海面风速微波散射测量与分析

为了深入研究海面风的微波散射特性 ,利用海洋石油平台和飞机作为仪器的工作平台 ,对海面微波散射特性进行了测量 ,并应用统计分析方法 ,对测量数据作处理分析。结果表明 ,海面微波后向散射系数 (σ°)值与海面风速成线性关系 ,随风速增大而增大。同时 ,σ°值与夹角及散射计天线入射角、极化方式有关。结合对海面微波散射算法中 Phillips模式的分析比较 ,得到 Phillips模式的计算值与实测值变化趋势一致的结果     

各向异性海面全极化微波双站散射的仿真与分析

为了解各向异性随机粗糙海面的微波双站散射机制及其特性，本文利用解析近似的积分方程模型以及一种改进的半经验海浪谱模型实现了对各向异性随机粗糙海面的全极化微波散射仿真模拟，并与卫星观测数据、经验的地球物理模式函数及已有的解析近似散射模型仿真结果进行了对比，验证了仿真结果的可行性和准确性。利用该模型分析了入射波频率、入射角、极化方式、海面风速及风向等参数对各向异性海面双站散射的影响。模拟结果表明，在不同的入射角、散射角及方位角等观测几何条件下，海面不同波段的双站散射表现出不同的空间散射特性，且对风速、风向等海面动力学参数表现出不同的敏感性，以L波段为例，海面向后半球双站散射在各个极化方式下都对风速较为敏感，而在同极化方式下，其对风向的响应在中低风速和高风速条件下相反，整体而言，低风速下海面双站散射对风向更为敏感。这表明对于海面动力参数的反演，双站散射可以提供比传统单站雷达后向散射更丰富的物理信息。本文探讨了各向异性海面微波双站散射特性，为基于主动式及分布式微波传感器的海洋动力参数遥感反演提供了理论分析基础。     

一种温度相关的HY-2A散射计地球物理模型函数

利用散射计测量海面后向散射系数, 并通过地球物理模型函数(geophysical model function, GMF)反演得到海面风场。目前散射计风场反演所采用的GMF一般只考虑雷达极化方式、雷达入射角、风速和相对风向对海面后向散射系数的影响, 而相关研究表明海表温度(sea surface temperature, SST)对Ku波段散射计风场反演具有不可忽略的影响。文章利用海洋二号A卫星散射计(Haiyang-2A Scatterometer, HY2A-SCAT)后向散射系数观测值、欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF )再分析风矢量和SST数据, 采用人工神经网络方法, 建立起一种SST相关的GMF (TNGMF)。对TNGMF进行分析后发现, 海面后向散射系数随着SST的增加而增加, 并且其增加幅度与雷达极化方式、风速有关。为了对比, 文章使用相同数据集和相同方法建立了不包含SST的GMF (NGMF), 将美国国家航天航空局散射计-2 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scatterometer-2, NSCAT2) GMF、TNGMF和NGMF分别用于HY2A-SCAT风场反演实验。试验结果表明, 采用NSCAT2 GMF、NGMF反演得到的风速在低温时系统性偏小, 在高温时系统性偏大; 而TNGMF可较好地纠正SST对风速偏差均值的影响, 从而提高反演风场质量。     

复合雷达后向散射模型与合成孔径雷达、散射计和高度计海面雷达后向散射观测的比较分析

海洋微波散射模型相比于以经验统计建立的地球物理模式函数具有不受特定微波频率限制的优势。组合布拉格散射模型和几何光学模型形成了复合雷达后向散射模型。利用南海北部气象浮标2014年海面风速风向实测值作为散射模型输入，分别比较了复合雷达后向散射模型与RADARSAT-2卫星C波段SAR、HY-2A卫星Ku波段微波散射计的海面后向散射系数，偏差分别为(?0.22±1.88) dB (SAR)、(0.33±2.71) dB (散射计VV极化）和(?1.35±2.88) dB (散射计HH极化)；以美国浮标数据中心(NDBC)浮标2011年10月1日至2014年9月30日共3年的海面风速、风向实测值作为散射模型输入，分别比较了复合雷达后向散射模型与Jason-2、HY-2A卫星Ku波段高度计海面后向散射系数，偏差分别为(1.01±1.15) dB和(1.12±1.29) dB。中等入射角和垂直入射下的卫星传感器后向散射系数观测值与复合雷达后向散射模型模拟值比较，具有不同的偏差，但具有相同的海面风速检验精度，均方根误差小于1.71 m/s。结果表明，复合雷达后向散射模型可模拟计算星载SAR、散射计和高度计观测条件下的海面雷达后向散射系数，且与CMOD5、NSCAT-2、高度计业务化海面风速反演的地球物理模式函数的计算结果具有一致性；复合雷达后向散射模型可用于微波遥感器的定标与检验、海面雷达后向散射的模拟。     

