仿鲨鱼电场探测镍酸钐膜电极海水稳定性及电化学性能分析

本文使用两种厚度镍酸钐膜(30、60 nm),在实海长期浸泡,研究实际稳定性和电化学性能。结果表明镍酸钐膜在海水中长期浸泡,局部有溶蚀现象,对应样品存在失重。循环伏安曲线存在明显的氧化还原峰,30 nm SNO样品氧化还原峰与60 nm SNO样品出峰位置相差约0.2 V,30 nm SNO样品比60 nm SNO样品的交换电流密度大一个数量级,可知30 nm SNO样品电子转移活性更高,更容易发生氧化还原反应。交流阻抗测试结果表明样品存在巨大的电阻变化,30 nm SNO样品比60 nm SNO样品反应更快,电子转移电阻更小。配对电极电场响应测试结果表明响应波形不规则、且漂移较大,两种厚度样品均未能正常响应。     

用于深海极端环境下的pH电极制备方法改进

pH值是表征深海热液环境以及扩散流区域溶液化学性能的基本参数,因此原位精确获取溶液pH值是很多海洋科学研究者关注的问题。以前试制的电化学原位传感器IrOx电极,在实际海试中虽然对海底异常信号有响应,但由于信号漂移问题,电极只能用于定性地发现异常。基于熔融碳酸锂氧化金属原理,提出了改进传统熔融碳酸锂法,并设计了强制空气对流和碳酸锂添加过氧化钠两种制备方法。通过实验室的性能测试以及相应的表面扫描电镜测试表明,用改进的方法制得的电极,校正曲线均符合能斯特定律。用强制空气对流和混合碳酸锂/过氧化钠法制得的电极,其性能均明显优于传统熔融碳酸锂法。可推断,在熔融碳酸锂氧化贵金属铱的过程中,氧含量的充分与否是影响IrOx电极的性能和表面形态的重要因素,其中性能最优的是混合碳酸锂/过氧化钠法制得的电极。该类电极具有如下优点:重复性好;在大跨度pH溶液之间的响应快速稳定,长时间连续监测的漂移小于5 mV;同一批次所制备电极性能几乎相同;使用寿命长等。因此,该pH电极可用于深海的原位探测。该工作为进一步制备高性能的IrOx电极奠定了坚实的基础。     

海水中银-卤化银固溶体参比电极

根据化学海洋学中海水组成保守性和固-液平衡原理,以及海水中银的溶存形式,计算并合成了与天然海水中卤离子呈热力学平衡的卤化银固溶体。以该固溶体作为活性材料制成的全固态银-卤化银电极,对海水中氯离子活度具有理想的Nernst响应。在天然海水中浸泡近四年(1986.1—1989.11)的结果表明,该电极具有良好的化学稳定性和电化学稳定性且不存在电势漂移和光敏现象,是比常规的银-氯化银电极更为理想的参比电极,已成功地用作海洋构筑物阴极保护系统的长寿命参比电极。     

用光纤传感器监测溶解氧

光纤氧传感器通常称为光极(Optrode).它代表了监测海洋和淡水系中溶解氧浓度的一种新技术.与传统的电流电极相比,这种传感器的优点是快速时间响应(＜1s)、信号长期稳定、耗氧量少、抗电磁噪声或由pH的变化造成的干扰、可在疏化物之中,或者在一般量级的有机物污物中显示.     

海洋电场采集电极极差自动补偿方法设计

针对海洋电磁勘探的低频、微弱电场信号采集中电极与放大采集电路的耦合问题,提出了一种支持直流耦合的电极极差自动补偿放大采集电路设计方法,给出了系统设计实现,详细介绍了电极极差自动补偿放大采集电路和自动补偿控制算法.测试结果表明,所设计的电极极差自动补偿方法可将0.1～0.7 mV的电极极差自动补偿至0.043～0.074 mV,均控制在0.1 mV以内,满足了海洋电场采集直流耦合的需求,降低了电场采集电路对不极化Ag/AgC1电极的极差设计要求,可有效应用于海洋低频电场信号采集.     

