要的沉积型铅锌矿床类型一直受到人们的重视,近年来取得了许多重要进展,主要体现在6个方面:①MVT铅锌矿床研究范围逐渐扩大,在全世界发现了诸多相关矿床,多归为其亚类;②提出该类矿床主要分布在造山带的前陆盆地、逆冲推覆带等构造挤压环境,少数产于陆内伸展环境,改变了MVT矿床与板块构造无关的观点;③放射性同位素测年和古地磁测年技术广泛应用,获得了大量成矿年龄数据,表明MVT矿床主要形成在显生宙石炭纪—早三叠纪和白垩纪—第三纪两个时期,与地球演化史上全球尺度的板块会聚时间密切相关;④流体包裹体研究揭示了成矿流体温度主要为90~150℃,盐度w(NaCleq)为10%~30%,成矿流体具有盆地卤水特征,卤水源自近地表蒸发海水或围岩蒸发盐,同位素资料反映Pb来自地壳岩石,S来自地壳岩石或沉积物中残留的硫酸盐。成矿流体驱动机制包括构造挤压和重力驱动两种;⑤古地磁和生物化学标志物判定,单期热液活动可能持续几千到几万年,而整个矿床形成可能持续几个到十几个百万年;⑥矿质沉淀机制主要有3种:流体混合、硫酸盐还原和还原硫机制,不同成矿环境可能受不同机制控制。     

有机质在MVT铅锌矿床形成中的作用

MVT铅锌矿床与有机质密切相关。本以有机质生成世代为序，讨论了有机质低、中、高成熟阶段的产物在MVT铅锌矿床成矿过程中的作用。腐殖酸在矿床形成的早期阶段配合、吸附Pb、Zn等金属离子，起到促进成矿源层形成的作用。油田卤水可能成为铅锌多金属元素迁移的主要载体和成矿流体的重要组成部分，甚至就是形成密西西比河谷型矿床的一种很重要的潜在成矿流体。甲烷在矿床形成晚期充当还原剂。     

云南金顶铅锌矿成矿时代厘定:来自沥青Re-Os同位素证据

MVT型铅锌矿由于成矿温度低,目前没有发现十分合适的定年矿物,此外,由于多期成矿作用叠加以及成矿物质存在多元混合,严重制约了对此类矿床成矿年代学研究.前人对云南金顶超大型MVT铅锌矿床成因、物质来源、成矿条件等方面研究取得了重要成果,但对其形成时代各有所云,至今仍未定论.笔者在总结了大量前人研究成果的基础上,通过对跑马坪和架崖山矿段沥青样品开展Re-Os同位素定年研究,表明古油藏形成于59.1 Ma,金顶铅锌矿床的形成时代可能为27.7 Ma.早期的油气藏为后期铅锌矿的形成提供了十分重要的条件,穹隆构造为金属成矿提供了储矿空间,由于遭受构造及热液作用的破坏,油气裂解释放大量的还原性物质,为Pb、Zn等成矿物质迁移、富集、沉淀提供了重要载体,进而形成了金顶超大型铅锌矿床.研究结果表明,沥青Re-Os同位素不仅能够为MVT型铅锌矿床成矿年龄的厘定提供一种有效的技术途径,同时还能够为油气藏的生成、破坏等事件发生时代提供有利依据.      

南天山坎岭铅锌矿矿床地质特征及S、Pb同位素特征研究

坎岭铅锌矿床是中国新疆南天山造山带内典型的铅锌矿床之一,矿床产于塔里木盆地西北缘柯坪隆起带内。通过野外地质调查和同位素研究发现:矿床具有后生成矿特征,赋矿围岩主要为上寒武统—奥陶系碳酸盐岩,矿体主要受构造和围岩控制,矿体形态以脉状、似层状和透镜状为主,矿石矿物组合简单,主要金属矿物为方铅矿和闪锌矿,围岩蚀变较弱。矿石S同位素组成分布较宽(δ34S=-1‰~12.2‰),硫主要来源于深部地幔及沉积地层;矿石Pb同位素组成较为均一,206Pb/204Pb值为17.262~17.269,207Pb/204Pb值为15.571~15.675,208Pb/204Pb值为38.062~38.396,通过对比矿石与主要赋矿围岩的Pb同位素特征,发现二者存在亲缘性,说明成矿金属主要由沉积地层供给。综合矿床地质、地球化学特征,初步认为坎岭铅锌矿床为赋存于台地碳酸盐岩中的MVT矿床。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)