铁矿物催化氧化技术在水处理中的应用

广泛存在于地下水中的各种有机污染物严重影响着水资源的安全利用,常见的水处理工艺对持久性有机污染物去除效果不够理想。近年来,天然含铁矿物作为催化剂,催化过氧化氢的化学治理方法对各种有机污染物去除效果显著。概述近年来主要含铁矿物、负载型矿物和纳米矿物材料催化过氧化氢在地下水有机污染去除中的应用,探讨了该领域的发展现状和存在问题,并对其应用前景进行展望。认为天然矿物材料具有成本低、在地壳中含量高、环境友好等特点,可用于多种有机污染物的去除与降解。但处理过程中,天然有机质的作用、纳米矿物材料的毒性和地球化学归宿问题应该做进一步研究。     

层柱粘土材料制备与应用研究

简述了层柱粘土矿物材料研究与应用的现状和进展。利用粘土矿物蒙脱石作母体，通过大体积的铝、锆、硅等交联剂插层可制成层柱多孔材料，在酸催化、氧化还原催化中均有十分广阔的应用前景。研究表明，改进制备工艺后可提高层柱蒙脱石的热稳定性、比表面积和催化活性；通过酸或表面活性剂等预处理，再进行粘土的支撑，可以调节和控制层柱粘土的结构与性能；采用有机改性和模板导向等技术，可获得孔径介于大微孔和中孔之间的新型层柱粘土矿物材料，并应用于大分子催化反应与吸附，为粘土矿物材料合成和应用开辟了新方向。     

氧化铁矿物作为环境材料在土壤和水体中的应用

本文简要介绍了氧化铁矿物的基本性能和应用领域，着重阐述了氧化铁矿物在土壤改良和治理土壤中重金属有毒元素和水体污染中的应用，明确提出氧化铁矿物作为环境矿物材料储量大、提取简单、治理污染设备简易且效果好、无二次污染，展望了氧化铁矿物在控制和保护环境领域中的应用前景。     

PVC／蒙脱石（粘）土纳米复合材料研究进展及其应用

总结分析了PVC／蒙脱石（粘）土纳米复合材料的研究进展，并对其应用进行综述。采用熔融插层、悬浮聚合及乳液聚合等方法可以制备PVC／蒙脱石（粘）土纳米复合材料，并被应用到工程材料、阻隔性材料、功能性材料等领域。PVC／蒙脱石（粘）土纳米复合材料与传统的复合材料相比，表现出了更优越的综合性能，且比传统的复合材料轻，具有高强度、高模量、高耐热性、低吸湿性、高尺寸稳定性、阻隔性能好，性能全而超过了PVC树脂。PVC／蒙脱石（粘）土纳米复合材料不仅具有良好的加工性能，与普通的玻璃纤维增强和矿物增强PVC相比，具有密度低、耐磨性好、综合性能优等特性。     

矿物材料刍议

矿物材料研究具有重要意义，本文探讨了矿物材料的涵义、分类、研究内容、与矿物学的关系等问题，并思考了新世纪矿物材料的研究和开发。广义地说，矿物材料是指可供直接或间接使用的固体矿物物质。狭义的矿物材料是指由自然地质作用形成的、有物理、化学性质可供直接使用、由矿物质组成的固体物质。矿物材料可从晶体结构、岩石成因、化学组成、用途、形状和尺寸、生产和制备过程等角度进行分类。矿物材料学是一门研究矿物材料的组成与结构、形成与加工、性能和使用效能四者之间关系与规律的一门科学。它与矿物学等学科有着天然的联系。在新世纪，必须加强矿物材料的应用研究；加强矿物材料学几个研究领域的紧密结合；必须搞好矿物原料和辅助的研究；必须注重环境问题和可持续发展战略。     

非金属矿物原料应用现状及矿物填料工艺学研究动态

非金属矿物作为填料应用，可以发挥矿物的物理、化学、光、电、热学功能，对高分子树脂进行改性，提高综合性能。高性能复合材料的研制开发已成为促进高科技发展的主流。矿物填料工艺学是非金属矿物走向高分子材料领域的应用科学，目前已发展到研究矿物与树脂的微粒子“界面工程”微观学术领域，并利用矿物功能来改善复合材料的界面结构，提高力学性能。     

