用微痕量金属分析仪(AS-01型)同时测定痕量锌、镉、铅、铜

本文对悬汞电极微分脉冲极谱溶出法的各种条件及对痕量锌、镉、铅、铜的同时测定进行了研究。在设定的电镀电压和时间里,把金属离子电解并富集在工作电极悬汞电极上,当电势消除时,通过示差脉冲测出流经电极的氧化电流,每种金属的氧化电流表现为峰值电流,即波峰高度作为测定金属离子浓度的根据。方法快速灵敏,再现性良好。     

高精度地下水示踪技术及其应用——以毛村地下河流域为例

笔者以桂林毛村岩溶地下河流域的示踪试验为例, 探索高精度地下水示踪方法在岩溶水文地质研究中的应用。实践证明, 该方法较传统示踪方法具有较大优势。试验中, 从地下河主出口回收I号示踪剂为34%, 地下水平均流速为35.3 m/h, 全部回收率约为60%~70%。示踪结果证实毛村地下河流域具有典型河间地块特征, 存在多个排泄出口, 水文地质边界较复杂; 主出口处示踪剂浓度变化呈宽域多峰, 说明具有多管道、沿途多个较大溶潭特征; II号示踪剂在所有接收点都没有收到, 其原因较为复杂和不确定。枯季部分地下水有沿西南方向断层排泄迹象, 雨季是否存在较大径流, 还需用示踪试验来证实; 流量不均衡, 排泄区可能存在潜流。     

2.5次微分极谱溶出伏安法测定土壤中的镉＊

本文报告在悬汞电极上,用2.5次微分极谱阳极溶出伏安法测定环境标准参考物质——北京土壤中镉含量的方法。在0.37mol/L氨缓冲液-0.05mol/L KCl底液中,镉有一个良好的溶出极谱峰,其线性范围为1～100ng/ml,检测限为lng/g。土壤样品干燥后在聚四氟乙烯高压治解瓶中,用硝酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸消化(在180℃的空气浴中进行),蒸干后用0.01mol/L硝酸溶解、定容再加入底液进行测定。铅、铜、锌、铬、铁等不干扰测定。     

矿石中微量镉的催化示波极谱测定——四乙基碘铵化—碘化钾—醋酸醋酸钠体系

在四乙基碘化铵—碘化钾—醋酸—醋酸钠体系中测定镉2.0×10~(-2)微克/毫升—1.6微克/毫升中,峰高与浓度呈线性关系,峰电位在-0.70伏左右(饱和甘汞电极)。30多种共存元素在一定范围内不干扰测定.本法应用于矿石中微量镉的催化示波极谱测定,结果满意.     

在线技术在岩溶地下水示踪试验中的应用—— 以青木关地下河系统岩口落水洞至姜家泉段为例

在岩溶水文地质调查的基础上 ,采用高分辨率野外自动化荧光仪、人工取样和放置活性炭的方法 ,对青木关地下河系统投放的示踪剂荧光素钠接收情况进行检测。 结果表明: ( 1)姜家泉是青木关地下河系统的主要出口 ,岩口落水洞投放的示踪剂在姜家泉的回收量为 93. 9% ,初现时间为 33. 3h ,地下水最大视流速为222. 2m /h,平均视流速为 176. 6m /h,众数视流速为 172. 1m /h,说明本试验段内地下径流为典型的紊流流态 ,岩溶含水介质极不均匀 ,可能有规模较大且无岔道的岩溶管道存在 ; ( 2)岩口落水洞与大木水窝泉、纸厂泉没有直接的水力联系 ,出口姜家泉与纸厂泉也无直接的水力联系; ( 3)野外自动化荧光仪精度和自动化程度高 ,携带方便 ,大大节约了试验成本 ,在我国西南岩溶区的地下水示踪试验中具有较大的推广和应用价值。      

计时电位溶出法同时测定样品中铜和铋

探讨了以预镀汞膜破碳电极为工作电极,同时测定锑类金属及其氧化物和硫化物中铜、铋的计时电位溶出法的适宜条件;试验了酸介质和常见元素对测定的影响;选择了仪器的最佳工作条件。结果表明,在０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣ１－０．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ抗坏血酸底液中,相对饱和氯化钾甘汞电极,铜与铋的溶出峰电位分别为－０．２０Ｖ和－０．１０Ｖ,分辨效果较好。在测定条件下,铜和铋的线性范围分别为０～３００ｕｇ／Ｌ和０～８０ｕｇ／Ｌ     