基于SAR图像雨团足印的海面风向提取方法

利用地球物理模式函数进行SAR海面风速反演时，需以风向作为地球物理模式函数的输入。本文应用了一种利用SAR图像上雨团足印顺风一侧比逆风一侧明亮的图像特征的海面风向提取方法，以进行海面风速反演。4景RADARSAT-2卫星SAR示例数据风向提取结果相对于ASCAT散射计的风向均方根误差满足不大于16°。分别以本文方法提取的风向和ASCAT散射计风向作为输入，利用地球物理模式函数CMOD5进行海面风速的SAR反演，两者的风速反演结果基本一致，其均方根误差差值不超过0.3 m/s。本文利用SAR图像雨团足印信息的风向提取方法准确可靠，可应用于SAR海面风速反演。     

具有A.K.Fung 海谱的粗糙海面电磁散射的微扰法研究

运用微扰法研究了平面电磁波入射随机粗糙面的电磁散射问题,得到了具有A.K.Fung海谱的粗糙海面散射截面的数学表达式,进一步得出了不同极化状态下散射系数的计算公式.通过数值计算得到了双站和单站两种情形下散射系数随散射角、风速、入射波频率变化的曲线,讨论了粗糙面高度起伏均方根、海水温度、风速、入射波频率对散射系数的影响,...     

海面风场与3.2厘米微波散射特性的研究

海面风场遥感的基础工作之一是微波散射特性的研究。美国于一九七八年发射了一颗海洋卫星Seasat-A[3],卫星上载有微波散射计,它被用来遥感全球风场,其测量风速范围为3—25m/s,测风速的精度为±2m/s或±10%,海面上分辨率达50公里。在海洋卫星发射以前,他们对海面风速与海面微波散射特性之间的关系已作了充分的研究,这样才能判读星载或机载上所得到的遥感数据。国外在这方面做了大量的工作,积累了大量的数据。例如,美国学者格兰特和易普利将雷达散射计架在桥上俯视河水,找出了3.2厘米、1.25厘米、8.6毫米海面回波与风速的函数关系[1]。     

全极化X波段雷达掠散射海面回波统计分布特征研究

尽管复Wishart分布已被广泛应用于SAR数据统计分析，然而该分布函数却很少被用来研究雷达海面掠散射回波时间序列的统计特征。本文通过分析IPIX雷达海面掠散射回波数据发现：大尺度海浪遮挡区的雷达回波能量很低，主要是雷达系统噪声，如果将该部分低能量回波数据剔除以后，真实海面的IPIX 雷达回波时间序列数据亦满足圆高斯分布，因此，IPIX 雷达海面回波的时间序列数据也必然满足复Wishart分布。在此，我们基于Wishart分布模型分别对全极化IPIX 雷达不同极化通道数据的海面回波时间序列数据进行了统计研究，并推导给出了不同通道数据协方差矩阵元素实部、虚部及相位差等参数的统计分布函数模型。通过与雷达测量数据比计较可见，推导所得理论统计模型与实际测量数据吻合很好。本文所得结论对进一步深入理解掠散射海面雷达回波的统计特征具有一定理论意义。     

用星载微波散射计测量海洋风场的反演方法研究

Seasat-A卫星散射计(SASS)成功地测量了全球海洋上的风矢量场.其技术基础基于微波后向散射对由海表面风产生的海面厘米级波的敏感性.由于后向散射是各向异性的,所以可以从而个或更多的天线方位角的测量中反演出风速、风向由于散射物理模型函数的非线性及信号中噪声的存在,使得风场反演中存在风向多解.本文给出了一种从SASS测量的后向散射强度的数据中反演出大尺度海洋风场的新的方法,计算结果与Petecherych等[5]利用SASS表面风分析的结果比较在风向上是吻合的,在风速上我们得到的结果更接近于表面真实风速.     

基于文氏改进谱二维海面的电磁散射计算与数据对比

基于文氏谱的功率谱理论,结合Donelan分布函数与文氏方向谱的对比结论,提出了一种基于文氏改进谱的二维粗糙海面模型。在经典的双尺度法计算电磁散射的基础上,将二维随机粗糙海面的电磁散射计算结果与Nathanson数据进行对比,分析了不同海况、擦地角、入射频率下,两种极化方式时文氏改进谱二维随机粗糙海面的电磁散射特性。     

我国正在加紧制定南极旅游相关规范

据《中国海洋报》消息，为更好地履行作为《南极条约》和《关于环境保护的南极条约议定书》缔约国义务，规范我国公民在南极的活动，我国有关部门正在加紧制定规范管理南极活动的行政法规。[第一段]     

