渤海冰-海洋耦合模式Ⅱ.个例试验

以渤海1998~1999和2000~2001年度冬季的海冰发展过程为例,采用实时气象数值预报场作为大气强迫,利用渤海冰海洋耦合模式模拟渤海整个冬季的海冰生消和演变以及渤海冰季冰气、冰水和气水界面的热收支.模拟结果显示大气和海洋的热力效应对渤海的海冰发展非常重要,特别在海冰的冻结和融化阶段,海洋热通量在热力耦合中起着重要作用.模拟还显示了冰覆盖内部区域和冰外缘线附近不同的热力特征,分析讨论了冰区内和冰边缘两个特征点冰厚分布、界面热量收支和海表水温等.     

渤海冰-海洋耦合模式Ⅰ.模式和参数研究

在国内外冰-海洋耦合模式研究基础上,根据渤海水文、气象和冰情特点,以国家海洋环境预报中心的渤海海冰预报模式和POM海洋模式为基础,开发了一个冰-海洋耦合模式.在该耦合模式中,冰和海洋之间的动量和热量交换是双向的,冰厚和冰密集度的变化不仅由冰表面和冰底的热收支决定,还由开阔水的表面热收支决定.侧重阐述了耦合模式的动力和热力学过程的耦合,并对模式中一些热力参数进行了讨论.     

海冰模式和数值预报

根据渤海冰情,在海冰动力学和热力学研究基础上,提出一种海冰动力一热力模式。该模式包括平整冰、堆积冰和开阔水三要素,采用粘一塑性本构关系计算冰内应力。利用参数化方法处理变形函数和热力增长率。该冰模式与潮流模式耦合研究渤海冰－潮相互作用,并与ＥＣＯＭ－Ｓｉ海洋模式耦合进行预报试验。该冰模式与大气模式联接,或应用气象部门数值天气预报产品进行海冰业务数值预报。本文还给出了预报结果。     

渤海冰-海洋耦合模式——I．模式和参数研究

在国内外冰-海洋耦合模式研究基础上，根据渤海水文、气象和冰情特点，以国家海洋环境预报中心的渤海海冰预报模式和POM海洋模式为基础，开发了一个冰-海洋耦合模式．在该耦合模式中，冰和海洋之间的动量和热量交换是双向的，冰厚和冰密集度的变化不仅由冰表面和冰底的热收支决定，还由开阔水的表面热收支决定．侧重阐述了耦合模式的动力和热力学过程的耦合，并对模式中一些热力参数进行了讨论．     

渤海海冰季节演变的数值模拟

MM5数值产品作为大气强迫,利用冰-海洋耦合模式模拟2003～2004冬季渤海海冰演变过程。与海冰遥感、海洋站监测资料等实测资料相比,初冰日和终冰日和观测数据比较接近,模拟海冰各个发展阶段主要分布特征和MODIS遥感图像相似,但模拟的海冰厚度与辽东湾93平台、202平台的冰厚观测数据相比存在较大出入,说明该模型还有待改善。总体上看,冰-海洋耦合模式基本具备模拟渤海海冰季节演变过程的能力。     

普里兹湾海冰季节性变化的高分辨率数值模拟

普里兹湾海冰以一年冰为主,海冰覆盖存在较大的季节性变化.海冰的分布及其季节性变化主要受当地大气环流及海流的影响.基于一个海洋-海冰耦和模式,模拟研究了该海区海冰的季节性变化特征.海洋模式基于MIT环流模式(MITgcm),海冰动力学模式参考Hibler类型的VP模型,热力学过程取自Winton三层模型.模式区域覆盖整个...     