矿物材料在纳米科技中的应用

纳米材料由于其独特的性能和广阔的应用前景被称为21世纪的新材料、其制备技术是纳米科技的核心和研究基础。具层状结构和微孔空间的矿物材料可用于制备纳米微粒，为纳米科技提供了新的思路和生长点，也为矿物材料在高新技术领域的应用开辟新的途径。本文综述了蒙脱石、高岭石和文石珍珠层在纳米科技中的应用，粘土／有机物纳米复合材料、无机介孔材料和仿生纳米材料的制备和应用前景。     

非金属矿物在核工业领域的应用

非金属矿物在核工业领域的应用徐伟昌（中南工学院，湖南衡阳４２１００１）关键词非金属矿物材料核工业应用１核反应堆用非金属矿物材料核反应堆堆本体是一个复杂的多层次结构的组合体，由堆芯、石墨反射层、防护层、实验管道等４部分组成。常用的非金属矿物材料有石墨、...     

稀有矿物方硼石人工合成与功能特性研究进展

方硼石是一个罕见的极性矿物家族,大量针对方硼石热释电性的研究表明,方硼石在未进行任何改性的情况下就具有接近PZT等材料的热释电性能,而其结构并不是传统的钙钛矿构型,且不含有任何毒性元素,它作为一种热释电材料极具研究与应用价值。遗憾的是受限于材料质量等原因,至今方硼石的热释电机理与共性构效关系并未被阐明,因此针对方硼石的系统性改性研究还未深入开展,其热释电应用潜力也未被很好地开发。基于以上科学问题,本文综述了方硼石矿物晶体材料的人工合成方法和介电、热释电、铁电、铁磁、铁弹以及非线性光学等性质的研究进展,以期为后续进一步合成方硼石单晶、研究其本征物性以及性能调控提供重要参考。     

黏土矿物污染控制材料及其高效利用

黏土矿物具有特殊的纳米片层结构、含可交换性层间阳离子、微观结构及表面物理化学性质易调控;因此,黏土矿物及其改性产物对多种环境污染物有良好的吸附/催化性能,在污染控制领域有良好的应用前景。近年来,课题组以蒙脱石和层状双金属氢氧化物(LDH)为代表,研究了它们在污染控制领域的资源利用:1)研究了蒙脱石、LDH、LDO(LDH煅烧产物)对染料分子的吸附特征,发现它们对染料分子的吸附性能可优于活性炭;通过碳化处理废弃黏土矿物的方法,制备了系列类石墨烯纳米碳材料及多孔碳材料,所得碳材料显示了良好的电催化性能或吸附性能。2)研究了蒙脱石对重金属离子的吸附特征,并通过热处理实现了重金属离子的层间域/片层结构内的原位锁定。3)研究了羟基金属改性蒙脱石对重金属离子和含氧酸根的协同吸附机制,并发现吸附产物(如吸附了磷酸根和Cu2+的羟基铁柱撑蒙脱石)可用于光催化降解有机污染物。4)综合运用实验研究和分子模拟技术,研究了有机改性蒙脱石对疏水性有机污染物的吸附机制,发现表面活性剂堆垛密度是决定有机黏土吸附性能的关键因素,并采用阳离子聚合物来调控层间域表面活性剂堆垛密度,优化了有机黏土吸附性能。5)采用阳离子表面活性剂和羟基金属共同插层的方法,制备了有机-无机复合蒙脱石,发现了其能同时吸附有机物和含氧酸根离子。课题组的研究工作综合运用了实验研究和分子模拟,包括了基础理论研究和应用研究,涉及了黏土矿物及其改性产物的吸附、催化性能,并探讨多种废弃黏土矿物的资源回用技术。研究结果对实现黏土矿物在污染控制领域的高效资源利用提供了新信息。     

Ion exchange properties of oceanic ferromanganese nodules and enclosing pelagic sediments

Results of the experimental study of ion exchange properties of deep-sea pelagic sediments and related ferromanganese nodules (FMN) are considered. The exchange complex of sediments and nodules includes Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ cations. The FMNs also include Mn²⁺ cations. Series of reactivity of metal cations during exchange reactions in different types of pelagic clayey sediments and diagenetic-sedimentary FMN are compiled. Series of exchange capacity of the sediments and FMN for alkali and heavy metal cations are also presented. The exchange capacity of FMN is always higher than that of enclosing sediments. Sediments are characterized by reversible equivalent sorption of cations of both alkali and heavy metals. Irrespective of the mineral composition, the FMNs are characterized by the reversible equivalent sorption of alkali metal cations, whereas sorption of heavy metal cations is only partly reversible. More over, alkali metal cations do not replace heavy metal cations. The results obtained refine the role of ion exchange processes in the redistribution of heavy metal cations at the water-bottom sediment interface during the diagenetic-sedimentary formation of ferromanganese nodules.     

