利用密度和核磁共振测井分析Mallik 5L-38井的天然气水合物饱和度

以前的研究表明密度和核磁共振测井数据可用来精确计算储层的天然气饱和度。传统的气体储层中开发的用于天然气饱和度计算的密度-磁共振法也可用于天然气水合物饱和度分析。在不使用复杂方程或假设的情况下，基于经验方程，密度-磁共振方法可得到精确的地层孔隙度、气体和（或）天然气水合物饱和度。本文通过密度-磁共振响应方法来识别Mallik 5L-38井所穿沉积剖面中的天然气水合物带。结果证明密度-磁共振方法可以计算经气体校正后的孔隙度和精确的天然气水合物饱和度。     

时间域可控源电磁法探测海底天然气水合物可行性分析北大核心CSCD

海底天然气水合物储层和低阻沉积围岩之间存在明显的电阻率差异,观测这种电阻率差异所产生的电磁异常,有可能确定天然气水合物的分布范围和饱和度。通过建立不同孔隙度和天然气水合物饱和度的一维地电模型,分析时间域海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)响应和有效异常的特征,探讨时间域海洋CSEM法探测海底天然气水合物的可行性。     

时间域可控源电磁法探测海底天然气水合物可行性分析

海底天然气水合物储层和低阻沉积围岩之间存在明显的电阻率差异,观测这种电阻率差异所产生的电磁异常,有可能确定天然气水合物的分布范围和饱和度。通过建立不同孔隙度和天然气水合物饱和度的一维地电模型,分析时间域海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)响应和有效异常的特征,探讨时间域海洋CSEM法探测海底天然气水合物的可行性。     

天然气水合物沉积物力学性质测试与评价

储层力学参数的评价及预测是天然气水合物安全高效开发的关键。笔者从力学试验、本构模型以及离散元数值模拟等方面介绍了含水合物沉积物力学性质测试及数值计算研究新进展,分析总结了力学参数评价及预测的主要方法及其特点,探究了目前含水合物储层力学性质测试及评价研究存在的问题及其主要原因。为了更好的解决相关工程技术问题,笔者建议通过结合室内试验与数值模拟的方法对水合物储层力学特性及破坏机制进行分析,针对不同工况条件及储层特征建立更加准确的力学参数计算模型。     

印度克里希纳-戈达瓦里盆地天然气水合物饱和度特征

印度国家天然气水合物计划(NGHP01)于2016年实施第1次钻探,证实了天然气水合物在印度大陆边缘的广泛分布。选择位于克里希纳-戈达瓦里盆地(KG盆地)的NGHP01-07D和NGHP01-15A钻孔,基于测井数据和岩心样品估算天然气水合物饱和度,分析天然气水合物赋存状态并探讨其形成机制。基于各向同性介质模型利用电阻率和声波测井计算NGHP01-15A钻孔的天然气水合物饱和度为0. 2%～33. 0%,平均值为9. 6%,在NGHP01-07D钻孔利用电阻率计算获得的天然气水合物饱和度高于岩心氯离子异常和气体释放获得的结果,但是基于各向同性岩石物理模型利用声波测井计算的天然气水合物饱和度与岩心结果一致,平均值为5. 0%。前人研究认为NGHP01-10D钻孔中天然气水合物以相对较高饱和度富集在高角度裂隙中。结合前人研究结果推断在克里希纳-戈达瓦里盆地存在3种不同的天然气水合物储层,即泥岩中砂质夹层各向同性储层、泥质/粉砂质高角度低连通性的低饱和度裂隙储层和泥岩中高角度高连通性的高饱和度裂隙储层,并提出对应的3种天然气水合物储层模型。     