应用ip/t_p~(2/3)—Ei曲线判断极谱电流的性质

在极谱分析中,判断所产生的极谱电流的性质已成为不可缺少的研究内容之一。前人为研究极谱基本理论已提出一系列的实验方法,人们从介质pH、缓冲溶液性质,电活性物质浓度、表面活性物质、温度及(经典极谱上)汞柱高度等因素对极谱电流的影响以及由电毛细管曲线和i—t曲线形状的变化来判断极谱电流的性质。 示波极谱技术的出现使极谱分析得到进一步发展。目前我国已全面普及示波极谱分析方法。许多新的极谱分析方法的研究和应用(包括催化极谱、络合物吸附波)均在示波极谱仪上进行。示波极谱有不同于经典极谱的特点(如外加电压的快速扫描,单汞滴的电极过程等),因此在应用前人的实验方法来研究电极过程时应注意所采用的极谱技术。 应用示波极谱来判断所研究的极谱电流性质早已引起人们的重视亚提出相应的实验方法,如从示波极谱波形状的差异,阴阳极化曲线的峰电流及峰电位的不同,lgi—lgv(v为     

宜万铁路野三关隧道“8.5”突水事故成因分析

2007年8月5日宜(昌)万(州)铁路野三关隧道发生了重大的岩溶突水事故.在岩溶水文地质调查的基础上,对野三关隧道所处流域两个主要岩溶洼地以NaCl为示踪剂进行了充水水源和充水途径的示踪试验.两次示踪试验结果查明水洞坪岩溶洼地是"8.5"突水事故的主要水源,茅口组灰岩中发育的周家包暗河被F18断裂切割,将暗河水导入隧道形成突水事故.稻子坪的水在隧道突水段西以渗-涌水的形式进入隧道.水洞坪示踪实验得出二叠系栖霞-茅口组岩溶含水层中的地下水流速为50 m/h.稻子坪示踪试验得到茅口组灰岩含水层中的地下水流速为45.5 m/h;大冶组灰岩含水层中的地下水流速为10.8 m/h.本示踪结果为宜万铁路野三关隧道的后期恢复施工和防渗工作提供了依据,并为岩溶地区深埋隧道的设计和施工提供了试验和分析工作的实例参考.     

一滴汞脉冲极谱法测定矿石中痕量铀

本文报道了在pH5.5的PMBP-醋酸-醋酸钠复合支持电解质中,铀酰离子于E_p=-0.57V(S.C.E.)处产生一灵敏的极谱催化波。本文对铀在此体系中的极谱催化波进行了初步探讨,选择了极谱催化波的底液条件,研究了影响催化电流的因素和波的性质,并用该法测定了矿石中痕量铀。     

天然荧光物质作为岩溶地下水的示踪剂研究——以湖北清江和尚洞为例

天然荧光物质作为岩溶地下水的示踪剂的相关报道较少。在详细研究了湖北清江和尚洞岩溶滴水中荧光物质的光谱特征及其季节变化的基础上,探讨了天然荧光物质作为岩溶示踪剂的可行性。研究结果表明,和尚洞岩溶滴水中的主要荧光物质是富里酸,其特征波长对为: 激发波长304nm,发射波长407nm。在年季旋回中,荧光强度与滴水的氧同位素组成有一致的季节变化( r = 0. 539, p >0. 99)。滴水δ18O和荧光强度峰值( 5月,初夏)出现明显滞后于补给水(冬季降水) ,两者的时间差指示了岩溶水的滞留。因此,天然荧光物质作为一种新型的地下水的示踪剂,具有灵敏、经济及环保等特点,特别适合源头未知的岩溶水示踪。      

Characterizing groundwater flow in a faulted karst system using optical brighteners from septic systems as tracers

This study used optical brighteners (OB) released from septic systems to show that groundwater flow direction is largely controlled by the structural framework in a faulted karst groundwater system. Effective protection of groundwater resources requires that groundwater systems are adequately characterized and source water protection areas (SWPA) are developed for drinking water wells. Karst aquifers are among the most sensitive to contamination due to high recharge rates, and among the most difficult aquifers to characterize due to heterogeneity, and anisotropy. Because septic systems may be used to treat wastewater within SWPAs for karst aquifers there is a need to characterize these groundwater systems using tracers. The objective of this study was to characterize groundwater flow in a faulted portion of the Edwards aquifer in Bexar County, Texas using OB that are released as incidental tracers from septic systems. This study included measurement of water levels, sampling of groundwater and surface water, analysis for OB, and spatial analysis in a GIS. Results show that OB intensities were highest to the southwest of the septic area, a direction that is sub-parallel to the fault and fracture orientation and nearly perpendicular to the hydraulic gradient. This indicates that movement of OB, solutes, or non-aqueous liquids/solids in a faulted karst system can be largely controlled by fault/fracture orientation and structural relay ramps.     