环状硅酸盐的结构光性矿物学研究

自从伍斯特的著名论文发表以来,层状结构的矿物是以负光性为特征,链状结构的矿物是以正光性为特征,这是众所周知的。但是环状结构的硅酸盐矿物,究竟以     

柱撑粘土矿物材料的晶体结构和晶体化学特征

以铝基柱撑粘土矿物和钛基柱撑粘土矿物为例，讨论了柱撑粘土矿物材料的晶体结构和晶体化学特点，Al多核笼状阳离子基团的结构形式为1：12Keggin型离子，Ti多核笼状阳离子基团的结构形式为2：19Dawson型离子，两类笼状阳离子的直径均在1nm左右，前者的高度约为0．9nm，后者的高度约为1．4nm，经与粘土矿物层间阳离子交换后，择位固定在粘土矿物层间，由于多核笼状阳离子与粘土矿物硅氧四面体之间形成了较强的化学键，其具有不可交换性，铝基柱撑粘土和钛基柱撑粘土的层间孔道分别为1．2nm*1.2nm*1.2nm，和0.52nm*0.52nm*1.60nm。柱粘土矿物材料有很好的化学稳定性和耐热性，且又有一定的层间化学活性，可用于催化剂载体，由于它又具有选择性吸附能力，有望制造成新一代环保材料。     

Nature of Co-bearing ferromanganese crusts of the Magellan Seamounts (Pacific Ocean): Communication 2. Ion exchange properties of ore minerals

The results of experimental studies of ion exchange properties of Co-bearing ferromanganese crusts in the Magellan Seamounts (Pacific Ocean) are discussed. Maximum reactivity in reactions with the participation of manganese minerals (Fe-vernadite, vernadite) is typical of Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ cations, whereas minimum activity is recorded for cations Pb²⁺ and Co²⁺. The exchange complex of ore minerals in crusts is composed of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Mn²⁺ cations. The exchange capacity of manganese minerals increases from the alkali metal cations to rare and heavy metal cations. Peculiarities of the affiliation of Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Mg²⁺ cations in manganese minerals of crusts are discussed. In manganese minerals, Co occurs as Co²⁺ and Co³⁺ cations. Metal cations in manganese minerals occur in different chemical forms: sorbed (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺); sorbed and chemically bound (Mg²⁺, Ni²⁺, Y³⁺, La³⁺, and Mo⁶⁺); and only chemically bound (Co³⁺). It is shown that the age of crust, its preservation time in the air-dry state, and type of host substrate do not affect the ion exchange indicators of manganese minerals. It has been established that alkali metal cations are characterized by completely reversible equivalent sorption, whereas heavy metal cations are sorbed by a complex mechanism: equivalent ion exchange for all metal cations; superequivalent, partly reversible sorption for Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺, Co²⁺, and Cu²⁺ cations, relative to exchange cations of manganese minerals. The obtained results refine the role of ion exchange processes during the hydrogenic formation of Co-bearing ferromanganese crusts.     

Variation in the composition and partitioning of adsorbed cations at a brine-contaminated crude oil production facility in southeastern Louisiana,USA

The first geological materials impacted by oil field wastes released into near-surface environments in southern Louisiana, USA, are typically clays and silts. Clay minerals within these siliciclastic sediments have the potential for altering the composition of produced water wastes through cation exchange. The general relations between the composition of adsorbed cations and interstitial water salinity in brine-contaminated samples from a site in southeastern Louisiana are consistent with previous studies of multicomponent exchange in groundwater systems of varying salinity. The divalent cations Ca and Mg dominate as adsorbed cations at low salinities (<1200 mg/L), but Na is dominant at moderate to high salinities (up to 53,000 mg/L). The change in the proportions of adsorbed cations is a non-linear function of salinity, and the transition from Ca-dominated adsorption to Na-dominated adsorption occurs over a narrow range of salinities.     