Coupling winds to ocean surface currents over the global ocean

A Wind stress–Current Coupled System (WCCS) consisting of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and an improved wind stress algorithm based on Donelan et al. [Donelan, W.M., Drennan, Katsaros, K.B., 1997. The air–sea momentum flux in mixed wind sea and swell conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2087–2099] is developed by using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). The WCCS is applied to the global ocean to study the interactions between the wind stress and the ocean surface currents. In this study, the ocean surface current velocity is taken into consideration in the wind stress calculation and air–sea heat flux calculation. The wind stress that contains the effect of ocean surface current velocity will be used to force the HYCOM. The results indicate that the ocean surface velocity exerts an important influence on the wind stress, which, in turn, significantly affects the global ocean surface currents, air–sea heat fluxes, and the thickness of ocean surface boundary layer. Comparison with the TOGA TAO buoy data, the sea surface temperature from the wind–current coupled simulation showed noticeable improvement over the stand-alone HYCOM simulation.     

海洋开发对中国涉海职业变动的影响

采用实证研究方法，对近年来公布的海洋统计数字进行了分析，总结出中国涉海职业变动呈现的新特点：传统捕捞业萎缩，渔民大批转产；新兴涉海职业增长迅速；涉海职业变动存在年龄和地区性差异；涉海职业随着产业结构调整而变动。进一步分析了促成涉海职业变动的原因主要在于：海洋开发促进人口流动，使人们有了选择新职业的可能；海洋产业规模扩大，吸收大量劳动力；新兴海洋产业不断涌现，促进了新兴海洋职业产生，并使海洋职业向专业化方向发展。指出海洋开发对涉海职业变动产生了深刻的影响，这种职业变动使沿海社会更加充满活力，是海洋开发社会效益的具体体现。     

About ocean lithodynamics

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National ocean policy—new opportunities for Malaysian ocean development

Being a littoral state, Malaysian maritime sectors provide the basis for the growth and development of marine-related activities. As the country enters the new millennium along with the ‘2020 Vision’ which serves as the basic template against which the economic performance of these sectors should be judged, it poses a new challenge for Malaysia in developing these sectors. This paper attempts to address three basic issues: Firstly, is there any national ocean policy in place? Secondly, are the maritime sectors adequately organized to play an important role in achieving the objectives? Thirdly, what are the opportunities available in developing the ocean?It can be seen that existing policies to develop comprehensive ocean governance have not received the full attention they deserve. Organizational structures governing the ocean for implementing national policies are well in place but in a fragmented and uncoordinated fashion. As a result, sectoral and intersectoral management problems were created such as multiple-use conflicts, overlapping of jurisdiction and duplication of efforts. Environmental problems have also not been properly addressed. A few sectors have been identified as offering opportunities to further develop the Malaysian maritime areas. Among these are marine education and human resources development, marine tourism and the seafood industry.     

The regional approach to the ocean, the ocean regions, and ocean regionalisation—a post-modern dilemma

Essentially, this paper aims at considering how the ocean regionalisation may be implemented focusing on the principle of sustainable development, on the subsequent criteria designed by the inter-governmental organisation framework, and on the approaches from the scientific literature. In this respect, a model is proposed, according to which two main stages are identified: (i) the stage of the modern approach to the ocean, which was operated by the modern society and was supported by the culture of modernity; (ii) the stage of the post-modern approach, which has been triggered by the converging inputs from the changes in society and nature. The watershed between these two stages may be located in the 1970s. The investigation may be carried out considering a triangular relationship between (i) the changing ocean reality (ontological dimension), (ii) the representation of this reality (semiological dimension), and (iii) the building up of signified, consisting in theories, meta-theories and values (epistemological and ethical dimensions). In this framework, special relevance is attributed to the interaction between science and policy.Moving from this basis, how ocean regionalisation had been conceived by oceanography, geography and law is considered focusing on the implications that have arisen in terms of ocean management. Analysis is essentially focused on three questions: (i) how much the conceptual implications of the approach to the ocean regional scale have been underestimated, and how ample the political consequences have been; (ii) why the political designs referring to this spatial scale of the ocean, which have been carrying out since the 1970s, have been marked by a lack of consistency of the legal framework with the prospect of operating sustainable management programmes; (iii) whether, and what kind of, discrepancy has solidified between the legal framework, provided by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the ecosystem-oriented approach to the ocean, designed by the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).These considerations lead to identify three cardinal needs. First, the need to try lessons from the Regional Seas Programme of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by carrying out a critical analysis of the conceptual background and methodological endowment which it was based on, and of the subsequent political outcomes. Secondly, an increasing need for scientific approaches supported by the consideration of the ocean as a bi-modular system consisting in ecosystems and organisational patterns, being both modules subject to the impacts from global change and globalisation. Thirdly, a need to design and operate a more effective interaction between science and policy, and, as far as science in itself is concerned, the need to design a more epistemologically-sound interaction between natural and social disciplines.Moving from this discussion, it is proposed to distinguish the mere ocean area, where the organisational patterns have not yet created a real ocean system, from the ocean region, which differently has acquired the features of an ocean system. These two kinds of spaces may be found in the coastal milieu, extending up to the outer edge of the continental margin, in the deep-ocean, extending seawards from the continental margin, or they may extend across the continental margin and the deep-ocean. Where it is agreed that ocean reality may evolve on the basis of these two reference patterns, the following sequence of conceptual mises-au-point and statements may be considered.

