Study on the upwelling along the east coast of Guangdong

-There is a wind-caused upwelling along the east coast of Guangdong in summer. Its central position is above the depth of 20 m, and its annual variation is quite large. In August 1982, the velocity of the upwelling was 1.2 ×10-3 cm/s, the vertical flux of active phophate, 1.5m mol/(m2·d); and the primary productivity, 1558 mg/(m2·d), in the area outside the bay of Jieshi. Inside the up-welling facing the shore, a phenomenon of lacking oxygen existed at the sea bottom above 5 m depth. In the area outside the upwelling center, there was a phenomenon of upward water temperature inversion. The physical and chemical characteristics in the area of the upwelling are as follows: temperature, 22.13℃; salinity, 34.19, dissolved oxygen, 3.72 ml/1; oxygen saturation degree, 74.6%; pH value, 8.14; and active phosphate, 1.10 m mol/m3.     

珠江口初级生产力和新生产力研究

1996年12月和1997年8月在珠江河口湾及其毗邻海域对浮游植物生物量、初级生产力和新生产力及其环境制约机制的研究.结果表明,调查海区的叶绿素a、初级生产力和新生产力均是夏季高于冬季,冬、夏两季的平均值分别为(0.95±0.41)和(1.08±0.52)μg/dm3,(69.2±75.5)和(198.7±119.1)mg/(m2·d),(1.46±0.79)和(3.05±3.09)mg/(m3·h).冬、夏两季平均f-比分别为0.45和0.38.分级叶绿素a结果显示,冬、夏两季均以微型和微微型级分(<20μm)占优势,其对海区叶绿素a的贡献分别为796%和81.6%,对初级生产力的贡献分别为70.7%和896%.调查海区具显著的空间区域化特征,叶绿素a和潜在初级生产力的高值出现在冲淡水区的中部,向口门区和远岸区逐渐降低.现场初级生产力的高值出现在远岸区,它与复合参数B_eZ_pI₀(B_e为真光层平均叶绿素a,Z_p为真光层深度,I₀为海面光辐射强度-PAR)呈很好的正相关,说明光是研究海区初级生产力的主要限制因子.新生产力冬、夏两季的高值分别出现在交椅湾和伶仃洋西南部.     

长江口跨越锋面颗粒磷季节分布变化特征及影响因素

根据2006年夏、冬季以及2007年春、秋季“海监49号”科学考察船的调查数据,分析了长江口跨越锋面区域(31.00°～31.78°N、121.04°～123.99°E)颗粒总磷(PP),颗粒无机磷(PIP),颗粒有机磷(POP)的季节变化和空间分布特征.结果表明,PIP是水体颗粒磷的主要存在形式;受长江径流输沙量的影...     

季风上升流对印尼爪哇岛南部海域pH影响的初步研究

基于2013年9月底至10月初在印尼爪哇岛南部海域调查得到的碳酸盐参数和相关水文数据,首次报道了该海域pH的分布,并重点探讨了南爪哇上升流(季风上升流)对其影响。结果显示上升流影响区表层pH低于周围非上升流影响区。通过两端元混合模型,定量讨论了上升流的物理输运和生物活动对pH的影响。研究表明,上升流的物理输运至少造成了海表层盐度增加0.4个单位,溶解无机碳(DIC)增加110μmol/kg,pH降低约0.2个单位;同时,在上升流区,强烈的生物活动(叶绿素a浓度大于0.4mg/m3)使得DIC的降低量达70μmol/kg,pH的增加量达0.15个单位。总体来看,该研究区域的物理输运作用大于生物作用,综合效应表现为DIC的增加和pH的降低。另外,同上升流的物理输运作用和生物作用相比,上升流引起的表层冷却和增盐对pH的影响较小(热力学作用)。     