基于聚二甲基硅氧烷胶与Zn-Al型水滑石复合膜为离子载体的溶解二氧化碳电极及其性能标定

深海探测溶解CO2气体异常.可以为寻找热液口提供一个很好的证据.本文设计的基于自制的聚二甲基硅氧烷胶与Zn-Al型水滑石复合膜为离子载体的溶解CO2探测电极属于电势型CO2电极,适用于对深海中溶解形式的CO2的测量,具有体积微小、便于与pH、盐度、温度、氧化还原电位等多种传感器集成在同一探头腔内,实施在线探测等优点.实验室条件下.将该溶解CO2探测电极与银,氯化银参比电极分别接在Keithley 6517A高阻抗电位计输入端进行测试,测试结果表明:该电极对不同浓度的碳酸氢钠溶液具有良好的响应信号,响应时间大约在30s-1 min.检测限在10-1-10-4mol·L-1.     

离子选择电极测定海洋沉积物中的硼、氟

离子选择电极,是近代迅速发展起来的电化学传感器,已被广泛的应用于各个领域。应用氟硼酸根电极测定钢铁和水中的硼已有报导,但海洋沉积物中电极法测定微量硼的报导甚少。本文研究了同一份试样分取试液,分别应用氟硼酸根电极和氟电极直接电位法     

深海腐蚀检测用水密电子舱设计

设计了一种可在300 m 水深条件下进行腐蚀电化学在线检测作业的水密电子舱, 它主要由耐压水密壳体以及集成在壳体外部的插接件式电极系统和多孔屏蔽罩组成。耐压壳体由圆柱形筒体和加强型平盖构成, 满足设计条件下的强度、密封、防腐要求。三电极系统采用水密接插件式设计, 安装在加强型平盖上; 电极系统与外部多孔罩组成开放屏蔽式电解池, 可在水下进行在线电化学测试。     

经验模式分解对恒电量瞬态响应信号的预处理

应用经验模式分解（EMD）将恒电量瞬态响应信号分解为不同时间尺度的内在模函数（IMF）分量。去除其中的小时间尺度的干扰噪声分量。然后经过拉普拉斯变换获得恒电量频谱以研究电化学腐蚀过程。     

海陆地震联测:相邻地震台站的信号及震相特征对比

2004年作者在香港外海域进行了一次海陆地震联测实验,文章利用此次实验中的两个相邻固定台站珠海台和澳门台所记录的气枪信号数据,从波形、波谱特性和震相等方面分析了相邻地震台站对气枪信号的响应特征.结果显示,来自不同距离处的地震波波形和波谱特征在同一台站上变化不大,但在不同台站上的响应有所差别,珠海台受背景噪声影响更为强烈,其信号波形扰动大,具有较多高频成分,优势频率响应比较尖锐,而澳门台响应则比较平缓.对研究区下方速度结构进行了二维结构模拟,分析了台站附近速度结构对地震波到时的影响.珠海台PmP震相走时相对滞后,由于深圳断裂带穿过两台站之间,其引起的花岗岩基底破碎或上地壳厚度的差异都可能导致珠海台基底地震波速度的降低,这可能也是引起两台站对相同震源信号具有不同波形及波谱响应的因素之一.     

Effect of electrode contact impedance on A.C. electrical properties of a wet hematite sample

Electrode polarization is a major problem in the determination of dielectric properties of samples, particularly at low frequencies. Understanding of these interfacial phenomena is essential in order to measure correctly the electrical properties of a sample of interest. This paper presents a comparative study of the effect of electrode contact impedance on A.C. electrical properties of a partially and fully saturated hematitic sandstone sample. The electrical properties of the sample were first measured using stainless steel electrodes with high contact impedance, and measured again with a four terminal Cu–CuSO₄ electrode of low contact impedance. Complex impedance measurements at room temperature (~16°C) were performed in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. Measured electrical spectra vary strongly with the electrode type. The difference in the electrical properties between the two electrode types (stainless steel and Cu–CuSO₄) may be attributed to the surface contact impedance between the sample and the electrode. Experimental data indicate that the electrical properties vary strongly with water saturation. The dielectric constant decreases with frequency and increases with saturation up to a certain saturation limit then decreases. Charge transport can occur either through the bulk of the solid matrix (hematite or sand) or along the grain boundaries of aggregates (water). When soil minerals are exposed to water, exchangeable ions go into solution. Most of the ionic or covalent bonded rock forming minerals such as quartz, mica, and feldspars are nonconductors. When the surfaces of these minerals come into contact with liquid water, electrolytes are formed and ionic drift associated with the electrical field causes electrical conduction. The anomalous dielectric properties of partially saturated rocks can be interpreted using percolation theory. This theory predicts that when the conductive fraction (water) increases, clustering of conductive inclusions develops, and the thickness of insulating gaps between conductive clusters decreases, causing a large increment in the capacitance of the sample. Further increases in the conductive component causes the shunting of insulating capacitive gaps.     