渤海海冰漂移数值研究

本文利用海冰－海洋动力耦合模式对渤海典型天气形势下海冰动力过程作了数值模拟，海冰模式建立在动量和质量守恒基础上，忽略了海冰变化的热力过程。海冰厚度被划分为三类：堆积冰、平整冰和开阔冰，冰的形变由一个厚度的重新分布约束条件确定。海洋模式是一个二维风暴潮模式．同时考虑了潮汐的作用。风场资料来自于沿岸气象观测站每日四次的风观测，计算网格是十分之一经纬度。主要的分析和模拟是在大气和海洋共同作用下海冰的漂流特点。观测结果比较表明，数值模拟结果基本上反映了该海域流冰的漂移性质，同时也可为短期冰情预报提供有益的参考。     

波生运动和波湍相互作用对海洋上混合层影响的数值探究

本文将波生运动和波湍相互作作用的参数化方案嵌入一维垂向混合模式GOTM中,并与不考虑波浪效应以及仅考虑波浪破碎的试验结果进行对比,发现不考虑波浪效应时,海表温度模拟结果偏高,混合层深度模拟结果偏浅,偏差在夏季尤其明显。波浪破碎对湍流的增强作用仅限于上层几米甚至仅限于表层,对整个混合层的温度分布和混合层深度影响不大。波生运动和波湍相互作用则有效增强海洋上层的湍流强度,改善模式高估海表温度而低估混合层深度的问题,温度分布模拟结果降低了上层温度同时增大了次表层温度,与观测更加相符。波生运动和波湍相互作用增大了海洋上层的湍流剪切生成项、湍动能、耗散率和湍流输运系数,两者对上混合层的温度分布、湍流强度和湍流输运作用的改善结果十分相似。波生运动和波湍相互作用的影响在冬季并不明显,此时可能有其他混合机制占主导地位。     

实验室模拟海水结冰装置与试验

研究海冰的声学探测技术需要实际海冰和低温环境。介绍了设计制造模拟海水结冰的试验装置的方法。采用人工制冷技术在实验室环境下实现了封闭容器里海水表面冻结一定厚度的海冰。试验结果表明，将容器中接近冰点的海水持续冻结32h后，海冰的厚度达到20cm。对容器里的海冰进行了声波信号探测冰水界面的试验，为测冰声呐技术研究和测冰试验创造了有利条件。     

基于CESM1.2.2模拟的浪致混合对末次冰盛期和工业革命前气候的影响

海洋上层垂向混合在模式中发挥重要的作用,以往的研究表明垂向混合的不足使得模拟的海洋温度和混合层深度与观测存在显著偏差。前人提出一种修正方案,考虑波浪产生的垂向混合,将由表面风作用下产生的波浪这样一个实际物理过程的湍混合进行参数化,其结果被证实能够显著提高模式模拟和预报的准确性。本文首次将浪致混合引入海气耦合的古气候模式,基于末次冰盛期和工业革命前2种不同的气候条件,探究浪致混合在海气耦合模式中的作用。在不同气候背景下,由于风场强度的不同,导致末次冰盛期浪致混合的强度小于工业革命前,但2个气候时期都体现出中纬度混合强度最大的特点。将浪致混合加入到气候模式中,模拟结果表明：中纬度海域2个时期都出现海表面降温而次表层升温的现象,但末次冰盛期的表面降温强度弱于工业革命前状态;不同月份下的模拟结果显示,在南北半球的夏季,海洋表层温度的降温最为显著。中纬度海域海洋上混合层深度在年平均条件下2个气候背景时期都出现加深现象,但末次冰盛期的加深程度弱于工业革命前;不同月份下的模拟结果显示,在南北半球的冬季,混合层加深的变化达到极值。另一方面,在高纬度海域,末次冰盛期的海表面温度出现了显著升高,这是由于浪致混合导致海冰的减少进而引发海洋表层升温。最后将末次冰盛期的模拟结果与代用资料进对比,发现浪致混合使得72%的数据点模拟结果与代用数据的差异减少。     

A coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea Ⅱ. Case study

The coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea is used for simulating the freezing, melting, and variation of ice cover and the heat balance at the sea-ice, air-ice, and air-sea interfaces of the Bohai Sea during the entire winter in 1998～1999 and 2000～2001. The coupled model is forced by real time numerical weather prediction fields. The results show that the thermodynamic effects of atmosphere and ocean are very important for the evolvement of ice in the Bohai Sea, especially in the period of ice freezing and melting. Ocean heat flux plays a key role in the thermodynamic coupling. The simulation also presents the different thermodynamic features in the ice covered region and the marginal ice zone. Ice thickness, heat budget at the interface, and surface sea temperature, etc. between the two representative points are discussed.     

A coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea Ⅱ. Case study

The coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea is used for simulating the freezing, melting, and variation of ice cover and the heat balance at the sea-ice, air-ice, and air-sea interfaces of the Bohai Sea during the entire winter in 1998-1999 and 2000-2001. The coupled model is forced by real time numerical weather prediction fields. The results show that the thermodynamic effects of atmosphere and ocean are very important for the evolvement of ice in the Bohai Sea, especially in the period of ice freezing and melting. Ocean heat flux plays a key role in the thermodynamic coupling. The simulation also presents the different thermodynamic features in the ice covered region and the marginal ice zone. Ice thickness, heat budget at the interface, and surface sea temperature, etc. between the two representative points are discussed.     

两种盐度参数化方案在海冰模式中的应用比较

本文详细介绍了SIS海冰模式中引进两种盐度参数化方案即等盐度方案和盐度廓线方案对海冰模拟所存在的差异。利用盐度廓线方案导出的表征盐度与海冰温度间关系的方程比等盐度方案多出一项,将定义为盐度差异项。盐度差异项对海冰厚度的热力作用表现为：在海冰厚度增长季节（11月到次年5月）,盐度差异项通过升高海冰内部温度,抑制海冰增长;在消融的第一阶段（6．8月）,盐度差异项通过升高海冰内部温度加快海冰消融;在消融的第二阶段（9．10月）,盐度差异项通过降低海冰内部的温度抑制海冰消融。但尺度分析表明,盐度差异项要比方程中队海冰温度作用最大项小1．2个量级,如果采用一级近似,可以略去盐度差异项,因此盐度差异项对海冰增长和消融影响很小。同时利用冰洋耦合模式（ModularOceanModel,MOM4）,分别采用两种盐度参数化方案模拟北极海冰厚度和海冰密集度的季节性变化,模拟结果也表明两种方案模拟得到的海冰厚度和海冰密集度的季节性变化相差甚小。     

北极海冰密集度数值预报及验证评估研究

本文系统地评估了国家海洋环境预报中心于我国第七次北极科学考察期间开展的北极海冰密集度数值预报结果。该预报系统基于麻省理工大学通用环流模式，并采用牛顿松弛逼近（Nudging）资料同化方法，计算输出未来1~5 d的北极海冰密集度预报产品。本文将数值预报结果同卫星观测的海冰密集度、再分析资料和"雪龙"号第七次北极考察期间观测的海冰密集度数据进行了对比分析。结果表明，预报的北极海冰密集度小于卫星观测值，24 h、72 h和120 h预报结果的偏差分别为-2.7%、-3.1%和-3.2%；数值产品的预报技巧好于气候态结果和惯性预报，但是在海冰出现快速融化或冻结时，基于Nudging同化的数值预报技巧仍有不足。另外，相比船测数据，数值预报结果在海冰边缘区的偏差相对较大，24 h、72 h和120 h预报结果的偏差分别为8.8%、12.0%和14.5%。     

Observations and modeling of the ice-ocean conditions in the coastal Chukchi and Beaufort Seas

The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas include several important hydrological features： inflow of the Pacific water, Alaska coast current （ ACC ）, the seasonal to perennial sea ice cover, and landfast ice ＇along the Alaskan coast. The dynamics of this coupled ice-ocean system is important for both regional scale oceanography and large-scale global climate change research. A mumber of moorings were deployed in the area by JAMSTEC since 1992, and the data revealed highly variable characteristics of the hydrological environment. A regional high-resolution coupled ice-ocean model of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas was established to simulate the ice-ocean environment and unique seasonal landfast ice in the coastal Beaufort Sea. The model results reproduced the Beaufort gyre and the ACC. The depthaveraged annual mean ocean currents along the Beaufort Sea coast and shelf hreak compared well with data from four moored ADCPs, but the simulated velocity had smaller standard deviations, which indicate small-scale eddies were frequent in the region. The model resuits captured the sea,real variations of sea ice area as compared with remote sensing data, and the simulated sea ice velocity showed an ahnost stationary area along the Beaufort Sea coast that was similar to the observed landfast ice extent. It is the combined effects of the weak oceanic current near the coast, a prevailing wind with an onshore component, the opposite direction of the ocean current, and the blocking hy the coastline that make the Beaufort Sea coastal areas prone to the formation of landfast ice.     