世界热点地区高饱和度天然气水合物有利沉积储集条件

天然气水合物是全球未来能源的接替资源，高饱和度(S_h>50%)水合物储层是未来面向工业化开采的首要选择。截止到目前，高饱和度天然气水合物有利沉积相带与储层条件之间的关系仍缺乏系统研究。根据公开发表的文献资料，系统总结了墨西哥湾、日本南海海槽、韩国郁陵盆地、印度Krishna-Godavari盆地以及南海神狐海域等全球5个天然气水合物热点钻探区64口井取芯及井-震联合资料，对含水合物储层岩性、沉积环境、水合物饱和度等参数进行的详细总结分析表明：在必要的温压环境和气源条件下，深海平原区块体搬运沉积和浊流等高沉积速率的深水砂质沉积物赋存孔隙型水合物，水合物可分布在砂岩、极细砂岩、粉砂岩、粉砂质黏土和泥等粒级沉积物中，但高饱和度水合物主要赋存于粉砂-细砂岩中，储层孔隙度与饱和度具有一定的正相关性。中国南海神狐海域发现含有孔虫黏土质粉砂或粉砂质黏土这种特殊的细粒沉积物，其水合物饱和度可达到中高水平(20%～76%)。上述研究成果及认识奠定了下一步寻找优质天然气水合物储层的地质基础，也可为高饱和度水合物商业化勘探开发提供理论依据。     

应用改进的Biot-Gassmann模型估算天然气水合物的饱和度

针对南海神狐海区含天然气水合物的高孔隙度、以粉砂质黏土为主的未固结的深水沉积地层,采用Lee提出的改进的Biot-Gassmann(BGTL)模型,利用纵波速度数据估算了A井天然气水合物的饱和度。BGTL模型假设非固结沉积地层的横波速度与纵波速度比与地层骨架的横波速度与纵波速度比与地层孔隙度有关。模型中参数的选择与天然气水合物在沉积物中的赋存方式、沉积物的矿物组成、地层压差、孔隙度及微观孔隙结构等参数密切相关。A井中天然气水合物在沉积物中赋存模式接近于颗粒骨架支撑模式。根据岩心分析资料将A井的矿物骨架简化为黏土矿物、碳酸盐、陆源碎屑3类,根据各矿物组分的理论弹性参数和体积百分比可以计算得到地层骨架的弹性模量和密度。应用BGTL理论估算得到的A井天然气水合物主要赋存于海底以下195～220mbsf井段,饱和度多数为20%～40%,最大饱和度为47%左右,与实测结果吻合。     

从海洋地震数据估算天然气水合物及游离气的含量

南卡罗莱纳布莱克海台的海洋地震数据和测井表明明显的似每底反射（BSR）是由含天然气水合物的沉积层覆盖在含游离气的沉积上所形成。我们将一个理论的岩石物理模型应用到二维的布莱克海台海洋地震数据上以确定天然气水合物及游离气的饱和状态。高孔隙度海洋沉积作为一个粒状的系统建立模型，在这样的系统中弹性波速度与孔隙度、有效压力、矿物、孔隙充填物的弹性性质地、水、以及孔隙中天然气水合物的饱和度联系在一起。为了将这种模型应用到地震数据上，首先我们使用迭加速度分析得到层，然后通过地质信息估算出孔隙度和饱和度，我们首先假设沉积物中没含天然气水合物或游离气，然后使用岩石物理模型直接从层速度计算孔隙度。这种孔隙度剖面在有天然气水合物及游离气的地方表现出异常（与所期望的典型剖面以及在无天然气水合物或游离气存在的沉积中得出的剖面相比较）。在含天然气水合物的地方孔隙度估算不足而在含游离气存在的沉积度估算过高。从这些异常剖面中，通过与典型孔隙度剖面（不含天然气水合物及游离气）相减计算出孔隙度的剩余值。然后，通过引入天然气水合物或游离气的饱和度，应用岩石物理模型消去这些异常。这样一来就得出了所期望的二维饱和度分布图。我们得出最大的天然气水合饱和度介于孔隙空间的13%到18%（取决于所用模型版本的不同而有所变化）。这些饱和度数值与布莱克海台的测井结果（在地震测线边上）相吻合，测井的结果为12%。游离气的饱和度在1%和2%之间。饱和度的估算对输入的速度值极为敏感，因此精确的速度确定对储量的改正十分关键。     

天然气水合物储层反演及饱和度预测

沉积物含天然气水合物后通常会引起速度的增加,与周围地层形成较大的波阻抗差异,利用地震波阻抗反演技术可识别出这种差异,从而预测天然气水合物的分布。测井资料具有较高的纵向分辨率,而地震资料横向分辨率较高,通过井震联合反演可获得天然气水合物准确的空间展布形态。利用井震联合反演技术对南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物储层进行了精细刻画,研究表明,该矿区天然气水合物储层表现为高波阻抗特征,其值域范围为3 450～4 500m/s·g/cm3,同时根据有效介质模型建立了岩石物理量版,预测了天然气水合物储层的孔隙度和饱和度数据,预测结果与测井解释结果吻合度较高,为天然气水合物的资源评价提供了比较准确的物性数据。     