Chemical parameters as natural tracers in hydrogeology: a case study of Louros karst system,Greece

The Louros Basin hosts one of the most important karst systems of Epirus Prefecture (Greece) and plays a key role in supplying three counties with drinking water. Aiming to investigate the origin of groundwater and its flow patterns, a multi-tracer approach was used to describe and evaluate the hydrogeology of the system. Therefore, 271 surface water and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters, major ions, and trace and rare earth elements, as well as stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δ²H). These data provided meaningful tracing of the water origin, water–rock interaction processes, and relationships among the aquifers. In particular, the elaboration of the major ions supported by the distribution of rare earth elements indicated that there are three aquifers located at different levels hosted in the Senonian and Pantokrator limestone formations. These aquifers are hydraulically interconnected by a cascade and constitute the Louros karst system which is drained by the homonymous river. Hydrochemical and isotopic data revealed that the Louros karst system is isolated from the adjacent northern Ioannina Basin and it is being recharged by precipitation. Higher groundwater salinity, where present, is mainly associated with increased water–rock interaction due to longer and deeper hydrologic flow, favoring the dissolution of evaporitic, carbonate and phosphate minerals.     

Investigation of young water inflow in karst aquifers using SF6–CFC–3H/He–85Kr–39Ar and stable isotope components

Karst aquifers are known for their wide distribution of water transfer velocities. From this observation, a multiple geochemical tracer approach seems to be particularly well suited to provide a significant assessment of groundwater flows, but the choice of adapted tracers is essential. In this study, several common tracers in karst aquifers such as physicochemical parameters, major ions, stable isotopes, and δ¹³C to more specific tracers such as dating tracers – ¹⁴C, ³H, ³H–³He, CFC-12, SF₆ and ⁸⁵Kr, and ³⁹Ar – were used, in a fractured karstic carbonated aquifer located in Burgundy (France). The information carried by each tracer and the best sampling strategy are compared on the basis of geochemical monitoring done during several recharge events and over longer time periods (months to years).This study’s results demonstrate that at the seasonal and recharge event time scale, the variability of concentrations is low for most tracers due to the broad spectrum of groundwater mixings. The tracers used traditionally for the study of karst aquifers, i.e., physicochemical parameters and major ions, efficiently describe hydrological processes such as the direct and differed recharge, but require being monitored at short time steps during recharge events to be maximized. From stable isotopes, tritium, and Cl⁻ contents, the proportion of the fast direct recharge by the largest porosity was estimated using a binary mixing model. The use of tracers such as CFC-12, SF₆, and ⁸⁵Kr in karst aquifers provides additional information, notably an estimation of apparent age, but they require good preliminary knowledge of the karst system to interpret the results suitably. The CFC-12 and SF₆ methods efficiently determine the apparent age of baseflow, but it is preferable to sample the groundwater during the recharge event. Furthermore, these methods are based on different assumptions such as regional enrichment in atmospheric SF₆, excess air, and flow models among others. ⁸⁵Kr and ³⁹Ar concentrations can potentially provide a more direct estimation of groundwater residence time. Conversely, the ³H–³He method is inefficient in the karst aquifer for dating due to ³He degassing.     

Major ions in typical subterranean rivers and their anthropogenic impacts in southwest karst areas,China

Subterranean rivers contain much of the groundwater in karst and supply many local people in southwest China. The quality of groundwater in subterranean rivers is of concern because of its sensitivity to anthropogenic activity. Groundwater samples in a rural catchment were collected at the discharge point, and the concentrations of major ions including potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate and bicarbonate were analyzed in this study. Rainfall and discharge were also observed at the same time. It could be concluded from the data that the concentrations of sulfate and nitrate had a peak in the rainy season when the concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were low. The concentrations of potassium and chloride changed randomly throughout the year. The concentration of major ions in flood process was not completely controlled by discharge. Only the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate had obviously increased during the past two decades. It was believed that dilution, eluviation, karst erosion and anthropogenic activity can explain the ion variations and hence this study helps to understand environmental problem in karst.     