夏季长江口无机氮的加入与转移 偏移理论稀释曲线的解释

利用2006年夏季长江口调查数据分析了长江口海域硝酸盐(NO3-)、亚硝酸盐(NO2-)、铵盐(NH4+)大面分布,NO3-浓度呈近岸高、外海低的特征,NO2-和NH4+浓度在上海市排污口位置有高值区并向外扩散。NO3-,NH4+浓度总体上符合咸淡水混合之稀释效应,与盐度的相关系数(r2)分别为0.815,0.255,呈保守行为,而NO2-浓度与盐度的相关性系数为0.074,呈非保守行为。在确定了淡水端元和咸水端元的基础上,做出理论稀释曲线TDL(theoretical dilution line),由于上海市污染物的输入,淡水端元NO3-,NO2-,NH4+浓度不同程度地正偏于TDL,在外海深层水范围内有机颗粒矿化再生亦呈加入态势。对应高溶解氧的盐度羽状峰处,由于真光层初级生产较强,表层NO3-浓度负偏于TDL约1~19μmol/dm3,NO2-,NH4+浓度也存在不同程度的减小。在长江口最大浑浊带附近,由于高浓度悬浮物吸附NH4+而呈现明显的迁出机制。外海表层海水三氮营养盐浓度数据点偏离TDL程度较小,但在底层由于来自上层的有机颗粒耗氧分解而再生出营养盐,使NO3-,NO2-,NH4+浓度数据一般在TDL之上。     

夏季琼州海峡表层海水二氧化碳分压时空变化

采用船载海?气CO₂连续观测系统于2011年和2014年夏季在琼州海峡开展了现场观测，分析研究了表层海水二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)时空变化及其影响因子。2011年和2014年夏季pCO₂分别为(516±29) μatm和(533±15) μatm，海?气CO₂交换通量分别为(8.4±1.7) mmol/(m2·d)和(4.5±0.4) mmol/(m2·d)，均是大气CO₂的强源，高于相邻及相似海域，主要受控于东口海域上升流和海峡中部狭管效应。2011年夏季东口上升流增大pCO₂的同时也促进了浮游植物繁殖，光合作用吸收水体CO₂，降低了pCO₂，而且受其影响，西口口门附近叶绿素a和溶解氧含量陡增，pCO₂突降。2014年夏季东口海域上升流较弱，且观测海域垂直混合作用显著，pCO₂和溶解氧分布特征与2001年夏季明显不同。海峡中部狭管效应造成水体输运速率大、混合作用强，浮游植物“来不及”生长，pCO₂较高。     

东海2012年夏季海-气界面碳交换及其区域碳汇强度变化趋势初探

基于2012年7月对东海的调查,剖析了其水体中各形态碳(pCO2、DIC、DOC、POC)的区域分布特征,估算了海-气界面CO2的交换通量(FCO2),探讨了影响其交换的主要因素,在此基础上,结合历史资料初步分析了近十几年来该海域海-气界面CO2交换通量的变化趋势。结果表明,2012年7月长江口邻近海域相对南部陆架区具有较低的DIC浓度,而DOC与POC的浓度相对较高。调查区域表层水pCO2变化范围为96.28~577.7μatm(1atm为101 325Pa),平均值为297.6μatm,低值区出现在长江冲淡水区(30°~33°N,123°~125°E),高值区主要分布在东海陆架的南部区域。表层水pCO2主要受控于长江冲淡水的输入和混合(盐度)、台湾暖流以及生物生产等。调查海域2012年7月海-气FCO2平均为(-6.410±7.486)mmol/(m2·d),表现东海在夏季是大气CO2的汇区,区域碳汇强度由强到弱依次为:长江冲淡水区(CDW)、黄东海混合水区(YEMW)、陆架咸淡水混合区(SMW)、近岸上升流区(CUW)和台湾暖流区(TWCW),东海夏季每日吸收大气CO2(以C计)约(18.3±19.8)kt。结合历史资料分析发现,近十几年来东海夏季碳汇强度有增强趋势,CDW区的海-气界面CO2通量平均年增速为-0.814mmol/(m2·d),即海水吸收大气二氧化碳每年增加约54.6kt,是夏季东海碳汇增加的最主要贡献者。     