储层和开采参数对天然气水合物开采产能的影响分析

开展储层参数和开采参数对天然气水合物开采产能影响的研究有助于其实际开采场址和开采方法的选择。以中国南海神狐海域SH7站位的地质参数为背景，采用TOUGH+HYDRATE软件系统地分析了储层压力、温度、孔隙度、水合物饱和度、渗透率、上覆层和下伏层渗透率等储层参数，以及降压幅度、降压井长度和出砂堵塞（通过改变井周网格渗透率反映出砂堵塞）等开采参数对天然气水合物降压开采产能的影响。数值模拟结果表明：(1)随着储层渗透率的增大，产气量有明显的增加；随着储层压力、孔隙度的增大以及上覆层和下伏层渗透率的减小，产气量有较大的增加；随着储层温度的增大，产气量有一定的增加；产气量随饱和度的增大先增大后减小。因此，实际开采时可优先选择渗透率大、上覆层和下伏层渗透率小、孔隙度大、温度较高、水合物饱和度适中的储层。(2)随着降压幅度的增大以及降压井长度增大，产气量有明显的增加；而随着出砂堵塞程度的加剧，产气量有非常明显的减少。因此，实际开采时可以通过增大降压幅度和降压井长度以及采取减轻出砂堵塞的措施来提高产气量。研究结果可以为我国将来天然气水合物开采区域及开采方式的选择和确定提供参考。     

天然气水合物的识别标志及研究进展

天然气水合物是天然气和水在特定条件下形成的一种透明的冰状结晶体。天然气水合物的发现为寻找清洁高效的新型能源，以取代日益枯竭的传统能源提供了一个广阔的领域和新的思维方式。我国天然气水合物具有广阔的勘探领域和良好的勘探前景。本文对天然气水合物的研究现状进行了综述。在总结前人关于天然气水合物研究的基础上，总结归纳了天然气水台物的地震、地球物理测井、沉积岩石、地球化学、地形地貌等识别标志。企望对加速天然气水合物的勘探提供一些有益的线索。     

Occurrence and exploration of gas hydrate in the marginal seas and continental margin of the Asia and Oceania region

Supplies of conventional natural gas and oil are declining fast worldwide, and therefore new, unconventional forms of energy resources are needed to meet the ever-increasing demand. Amongst the many different unconventional natural resources are gas hydrates, a solid, ice-like crystalline compound of methane and water formed under specific low temperature and high pressure conditions. Gas hydrates are believed to exist in large quantities worldwide in oceanic regions of continental margins, as well as associated with permafrost regions in the Arctic. Some studies to estimate the global abundance of gas hydrate suggest that the total volume of natural gas locked up in form of gas hydrates may exceed all known conventional natural gas reserves, although large uncertainties exist in these assessments. Gas hydrates have been intensively studied in the last two decades also due to connections between climate forcing (natural and/or anthropogenic) and the potential large volumes of methane trapped in gas hydrate accumulations. The presence of gas hydrate within unconsolidated sediments of the upper few hundred meters below seafloor may also pose a geo-hazard to conventional oil and gas production. Additionally, climate variability and associated changes in pressure-temperature regimes and thus shifts in the gas hydrate stability zone may cause the occurrence of submarine slope failures.Several large-scale national gas hydrate programs exist especially in countries such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, India, and New Zealand, where large demands of energy cannot be met by domestic supplies from natural resources. The past five years have seen several dedicated deep drilling expeditions and other scientific studies conducted throughout Asia and Oceania to understand gas hydrates off India, China, and Korea. This thematic set of publications is dedicated to summarize the most recent findings and results of geo-scientific studies of gas hydrates in the marginal seas and continental margin of the Asia, and Oceania region.     

