浅层地震记录中多次反射折射波的识别和消除

在反射地震记录中,特别是浅层反射地震记录中,常常出现浅层多次反射、折射波。它们的存在,会影响浅层有效反射波的识别。如果在资料处理中不将它们消除,将会影响地震成果剖面的正确解释。文中就多次反射、折射波的识别和消除进行了讨论。     

用于地学研究的小宽线深反射地震技术

深反射地震方法分辨率高、准确可靠,是用于地学研究的一种有效方法技术。本文系统地讨论了一种实用、有效的深反射地震技术—小宽线反射地震技术,把该技术应用于东秦岭深反射地震调查中,取得了很好的成果。     

海洋地震变深度电缆采集数据的频谱分析及消除鬼波研究

为拓宽有利于地震成像的频带范围,特别是拓宽对中深层地质构造成像有利的低频,物探工程师提出和改进了很多采集技术与方法,其中较为成功的技术是斜缆宽频采集技术,其原理是斜缆采集使得虚反射的陷波频率点不同。笔者重点分析了变深度电缆对地震资料频谱特征尤其是低频的影响,提出振幅曲线的陡度函数是测量信号在低频端丰富程度的有效方法,并通过模型正演比较了由等深的水平缆和变深度的斜缆采集的地震道频谱特征;然后针对虚反射引起的鬼波难题,采用修改的线性最小平方Radon变换方程来消除虚反射产生的鬼波,然后分别应用于正演模型和实际的南海斜缆地震资料,均取得较好的去鬼波效果。     

地面地震层析成像和高分辨率地震联合勘探技术

由于金属矿区地质构造的复杂性,地震反射方法在金属矿区的应用效果一般较差.为解决金属矿勘查中的方法技术问题,开展了地面地震层析成像和高分辨率地震联合勘探的方法技术研究.试验研究结果表明,地震层析成像技术不但可弥补反射地震资料在探测浅表层方面的不足,而且还可为反射地震资料的静校正和偏移处理提供有用的速度信息,从而提高反射地震资料的处理效果;该联合勘探技术可解决从地表至数千米深度范围内的地质构造问题.     

地震海洋学研究进展

传统船舶调查获取海洋水体温盐资料的方法在水平方向上分辨率较低,而用反射地震探测海洋水体特性的方法--地震海洋学,能有效提高海水温盐资料在水平方向上的分辨率.概述了近5年来地震海洋学的发展过程,重点介绍了地震海洋学方法在海洋锋面观测、水团边界划分、海洋内波分析、中尺度涡旋等方面的研究成果,以及AVO、全波形反演等反射地震处理方法在海洋水体特性研究中的应用.比较了地震海洋学方法与声层析技术、高频声技术等声学方法应用于海洋水体特性研究的异同.并展望了下一步研究工作的重点:①有关地震反射剖面的各种参数与海洋水体温盐结构物理模型的联系及其定量分析;②以研究海洋水体特性为目标的地震反射剖面的处理方法;③海洋地震调查历史数据的应用.     

Shearlet域尺度角度自适应深反射地震数据随机噪声压制方法

深反射地震探测技术是研究地球深部地质结构最为有效的手段之一。受大地滤波作用的影响,地震波能量成指数衰减,造成深层有效反射能量弱,受背景噪声干扰严重,难以实现深部地质结构的准确成像。本文通过研究深反射地震数据在Shearlet域中各个尺度角度上有效信号和随机噪声的分布差异,发现在不同的尺度角度上地震信号受随机噪声的影响程度不同。进一步将深反射地震数据尺度角度域中的信噪比、Shearlet系数二范数及随机噪声残差作为阈值的估计参数,实现随尺度角度自适应的随机噪声压制方法,最大限度地去除随机噪声的影响。通过理论模型数据和实际深反射地震数据测试,验证了Shearlet域自适应阈值随机噪声压制方法可以有效地去除随机噪声干扰,提升地震剖面的整体信噪比,实现深层微弱反射信号的精准成像。     

地震相分析在深反射地震勘探资料解释中的应用

作者对INDEPTH项目深所射地震剖面的细致研究发现,在深反射地震剖面上不仅仅强反射同相轴可以反映地壳深部的结构、构造特征,而且其上的地震相特征在上、中、下地壳也有一定的差异.通过将地震相分析引入深反射地震勘探的研究中,可以利用地震相特征的差异对深反射地震剖面进行充分解释,为深部工作中的地壳结构、构造特征研究提供更丰富、可靠的资料基础.      

中国大陆科学钻探孔区反射地震剖面的数值模拟与分析

本初步分析了苏鲁超高压变质带大陆科学钻探孔区的地震波速度结构，在此基础上对在东海孔区三维反射地震勘探过井孔的NNW-SSE主剖面和该周围地区的DH99二维反射地震剖面进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明，数值理论模拟结果与三维反射主剖面地震波到时吻合良好，模拟法能实现有效的时深转换，也表明数值模拟中采用的速度结构是合理的。东海钻井孔区实施反射地震勘测，所得地震记录剖面图是单一P波记录，在超高压变质岩区反射地震记录图中S波的影响甚微。DH99二维反射地震剖面的模拟结果表明东海孔区2000米深度以上的密度，波速结构不随深度加大而变化；而且苏鲁超高压变质岩区地表浅层的地震波速和密度较高，是高速高密地区。岩心结果反映的反射地震阻抗差大的地段，数值模拟的理论剖面上强反射面与孔区反射地震剖面图中的强反射体基本吻合．它意味着在非沉积层的结晶岩区，反射地震勘测手段是研究地下复杂结构的有效方法。数值模拟方法可以进一步提取地震反射记录信息，是利用地震反射方法研究地球构造的一种有效的方法。     

用微机系统改进浅层高分辨率地震反射方法

记录设备动态范围的增在和数据处理软，硬件成本的下降使得地震反射方法在环境场地划分等地质目标体推断上成为一种卓有效的方法。近年来，使用便携微机地震仪采用数据并采用普通８０４８６ＰＣ机处理浅层地震反射数据，以环境，地质技术和地下水等单方面的应用表明了该方法解决关键地质科学问题的可行性。     

广西南宁盆地下第三系地震年代地层学研究

地震反射追随年代地层的对比关系,使得地震反射对比关系具有年代地层学意义,本文论述地震反射界面的年代地层学意义,介绍层序年代剖面图的制作方法,并以广西南宁盆地下第三系地震年代地层学研究为例,对层序年代进行了推断。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)