Responses of nutrient biogeochemistry and nitrogen cycle to seasonal upwelling in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island

The coastal upwelling has profound influence on the surrounding ecosystem by supplying the nutrient-replete water to the euphotic zone. Nutrient biogeochemistry was investigated in coastal waters of the eastern Hainan Island in summer 2015 and autumn 2016. From perspectives of nutrient dynamics and physical transport, the nutrient fluxes entered the upper 50 m water depth（between the mixed layer and the euphotic zone） arisen from the upwelling were estimated to be 2.5-5.4 mmol/（m²·d）,...     

北部湾东北部春、夏季表层海水CO2分压的24 h变化及其调控机制研究

周日观测对掌握近海碳酸盐体系变化和海-气CO₂交换过程是必要的,有助于降低碳源汇评估的不确定性。针对北部湾东北部的英罗湾-安铺港海域,于2018年4月和8月利用24 h定点逐时采样观测了该区域表层海水碳酸盐体系及相关要素,分析了春、夏季的表层海水CO₂分压(p CO₂)24 h逐时变化规律及其调控因子。观测结果表明,春、夏季p CO₂变化范围分别为530～628μatm和427～748μatm,平均海-气CO2通量分别为(1.7±0.8)mmol/(m²·d)和(1.2±0.8)mmol/(m²·d),均表现为大气CO₂的弱源。其中春季p CO₂ 24 h逐时变化受温度的影响相比夏季更显著,而夏季p CO₂对潮汐作用以及区域内沿岸河流、地下水等淡水汇入引起的生物生产和呼吸代谢过程增强的响应更明显。海水升温主导了春季区域表层高p CO₂的形成,夏季咸淡水的物理混合过程中增...     

热带北太平洋西部固氮速率及固氮微生物组成

In the present study, we report N_2 fixation rate(~(15)N isotope tracer assay) and the diazotroph community structure(using the molecular method) in the western tropical North Pacific Ocean(WTNP)(13°–20°N, 120°–160°E). Our independent evidence on the basis of both in situ N_2 fixation activity and diazotroph community structure showed the dominance of unicellular N_2 fixation over majority of the WTNP surface waters during the sampling periods.Moreover, a shift in the diazotrophic composition from unicellular cyanobacteria group B-dominated to Trichodesmium spp.-dominated toward the western boundary current(Kuroshio) was also observed in 2013. We hypothesize that nutrient availability may have played a major role in regulating the biogeography of N_2 fixation.In surface waters, volumetric N_2 fixation rate(calculated by nitrogen) ranged between 0.6 and 2.6 nmol/(L·d) and averaged(1.2±0.5) nmol/(L·d), with 10 μm size fraction contributed predominantly(88%±6%) to the total rate between 135°E and 160°E. Depth-integrated N_2 fixation rate over the upper 200 m ranged between 150 μmol/(m~2·d)and 480 μmol/(m~2·d)(average(225±105) μmol/(m~2·d). N_2 fixation can account for 6.2%±3.7% of the depthintegrated primary production, suggesting that N_2 fixation is a significant N source sustaining new and export production in the WTNP. The role of N_2 fixation in biogeochemical cycling in this climate change-vulnerable region calls for further investigations.     