Occurrence and exploration of gas hydrate in the marginal seas and continental margin of the Asia and Oceania region

Supplies of conventional natural gas and oil are declining fast worldwide, and therefore new, unconventional forms of energy resources are needed to meet the ever-increasing demand. Amongst the many different unconventional natural resources are gas hydrates, a solid, ice-like crystalline compound of methane and water formed under specific low temperature and high pressure conditions. Gas hydrates are believed to exist in large quantities worldwide in oceanic regions of continental margins, as well as associated with permafrost regions in the Arctic. Some studies to estimate the global abundance of gas hydrate suggest that the total volume of natural gas locked up in form of gas hydrates may exceed all known conventional natural gas reserves, although large uncertainties exist in these assessments. Gas hydrates have been intensively studied in the last two decades also due to connections between climate forcing (natural and/or anthropogenic) and the potential large volumes of methane trapped in gas hydrate accumulations. The presence of gas hydrate within unconsolidated sediments of the upper few hundred meters below seafloor may also pose a geo-hazard to conventional oil and gas production. Additionally, climate variability and associated changes in pressure-temperature regimes and thus shifts in the gas hydrate stability zone may cause the occurrence of submarine slope failures.Several large-scale national gas hydrate programs exist especially in countries such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, India, and New Zealand, where large demands of energy cannot be met by domestic supplies from natural resources. The past five years have seen several dedicated deep drilling expeditions and other scientific studies conducted throughout Asia and Oceania to understand gas hydrates off India, China, and Korea. This thematic set of publications is dedicated to summarize the most recent findings and results of geo-scientific studies of gas hydrates in the marginal seas and continental margin of the Asia, and Oceania region.     

Geochemical constraints on the distribution of gas hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico

Gas hydrates are common within near-seafloor sediments immediately surrounding fluid and gas venting sites on the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico. However, the distribution of gas hydrates within sediments away from the vents is poorly documented, yet critical for gas hydrate assessments. Porewater chloride and sulfate concentrations, hydrocarbon gas compositions, and geothermal gradients obtained during a porewater geochemical survey of the northern Gulf of Mexico suggest that the lack of bottom simulating reflectors in gas-rich areas of the gulf may be the consequence of elevated porewater salinity, geothermal gradients, and microbial gas compositions in sediments away from fault conduits.     

天然气水合物的识别标志及研究进展

天然气水合物是天然气和水在特定条件下形成的一种透明的冰状结晶体。天然气水合物的发现为寻找清洁高效的新型能源,以取代日益枯竭的传统能源提供了一个广阔的领域和新的思维方式。我国天然气水合物具有广阔的勘探领域和良好的勘探前景。本文对天然气水合物的研究现状进行了综述。在总结前人关于天然气水合物研究的基础上,总结归纳了天然气水合物的地震、地球物理测井、沉积岩石、地球化学、地形地貌等识别标志。企望对加速天然气水合物的勘探提供一些有益的线索。     

海洋天然气水合物研究新进展——2006西太平洋地球物理会议

简介了2006年西太平洋地球物理会议中海洋天然气水合物研究的最新成果,主要集中在水合物勘探技术,新的水合物积聚区预测,水合物成因、性质分析,水合物评估手段、开发计划,水合物模拟实验研究等几个方面。在对以上几方面分类总结的基础上,提出了几点关于海洋天然气水合物未来研究方向的认识。     

Potential for gas hydrate formation at the northwest New Zealand shelf margin - New insights from seismic reflection data and petroleum systems modelling

In this study we provide evidence for methane hydrates in the Taranaki Basin, occurring a considerable distance from New Zealand's convergent margins, where they are well documented. We describe and reconstruct a unique example of gas migration and leakage at the edge of the continental shelf, linking shallow gas hydrate occurrence to a deeper petroleum system. The Taranaki Basin is a well investigated petroleum province with numerous fields producing oil and gas. Industry standard seismic reflection data show amplitude anomalies that are here interpreted as discontinuous BSRs, locally mimicking the channelized sea-floor and pinching out up-slope. Strong reverse polarity anomalies indicate the presence of gas pockets and gas-charged sediments. PetroMod™ petroleum systems modelling predicts that the gas is sourced from elevated microbial gas generation in the thick slope sediment succession with additional migration of thermogenic gas from buried Cretaceous petroleum source rocks. Cretaceous–Paleogene extensional faults underneath the present-day slope are interpreted to provide pathways for focussed gas migration and leakage, which may explain two dry petroleum wells drilled at the Taranaki shelf margin. PetroMod™ modelling predicts concentrated gas hydrate formation on the Taranaki continental slope consistent with the anomalies observed in the seismic data. We propose that a semi-continuous hydrate layer is present in the down-dip wall of incised canyons. Canyon incision is interpreted to cause the base of gas hydrate stability to bulge downward and thereby trap gas migrating up-slope in permeable beds due to the permeability decrease caused by hydrate formation in the pore space. Elsewhere, hydrate occurrence is likely patchy and may be controlled by focussed leakage of thermogenic gas. The proposed presence of hydrates in slope sediments in Taranaki Basin likely affects the stability of the Taranaki shelf margin. While hydrate presence can be a drilling hazard for oil and gas exploration, the proposed presence of gas hydrates opens up a new frontier for exploration of hydrates as an energy source.     