雪热传导系数与穿过海冰的热通量研究

雪热传导系数是海冰质量平衡过程中的重要物理参数，决定了穿透海冰的热传导通量。北冰洋海冰质量平衡浮标观测获得多年冰上冬季温度链剖面可以明显地区分冰雪界面。本文考虑到冰雪界面处温度随时间变化，再根据冰雪界面热传导通量连续假定，提出了新的雪热传导系数计算方法。受不同环境因素影响，多年冰上各个浮标的雪热传导系数在0.23~0.41 W/（m·K）之间，均值为（0.32±0.08） W/（m·K）。北冰洋多年冰上冬季穿过海冰的热传导通量最大发生在11月至翌年3月，约14~16 W/m2。结冰季节，来自海冰自身降温的热量对穿过海冰向大气传输的热量贡献逐月减少，从9月100%减小到12月的35%，翌年的1月至3月稳定在10%左右。夏季，短波辐射通能量通过热传导自上而下加热海冰，海冰上层温度高于下层，热量传播方向与冬季反向，往海冰内部传递。直到9月短波辐射完全消失，气温下降，热量再次转变为自下往上传递。从冰底热传导来看，夏季出现海冰向冰水界面传递热量现象。由于雪较好的绝热性，冰上覆雪极大地削弱了海冰上层热传导通量，从而减缓了秋冬季节的结冰速度。尽管受雪厚影响，多年冰上层热传导通量与气温依旧具有很好的线性关系，气温每降低1℃，热传导通量增加约0.59 W/m2。     

Interaction of an anticyclonic eddy with sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean: an eddy-resolving model study

The dramatic decline of summer sea ice extent and thickness has been witnessed in the western Arctic Ocean in recent decades, which hasmotivated scientists to search for possible factors driving the sea ice variability. An eddy-resolving, ice-ocean coupled model covering the entire Arctic Ocean is implemented, with focus on the western Arctic Ocean. Special attention is paid to the summer Alaskan coastal current (ACC), which has a high temperature (up to 5℃ ormore) in the upper layer due to the solar radiation over the open water at the lower latitude. Downstream of the ACC after Barrow Point, a surface-intensified anticyclonic eddy is frequently generated and propagate towards the Canada Basin during the summer season when sea ice has retreated away from the coast. Such an eddy has a warm core, and its source is high-temperature ACC water. A typical warm-core eddy is traced. It is trapped just below summer sea ice melt water and has a thickness about 60 m. Temperature in the eddy core reaches 2-3℃, and most water inside the eddy has a temperature over 1℃. With a definition of the eddy boundary, an eddy heat is calculated, which can melt 1 600 km² of 1mthick sea ice under extreme conditions.     

A coupled ice-ocean model for the Bohai Sea Ⅰ. Study on model and parameter

According to the earlier international studies on the coupled ice-ocean model and the hydrology, meteorology, and ice features in the Bohai Sea, a coupled ice-ocean model is developed based on the National Marine Environment Forecast Center‘ s (NMEFC) numerical forecasting ice model of the Bohai Sea and the Princeton ocean model (POM). In the coupled model, the transfer of momentum and heat between ocean and ice is two-way, and the change of ice thickness and concentration depends on heat budget not only at the surface and bottom of ice, but also at the surface of open water between ices. The dynamic and thermodynamic coupling process is expatiated emphatically. Some thermodynamic parameters are discussed as well.