• The ocean area—This kind of ocean space may solidify in those areas where the ocean is frequented and used in the traditional ways without benefiting from a well-designed organisational pattern. Human presence and resource uses have brought about spatial differentiation but not such a real cohesion which may be only achieved by adopting an organisational plan.

• The ocean region—This occurs only where an ocean area is endowed with such an organisational framework that allows the pursuit of clearly pre-determined objectives in terms of environmental, resource management, and economic development. This is the product of an extensive human interaction with the ocean ecosystem, and of a substantial political approach to the ocean milieu.

Where it is agreed that ocean reality may evolve on the basis of these two reference patterns, the following sequence of conceptual mises-au-point and statements may be considered:

• The ocean region and regional strategy—At the present time, ocean regions may be found only in quite limited parts of the ocean world.

• The final objective—Where the decision-making centres conform their programmes and actions to the principles and guidelines from UNCED, the objective of each ocean region should be the pursuit of sustainable development on the regional scale.

• Sustainable region—This occurs where the regional organisation is primarily based on the protection of the ecosystem integrity, where economic development operates through the optimisation of resource usage, and where social equity, including the access to the natural and cultural heritage of the ocean environment, is guaranteed.

• Ocean regionalisation—When an individual ocean is subject to the organisational forces that lead to the creation of regions, it can be stated that an ocean regionalisation has occurred.

• Global change—Ocean regionalisation should be viewed as one of the most important consequences of the global, environmental and social change that characterises the present phase of society.

• Globalisation—The setting up of a transport and communication global network, together with the associated establishment of global production and consume patterns, of market strategies and social behaviour, may be regarded as the cardinal set of socio-economic factors, which ocean regionalisation is going to increasingly depend on.

• Enlargement of the geographical approach—The development of ocean regions encourages to set up effective inter-disciplinary approaches, that primarily should focus on: (i) the consistency of the regional organisation with the regional objectives; (ii) the consistency of the ocean resource use with the protection of the ecosystem, primarily the safeguard of its biodiversity, productivity and resilience; and (iii) the configuration and functions of the decision-making system in guiding regional organisation.

• Ocean region and ecosystem—The most desirable conditions in terms of optimal ocean organisation on the regional scale occur where the spatial extent of the ocean, which is encompassed by an individual regional management programme, fully coincides with the spatial extent of an ocean ecosystem, or with a set of contiguous ecosystems.

• Decision-making systems—The more the co-operative process between decision-making systems operating in contiguous ocean regions develops, the greater the potential for a holistic political approach to the oceans becomes. The spatial consequences deriving from the interaction between the decision-making centres are of peculiar interest.

OBS海洋环境信号分析与应用

为研究海洋环境信号在OBS(Ocean Bottom Seismograph)原始数据中的规律及应用,根据OBS原始数据的波形及频谱特征,将研究区划分为5个时间段,依次为旧涌浪阶段、风浪渐强阶段、风浪全盛阶段、风浪消退阶段和新涌浪阶段。结合海洋天气预报,认为上述现象是由偏南风风浪对海流的影响造成的。参考野外地震数据采集记录班报,得到各阶段的时长和距离,计算风浪渐强、全盛和消退阶段OBS附近海流的平均速度。结果表明:OBS原始资料中浅海海洋环境噪音增强的主要因素是风浪,且风浪引起的噪音信号的波形变化特征是渐进式的;OBS可用于接收某种特殊阶段(如台风、海啸等)的噪音信号,并根据噪音信号的波形特征、频谱变化规律和持续时间估算该阶段的海流速度变化。     

The Oregon ocean resources management program: a state-level ocean management initiative

The state of Oregon has instituted an ocean resources management program within state government. The program, enacted by the state legislature in 1987 and amended in 1991, is a component of the statewide land-use planning program and coastal management program developed in the early 1970s. Politically the ocean program has roots in strong public interest in protecting coastal resources from destruction or degradation. This paper reviews the history of the development of the program, describes key elements, highlights some distinguishing program characteristics, sketches the ocean governance relationships that now exist off Oregon and lists some practical examples of what the program has accomplished. Finally, the paper includes some observations that may provide perspective for others contemplating a state ocean management program.