An enigmatic strong reflector on subbottom profiler records from the Black Sea—the top of shallow gas hydrate deposits

An anomalous strong, shallow reflector has been observed in several deep-tow subbottom profiler records in a region of the northern Black Sea characterised by seafloor fluid seeps, mud volcanoes, and the occurrence of gas hydrates. The digital data were processed using adapted seismic processing methods. Synthetic seismograms created to model representative traces from the observed profiles require anomalous alternations of acoustic properties in the upper sediments which can best be explained by interbedded layers of normal sediments and sediments with gas hydrates. The enigmatic strong reflector can be explained by constructive interference of reflections from five of these thin layers. It is proposed that the uppermost region of the gas hydrate stability zone here is represented by thinning layers of interbedded gas hydrates or layers with lower concentrations of gas hydrates.     

Estimation of seismic velocities and gas hydrate concentrations: A case study from the Shenhu area,northern South China Sea

In the Shenhu area of the northern South China Sea (SCS), canyon systems and focused fluid flow systems increase the complexity of the gas hydrate distribution in the region. It also induces difficulties in predicting the hydrate reservoir characteristics and quantitatively evaluating reservoir parameters. In this study, several inversion methods have been executed to estimate the velocities of strata and gas hydrate concentrations along a profile in the Shenhu area. The seismic data were inverted to obtain the reflection coefficient of each stratum via a spectral inversion method. Stratigraphic horizons were then delineated by tracking the inverted reflectivities. Based on the results of spectral inversion, a low-frequency velocity field of the strata was constructed for acoustic impedance inversion. Using a new iterative algorithm for acoustic impedance inversion, reflection coefficients were converted into velocities, and the velocity variations of the strata along a 2D seismic line were then obtained. Subsequently, gas hydrate saturations at well SH2 were estimated via the shale-corrected resistivity method, the chloride ion concentration method and three different rock physics models. The results were then compared to determine the optimal rock physics model, and the modified Wood equation (MWE) was found to be appropriate for this area. Finally, the inverted velocities and MWE were used to predict the distribution and concentrations of gas hydrates along the seismic line. The estimated spatial distribution of gas hydrates is consistent with that from sonic logging and resistivity data at well SH2, and with the drilling results. Therefore, this method is applicable in areas with no well data, or with few wells, and provides an effective tool for predicting and evaluating gas hydrates using seismic data.     

State-of-the-Art of Gas Hydrates and Relative Permeability of Hydrate Bearing Sediments

The methane gas production potential from its hydrates, which are solid clathrates, with methane gas entrapped inside the water molecules, is primarily dependent on permeability characteristics of their bearing sediments. Moreover, the dissociation of gas hydrates, which results in a multi-phase fluid migration through these sediments, becomes mandatory to determine the relative permeability of both gaseous and aqueous fluids corresponding to different hydrate saturations. However, in this context, the major challenges are: (1) obtaining undisturbed in-situ samples bearing gas hydrates; and (2) maintenance of the thermodynamic conditions to counter hydrate dissociation. One of the ways to overcome this situation is synthesis of gas hydrates in laboratory conditions, followed by conducting permeability tests on them. In addition, empirical relationships that relate permeability of the gas hydrate bearing sediments to pore-structure characteristics (viz., pore size distribution and interconnectivity) can also be conceived. With this in view, a comprehensive review of the literature dealing with different techniques adopted by researchers for synthesis of gas hydrates, permeability tests conducted on the sediments bearing them, and analytical and empirical correlations employed for determination of permeability of these sediments was conducted and a brief account of the same is presented in this article.