Dynamic response of a large-diameter pile with variable section in layered saturated soil considering construction disturbance effect

ABSTRACT

An analytical solution is developed in this paper to investigate the vertical time-harmonic response of a large-diameter variable-section pile, and it considers the radial inhomogeneity of the surrounding soil caused by construction disturbance. First, the saturated soil surrounding the pile is described by Biot’s poroelastic theory and a series of infinitesimally thin independent layers along the shaft of the pile, and the pile is represented by a variable-section Rayleigh–Love rod. Then, the dynamic equilibrium equations of the soil and pile are solved to obtain an analytical solution for the impedance function at the pile top using the complex stiffness transfer method and impedance function transfer method. Finally, the proposed solution is compared with previous solutions to verify its reliability, and a parameter study is conducted to provide insights into the sensitivity of the vertical dynamic impedance of the pile and velocity response in low-strain integrity testing on defective piles.     

Vertical dynamic impedance of large-diameter pile considering its transverse inertia effect and construction disturbance effect

The vertical dynamic impedance of the large-diameter pile is theoretically investigated considering the construction disturbance effect. First, the Rayleigh–Love rode model is introduced to simulate the large-diameter pile with the consideration of its transverse inertia effect. The shear complex stiffness transfer model is proposed to simulate the radial inhomogeneity of the pile surrounding soil caused by the construction disturbance effect. Then, the pile–soil system is divided into finite segments, and the governing equation of the pile–soil system subjected to vertical dynamic loading is established. Following this, the analytical solution of vertical dynamic impedance at the pile head is obtained by means of the shear complex stiffness transfer method and the impedance function transfer method. Based on the present solution, a parametric analysis is conducted to investigate the influence of the transverse inertia effect on the vertical dynamic impedance at the pile head and its relationship with the pile–soil parameters. Finally, comparisons with published solutions are carried out to verify the reliability of the present solution.     

Longitudinal dynamic impedance of a static drill rooted nodular pile embedded in layered soil

The static drill rooted nodular (SDRN) pile is a new type of precast pipe pile with equally spaced nodes distributed along the shaft and wrapped by the surrounding cemented soil. In this paper, the longitudinal dynamic response of the SDRN pile embedded in layered soil is investigated with respect to the complexity of the pile body structure and the pile–soil contact condition. First, the shear complex stiffness transfer model is used to simulate the radial inhomogeneity of the surrounding soil. Then, the governing Equations of the pile–soil system subjected to longitudinal dynamic loading are established. The analytical solution for the dynamic response at the pile head is obtained by the shear complex stiffness transfer method and the impedance function transfer method. The degenerate case of the present solution is compared with the published solution to verify its reliability, and the complex impedance of the SDRN pile is compared with that of the precast pipe pile and the bored pile. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of pile–soil parameters on the complex impedance at the pile head within the low frequency range concerned in the design of the dynamic foundation.     

Vertical impedance of tapered piles considering the vertical reaction of surrounding soil and construction disturbance

The pile–soil system is divided into layers of sufficient number such that the shear stiffness at the pile–soil interface can be determined based on the complex stiffness transfer method. The vertical reaction of surrounding soil on the annular projections at the interface of adjacent pile segments is simplified using Voigt model, whose spring and damping coefficients are derived afterward, allowing an amended impedance function transfer method to be proposed. Using the amended impedance function transfer method, the dynamic equilibrium equation of the pile is solved to give an analytical solution for the impedance function at the pile top. By comparing the solution proposed in this paper with other solutions, the superiority of the bearing capacity of a tapered pile is further confirmed. A parameter study is then conducted to give insight into the coupled interaction of the vertical reaction of the surrounding soil with construction disturbance in the low-frequency range concerned in the seismic design of the pile foundations.     