南海海域海水中各形态磷的化学分布特征

根据1998年7月和1999年1月两个航次的调查资料,对南海水体中磷的含量分布以及夏、冬季变化规律进行了探讨.结果表明,南海表层水体中磷酸盐夏季含量明显低于冬季,夏季平均含量为0.004μmol/dm3,而冬季为0.35 μmol/dm3;有机磷含量夏季高于冬季,含量分别为0.12,0.04 μmol/dm3;总磷含量的季节变化与无机磷酸盐类似,夏、冬季含量分别为0.22,0.61 μmol/dm3.在垂向分布上表层50 m水柱中PO₄3--P,总溶解态磷和总磷含量最小,随水深增加基本上呈线性快速增加,至500 m增加减缓,1 000 m左右为最大含量,然后随着水深略有下降.在夏季垂直分布比较典型,不同站位在一水深的含量离散性小,而冬季PO₄3--P,总溶解态磷和总磷的垂直分布则显得离散性大,尤其是PO₄3--P分布在200 m左右出现最大值,说明当年冬季南海各区域存在着较大水文、生物差异,很大的影响了化学环境的变化.在南海表层水中通常以有机磷占优势,在150 m深处以下的水中则以无机磷为主.深水中溶解的有机磷含量一般随水深减少.夏季的有机磷明显高于冬季,表明夏季的生物作用强烈.     

灰化法磷测定中不同灰化助剂的效果比较:以焦磷酸钠作为磷标样

对Na₄P₂O₇加入不同灰化助剂经不同温度(200～550℃)灼烧后磷的回收率进行了研究.所研究的灰化助剂除文献中已深入研究过的MgSO₄和Mg(NO₃)₂外,还对MgCl₂等10余种盐试剂进行了实验.结果表明,除Mg(NO₃)₂外,MgCl₂,MgAc₂,CaCl₂,Ca(NO₃)₂等均能使Na₄P₂O₇灰化后的磷完全回收(灼烧温度不低于450℃),而加入MgSO₄在任何灼烧温度下磷的回收率均低于80%,效果不佳.因此,在利用目前已被广泛应用的由Solrzno和sharp所提出的方法去分析海水中颗粒磷和总磷或有机体中的磷时,应当用MgCl₂(或MgAc₂)作为灰化助剂来取代MgSO₄.     

The chemical distribution characteristics of variant form phosphorus in the seawater of the South China Sea

According to two cruises investigation information in summer and winter during 1998 and1999, the phosphorous concentration distribution and changes of summer and winter were discussed pri-marily in the South China Sea. The results show that the phosphate concentration of surface seawater insummer is distinctly lower than that in winter, averaging 0.04 μmol/dm3 in summer and 0.35 μmol/dm3 in winter. The organic phosphorous concentration of surface seawater in summer is higher than thatin winter, averaging 0.12μmol/dm3 in summer and 0.04 μmol/dm3 in winter respectively. The season-al changes of total phosphorus are similar to phosphate, averaging 0.22 μmol/dm3 in summer and 0.61μmol/dm3 in winter respectively. In vertical direction, phosphate, TDP and TP content are the lowestin upper 50 m water column, and increase in linearity rapidly with water depth, increasing slowly under500 m, reach to maximum about 1 000 m, then decrease slightly with water depth increasing. The ver-tical distribution is typical in summer, and there is small dispersed for phosphorus concentration for thesame depth of different stations. However, in winter there is a large disperse for phosphate, TDP andTP, specifically for phosphate at 200 m at which the concentration is maximum. This result indicatesthat there are large differences in hydrology and biology conditions that affect largely the chemical envi-ronment of the South China Sea. The organic phosphorus is the predominant in surface seawater of theSouth China Sea, but the inorganic phosphorus is the predominant in layers below depth of 150 m. Theorganic phosphorus concentration in deep water usually decreases with water depth increasing. The or-ganic phosphorus in summer is remarkably more than that in winter because of the strong biology activi-ties in summer.     