沉积岩中成岩伊利石年龄测定研究进展

伊利石的形成与盆地的沉积和热演化有密切关系，它可以指示油气的形成时代，因此测定成岩伊利石的形成年龄是一个重要的课题。碎屑伊利石往往与成岩伊利石共生，导致样品的年龄远远大于成岩伊利石的真实年龄。为了有效地分离成岩和碎屑伊利石，需要使用IAA法和烷基胺阳离子取代法等，结合真空密封法等其他技术，能够得到更好的效果。并介绍了国外伊利石定年的研究现状。     

Relationship of environmental geochemistry to soil degradation in Helwan catchment, Egypt

Environmental geochemistry plays an important role in understanding the distribution of major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) in Helwan catchment, south Cairo, Egypt. Evaluation of soil mechanical erosion rate, depletion rate, exchangeable rates of base cations and sodium adsorption ratios are essential for understanding soil degradation problems in the representative Helwan catchment. Soil erosion is a natural process. It often becomes a problem when human activity causes it to occur much faster than under natural conditions. The results of the mechanical erosion rate of soil and the exchangeable rates of base cations are 1845 and 80.3 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively. The high intensity of the mechanical erosion rate is probably attributed to the high specific surface area of the studied type of Vertisol, intensive application of fertilizer and industrial activities. Mechanical erosion of soil, exchangeable rate of base cations and the depletion rate of base cations are almost inexhaustible sources of sodium, and all these increase the problem of sodic soils and may affect plant productivity in Helwan catchment.     

蒙脱石—水体系中水与矿物晶胞参数的不适应度对体系电导率的影响

在水体系中,蒙脱石矿物表面结合水膜厚度大小,取决于矿物层间阳离子及矿物的晶体化学特征.当层间阳离子种类相同时,首先取决于水与矿物结构参数的不适应程度.结合水膜厚度,影响蒙脱石层间阳离子在土—水体系中的电导率.本文通过对不同地区、不同类型蒙脱石—水体系电导率测定,讨论水与蒙脱石晶胞参数不适应度对体系电导率的影响规律.     

Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cations by Base Metal Sulfides in the Broken Spur and TAG Hydrothermal Fields,Atlantic Ocean

Data on the mineral and chemical composition of samples of sulfide deposits from the Broken Spur and TAG (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) are presented. The main minerals in the Broken Spur field are marcasite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite; in sample from TAG: chalcopyrite, pyrite, and marcasite. It has been established that these sulfide minerals of Fe, Cu, and Zn are natural ion exchangers and belong to the class of adsorbents. Exchange capacity of sulfide minerals in terms of heavy metal cations (Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) is 0.022–0.32 mg-equiv/g. In the exchange reaction products, the mineral composition of sulfide deposits is retained, and new phases do not appear. It is suggested that the adsorbed heavy metal cations populate either vacant cationic or interstitial defect sites in the structures of sulfide minerals. Bond strength of the adsorbed heavy metal cations with the main structural elements of minerals is low, which is confirmed by their high extraction in an acid medium. The results of adsorption-desorption experiments indicate two forms of heavy metal cations in sulfide minerals: adsorbed (basic) and chemically bound.     

Major element geochemistry of recent sediments from the Fláje basin (Krus̆né hory–Erzgebirge,Czech Republic)

The weathering products of the granitic rocks (which are poor in base cations) and their sediments in the Fláje basin, in an environment that is strongly influenced by SO₂ and NO_x emissions have been studied. High deposition of SO₂ and consequent acidification of the environment causes further depletion of base cations, mobilisation of Al and modification of the weathering reactions resulting in changes of the geochemical features of recent sediments. Depletion of the bottom sediments of the Fláje basin in base cations and Al and their enrichment in Si, compared to the fresh stream sediments and eluvium, suggests a mineralogical modification of the weathering product due to prolonged contact with basin water. Depletion of the non-silicate phase of the sediment in base cations which are replaced with Al on the other hand appears to be more effective in eluvium and those sediments which are exposed directly to the effect of acid deposition, i.e. which are not below water level for the major part of the year. The water of the basin appears to be the main factor influencing the composition of the recent sediments of the basin in the acidified catchment.