溴酚蓝-过氧化氢催化动力学体系光度法测定痕量铜

在pH=4.5的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液介质中,以溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)为增敏剂,痕量Cu(Ⅱ)能催化过氧化氢氧化溴酚蓝使之褪色,据此用于测定痕量铜。讨论了介质、试剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、表面活性剂及其共存离子的影响,确定测定波长为593 nm及最佳实验条件,测得反应表观活化能为90.3kJ/mol。在优化条件下,方法检出限为0.646 ng/mL,Cu(Ⅱ)的质量浓度在0～0.064μg/mL范围内与lg(A0/A)呈良好的线性关系,大多数常见元素不干扰测定。方法用于煤样中痕量铜的分析,5次测定的相对标准偏差小于3.1%,加标回收率在92.7%～107.0%,测定结果与原子吸收光谱法的结果一致。     

A DNA tracer used in column tests for hydrogeology applications

Tracing techniques are commonly used to investigate groundwater quality and dynamics, as well as to measure the hydrogeological parameters of aquifers. The last decade has seen a growing interest in environmentally friendly tracers, including single-stranded DNA molecules. In this study, an electrolytic tracer and a synthetic DNA tracer are comparatively evaluated in laboratory scale tests to assess their potential application in field studies aimed at investigating groundwater environments. A real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction assay was developed and optimized to detect and quantify the DNA tracer, while tracer column tests were performed to investigate the DNA tracer behavior and to compare it to the electrolytic tracer. The results show that the DNA tracer has an almost pure convective flow, while the KCl tracer experiences dispersive behavior. The tracing method proposed can be applied in hydrogeological field studies involving calcareous fractured rock systems, with the DNA tracer particularly suitable in tracing karst systems, which are often characterized by several conduits of flow. To test the DNA tracer in operation, a preliminary test was conducted in the field.     

恒电位阳极溶出法处理汞膏

在恒电位模式下,利用电解槽,采用阳极溶出法,以汞为阳极,对汞膏的处理回收进行了生产试验,共处理汞膏 441.6 kg,回收纯汞 398 kg,回收率达 90.1 %.结果表明,恒电位阳极溶出法是处理汞膏的一种较为经济有效的方法.     

The vulnerability of karst springs—a case study of the Hubelj spring (SW Slovenia)

The hydraulic behaviour of the karst aquifer in the Hubelj spring catchment area (SW Slovenia) was studied by using an indirect research method based on natural tracers. The variations of natural tracers (in precipitation and in groundwater) during the storm event made possible the separation of the Hubelj spring storm hydrograph by the three-component separation technique. The results produced information on the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on the mechanisms that affected them. They verified the so-called epikarst hypothesis presuming that an important part of a karst aquifer recharge reaches rapidly and intensively from the epikarst zone. It was demonstrated that epikarst water could occupy up to 50% of the spring discharge during precipitation events. This phenomenon could have important consequences on protection and management of the problems of karst aquifers, including engineering problems in karst areas. With this respect the results could give way to new engineering ideas.     

利用催化动力学原理测定化探样中微量碘的含量

在HAc-NaAc形成的中性缓冲溶液体系中,利用碘的催化动力学原理,使N-N-四甲基-4-4-二氨基二苯甲烷与氯胺T的氧化反应,生成蓝色络合物来测定地探样中微量碘的含量。通过实验,最佳试剂加入量为8%的HAc溶液5mL,8%的Na2CO3溶液3mL,0.1%的N-N-四甲基-4-4-二氨基二苯甲烷溶液5mL所组成的溶液体系中,在加入0.1%的氯胺T1mL显色后,其测定结果准确度、精密度高,检出限低,测定化探样中微量碘时该方法可以推广应用。     

A groundwater tracing investigation as an aid of locating groundwater monitoring stations on the Mitchell Plain of southern Indiana

. A groundwater tracing study was conducted on the Mitchell Plain of southern Indiana to aid in the design of a karst groundwater monitoring program for a proposed landfill facility. Fluorescein and rhodamine WT dyes were introduced into sinkholes at the project site. On-site fluorometric analyses and concentration-dependent sampling were utilized at springs and a local stream for data resolution while minimizing delays between tracing events. As a result of this investigation, springs including a submerged spring that drain groundwater from the site have been identified and two groundwater monitoring stations have been established. The submerged spring was discovered in the streambed at intersections between prominent joints and solution-enlarged bedding-plane partings. It could not have been identified readily during a typical karst hydrogeologic inventory, nor would it have been detected by analyzing charcoal dye receptors with a spectrofluorophotometer.