海水中丙烯酸的高效液相色谱法建立及应用

建立了一种测定海水介质中丙烯酸的高效液相色谱法。采用耐纯水相和较低pH的Agilent SB-Aq-C18柱(100 mm×4.6 mm i.d.,5 μm), 0.35%磷酸溶液(pH=2)为流动相,使用紫外检测器,检测波长为210 nm,外标法定量测定。丙烯酸的保留时间在14.2~ 14.9 min,方法的检出限为4 nmol/dm3(S/N=3),在0.01~10 μmol/dm3的范围内均有良好的线性关系,相关系数可达0.999 6,加标回收率为95.4%~98.1%,相对标准偏差为1.3%~1.6%(1.04~2.32 μmol/dm3)。采用0.2 μm滤膜重力过滤冷藏的办法来保存海水丙烯酸样品。检测出2011年5月份青岛近海海水中丙烯酸的平均浓度为(0.101±0.069) μmol/dm3;海洋微藻球形棕囊藻在整个生长周期内培养体系中丙烯酸的浓度为0.339~2.219 μmol/dm3。     

Characteristics of sulfate in atmosphere over Xiamen waters and its fluxes to waters

One hundred and seven marine aerosol samples were collected during December 1988 to March 1990, and 3 dry deposition samples, 16 rain samples and 2 Cascade Impacter samples were collected from March to May 1990 at the southeast coast of the Xiamen Island. All the samples were analyzed for SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, Na+ , NH4+, using ion chromatography.The results indicate that the concentration of sulfate in marine aerosols over the Xiamen waters appears to be of seasonal variation, in an order of winter > spring > autumn > summer. The mean sulfate concentration lor the total marine aerosol samples over the Xiamen waters is 9. 37 μg/m3, respectively 0. 89 and 8. 48 μg/m3 for the seasalt and non-sea-salt sulfate. The distribution of sulfate shows a bimodal form with a peak in the coarse particle range which is derived from the sea-salt sulfate, and a peak in the fine particle range which is derived from the non-sea-salt sulfate. The total deposition of sulfate to the Xiamen waters is estimated to be 4. 68g/m2      

Role of Kuroshio frontal eddy in exchange between shelf water and Kuroshio water in East China Sea

Basic patterns of the reversal of the Kuroshio water toward the shelf, intrusion of the shelf mixed waterinto the Kuroshio and uplifting of the near-bottom nutrient-rich water into the upper layer by the pumping of the frontal eddy are analyzed on the basis of satellite infrared images and hydrologic, chemical and biological observations. Results show that the Kuroshio frontal eddies play a very important role in the exchange between the shelf water and the Kuroshio water. The estimation of the average volume transports for three frontal eddy events indicates that the shelf mixed water entrained by an eddy into Kuroshio is 0.44×10~6 m3/s and the reversal Kuroshio water onto the shelf region only 0.04×10~6 m3/s. Along the whole shelf edge, the volume transport of the shelf mixed water entrained by the eddies into the Kuroshio is 1.8×10~6 m3/s. The nutrient (NO3-N) flux pumped to the euphotic zone and input to the continental shelf through a column with 1 m wide is 974 μmol/(s·m) when there is frontal eddy and only 79 μmol/(s·m) in the case of no frontal eddy. Yearly nutrient (NO3-N) flux input to the shelf area caused by the frontal eddy is 1.7×10~5 t/a.     

西北太平洋楚科奇海沉积物-水界面营养盐输送通量估算

陆架区沉积物间隙水的营养盐再生是水体营养盐补充的重要途径之一。楚科奇海陆架区中部沉积物间隙水中的营养盐分布,是物理和生物扰动较弱状态下的沉积物-水界面的典型分布。本文对中国第4次北极科学考察采集的4个多管短柱沉积物样品及多管样站位的上层水样进行分析,得到沉积物间隙水、上覆水以及水柱中营养盐数据。结果表明,沉积物间隙水各营养盐浓度均先随沉积深度增加而呈指数快速升高,记为Ⅰ层;然后进入沉积物再矿化作用与营养盐移出速率相互抵消的稳定变化层,营养盐浓度在该阶段基本不变,记为Ⅱ层;最后是营养盐缓慢递减层,记为Ⅲ层,由于该层有机质降解作用耗尽氧气,NO-3和PO3-4被还原细菌利用而失去氧离子。通过双层模式和Fick第一扩散定律,计算得出楚科奇海沉积物-水界面硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐的扩散通量分别为1.660mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量)、0.008mmol/(m2·d)(以P计量)、0.117mmol/(m2·d)(以N计量)(以R06站为例)。四个调查站位沉积物中硅酸盐的扩散通量分别为3.101mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,CC1站)、1.660mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,R06站)、1.307mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,C07站)、0.243mmol/(m2·d)(以Si计量,S23站),含量呈现明显的纬度分布特征。沉积物间隙水N*的分布表明,楚科奇海沉积环境具有很强的反硝化过程,沉积物脱氮作用是硝酸盐一个重要的汇。     