Vertical dynamic impedance of pile considering the dynamic stress diffusion effect of pile end soil

A new analytical model is presented to analyze the dynamic stress diffusion effect of pile end soil on the vertical dynamic impedance of the pile. The surrounding soil of the pile is modeled by using the plane strain model and the pile is simulated by using one-dimensional elastic theory. Finite soil layers below the pile end are modeled as conical fictitious soil pile with stress diffusion angle which reflects the dynamic stress diffusion effect of pile end soil. By means of the Laplace transform and impedance function transfer method, the analytical solution of the vertical dynamic impedance at the pile head in frequency domain is yielded. Then, a comparison with other models is performed to verify the conical fictitious soil pile model. Finally, based on the proposed solution, the selected numerical results are compared to analyze the influence of dynamic stress diffusion effect for different design parameters of the soil-pile system on the vertical dynamic impedance at the pile head.     

InverMod反演技术在PH油气田的应用

PH油气田A油藏埋深较大,储层薄,利用常规波阻抗反演无法有效区分储层。为了能精细的描述储层,指导开发井的布井方向和井型设计,针对PH油气田A油藏的储层特点,利用Jason软件的InverMod反演技术进行储层预测。InverMod反演（测井属性反演）是一种在地质框架模型控制下,用地震资料作约束,以测井资料为主体的储层反演技术。该技术在PH油气田取得了较好的应用效果,反演结果表明A油藏储层非均质性强、横向变化快,成块状分布。储层预测结果与实钻生产井的钻探情况吻合较好,对井位优化、油藏挖潜都有一定的指导作用。     

琼东南盆地北礁地区梅山组丘形反射特征

目前琼东南盆地北礁凹陷中中新统梅山组顶部丘形反射引起广泛关注,但对其成因有不同认识。本文通过高精度二维、三维地震、钻井资料,研究丘形反射的特征。研究表明北礁地区梅山组顶部发育近东西向展布的长条形丘体,丘间为水道,丘内为中-弱振幅的地震反射,与西南部强振幅水道砂岩形成鲜明的对比,波阻抗反演揭示丘内为低波阻抗,属泥岩范畴。梅山组塑性丘内地层发生重力扩展,在其上覆的脆性地层（强振幅砂岩和弱振幅泥岩）发育多边形断层,反推出梅山组形成于深水环境,丘为泥丘,沉积环境分析也认为北礁凹陷中中新世为半深海沉积,梅山组的丘-谷分别对应上覆地层的谷-丘,认为是底流剥蚀/沉积成因。本文的研究对南海北部丘形反射的认识有重要意义,并可降低油气探勘风险。     

Torsional Dynamic Impedance of a Tapered Pile Considering its Construction Disturbance Effect

The dynamic response of a tapered pile (considering its construction disturbance effect) is investigated when the tapered pile is subjected to a time-harmonic torsional loading. For most engineering conditions, the surrounding soil may be weakened or strengthened owing to the construction disturbance effect of the tapered pile, resulting in the soil becoming radially inhomogeneous. In order to consider this problem, the circumferential shear complex stiffness transfer model is proposed to simulate the radial inhomogeneity of soil. Then, the governing equations of a tapered pile-soil system subjected to torsional dynamic loading are established. By virtue of the circumferential shear complex stiffness transfer method and the impedance function transfer method, the analytical solution of torsional dynamic impedance at the head of the tapered pile is derived. Based on the presented solution, the influence of the construction disturbance effect of the surrounding soil on the torsional dynamic impedance at the pile head is investigated within the low-frequency range concerned in the design of a dynamic foundation. The results show that, even if the hardening range and softening range of the surrounding soil vary within a smaller scale, the hardening effect and softening effect also have a notable influence on the torsional dynamic impedance at the pile head.     

东海平湖油气田流体识别方法与应用研究

平湖油气田位于东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷保傲斜坡平湖构造带中段，主要生产层是渐新世花港组油藏和始新世平湖组气藏。传统地质观点认为平湖组为主要气藏，但是实际生产中八角亭BX1井平湖组P11等气层有原油产出，给油气藏的开发带来一定挑战。准确地确定储层的流体性质，不仅对气藏开发方式选择和开发经济政策制定，而且对滚动勘探都具有重要意义。根据气、油和水物理性质之间的差异，利用非电测井信息，基于不同饱和流体岩石具有不同的横波时差、纵波时差、纵波等效弹性模量、流体密度、流体时差和流体声阻抗，结合其它测井手段，有效识别了平湖油气田AX9井、BX8井、BX1井和PX9井储层的流体性质。识别结果与实际生产状况基本一致，说明该方法在平湖油气田流体识别方面具有良好的应用效果。