冬季南海北部陆架锋区悬浮颗粒态硅的分析

对冬季南海北部陆架锋区的悬浮颗粒态生物硅(Particulate Biogenic Silica,PBSi)和成岩硅(Lithogenic Silica,LSi)含量进行了调查分析,讨论了悬浮颗粒态生物硅分布及其影响因素。结果表明,南海北部陆架区悬浮颗粒态生物硅和成岩硅平均含量分别为0.59和8.93μmol/dm3。生物硅分布与水团关系密切:在营养盐充足的沿岸水生物硅含量高(1.0μmol/dm3);而在营养盐缺乏的陆架表层水生物硅含量低(0.23μmol/dm3);在两种水团过渡区生物硅含量居中(0.65μmol/dm3)并与溶解硅酸盐(Dissolved Silicate,DSi)成显著正相关(R=0.48,N=44,P=0.001,a=0.01)。此外锋面位置也直接影响生物硅的含量与分布。大部分调查海区被高温高盐低营养盐海水占据,因此导致了调查海区以低浓度的生物硅和成岩硅为特征,且与世界其他海区相比,生物硅含量处于低值区。     

南黄海和东海表层水两种粒级颗粒物和颗粒氮含量的分布特征

测定了南黄海和东海表层水0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm这2种悬浮颗粒物（SPM）、颗粒氮（PN）的含量.其结果表明,南黄海和东海表层水0.7~53.0μm粒级的SPM、PN平均含量分别为4.68 mg/dm3、18.50μg/dm3;而〉53.0μm粒级的SPM、PN平均含量分别为0.20 mg/dm3、2.65μg/dm3.0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级的PN/SPM含量平均比值分别为0.78%、1.41%（m/m）,后者约是前者的2倍.统计分析结果表明,尽管这2种粒级的SPM、PN含量和PN/SPM含量比值的范围较大,但约80%的数据集中在较小范围内,即0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级SPM含量分别集中在0.37~3.68、0.02~0.29 mg/dm3的范围内;0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级PN含量分别集中在2.54~18.90、0.40~2.69μg/dm3的范围内;0.7~53.0μm和〉53.0μm粒级的PN/SPM含量比值分别集中在0.14%~1.00%和0.15%~1.95%之间.研究结果表明,研究海域0.7~53.0μm粒级SPM、PN含量有2个高值区,分别位于近岸海区和东海东北部海区.〉53.0μm粒级SPM、PN含量的分布分为2个部分：南黄海表层水SPM、PN含量分布呈从近岸向外海降低的趋势;而东海表层水SPM、PN含量分布呈断面中间高,并分别向近岸和外海降低的趋势.     

The size-fractionated chlorophyll a and primary productivity in the Bering Sea during the summer of 2003

1Introduction Thephytoplanktonistheprimaryproducerofor- ganicsubstancesintheoceanandplaysanimportant roleinthesubstancecycleandenergyconversionof marineecosystem.Chlorophyllaconcentration(Chla) isanimportantindexmanifestingthelightenergy-au- totrophicbiomassinthesea.Primaryproductivityre- flectstheabilitytoconvertinorganiccarbonintoor- ganiccarbonbythephytoplanktonintheocean.Both Chlaandprimaryproductivityaretheimportantcon-tentsbeingstudiedinthemarineecosystemaswellas theimportantfoundationa…