基于再分析数据的南海三维温盐结构特征分析

掌握南海三维温盐场特征对于研究南海海洋动力环境及其对海洋气候变化的影响具有重要意义。基于海洋再分析数据GLORYS12V1和AVHRR OISST数据,开展了南海温盐空间分布及季节变化分析,以及海表温度对台风过程的响应特征分析。分析结果表明：南海海表温度一般为25～32℃,最高温度出现在8月的黄岩岛附近海域,海表盐度一般为32～35 psu,最高盐度出现在7月的东海附近海域;温盐垂向结构表现为表层高温低盐,随着深度增加温盐季节性变化越小。南海地区温跃层深度存在明显季节变化特征,秋冬季节温跃层深度大于春夏两季。根据“威马逊”台风期间海表温度变化特征分析海表温度对台风过程的响应,台风期间南海水体垂向混合作用增强,海表温度降温明显。     

南海上层盐度对台风“莎莉嘉”的响应研究

"莎莉嘉(1621号)"是2016年的超强台风,本文利用高分辨率下的海气耦合模式COAWST再现了这个台风过程,并结合台风过境时间段内5d一次的ARGO数据综合分析了台风过境所引起的南海上层盐度的变化规律。研究结果表明,台风对海洋的影响作用具有一定的延迟性和持续性,约在台风中心过境1d后盐度变化达到最大值。台风过境总体上会使海区内上层盐度升高,最高可达0.4左右,台风路径右侧盐度升高幅度大于左侧,具有明显的右偏性,盐度变化中心相对台风路径偏移距离约50km。影响海洋上层盐度变化的因素有:台风强度、盐度分布结构和降水。台风强度越大,蒸发、抽吸和混合作用越强,盐度变化越大。台风会引起海洋盐度分布结构水平和垂向的显著改变,使高盐区或低盐区发生显著转变。而降水则会使上层盐度降低,所以台风过境海区内的盐度变化是多种因素共同作用的结果。     

连续两次台风过境对东海北部水环境及初级生产力的影响

台风是影响东海最严重的自然灾害之一。本文在现场观测基础上,结合遥感与模型数据,研究了连续两个台风过境对东海北部水环境及初级生产力的影响。研究结果表明:连续两个台风过境情况下,虽然前面台风有助于后续台风对海洋上层进行垂直混合作用,但它对后续台风过后海洋表层温度(SST)的降低以及初级生产力的增加却起到了削弱作用;除了加强垂向混合过程,台风也可以改变海洋上层的平流输运过程,受此影响,部分海区上层温度、盐度以及叶绿素在台风后重新分布;台风对海区次表层叶绿素浓度的改变程度明显高于表层,某些站位次表层叶绿素最大值(SCM)在台风刚过后被破坏,一段时间后SCM又重新出现,而且层内叶绿素浓度远高于台风前水平。     

海洋近表层流和上层温盐对1215号台风“天秤”的响应

本研究采用漂流浮标数据、多种卫星数据及全球高分辨率的温盐剖面数据,探讨海洋近表层流和上层温盐对1215号台风"天秤"的响应。在距离强台风"天秤"中心的50km处测到了2.3m?s?1的近表层流速,但在其他类似情况下测到的流速却不足1m?s?1,表现出较大的差异。其原因为:位于冷暖水团交汇锋面区的漂流浮标流向多变,因而平均流速较慢。此外,在强台风过境后1~2d过境轨迹的两边和强台风过境后5~6d过境轨迹右边的海洋上层均发生了强烈的垂直混合,使得温度降低,盐度增加;混合层以下均表现出明显的上升流特征,说明台风的气旋式应力引起了海洋温跃层的强烈抬升,对上层海洋起到"冷抽吸"的作用。     

台风“杜鹃”对西太平洋上层温度的影响研究

本文利用海气耦合模式COAWST模拟了2015年的1521号超强台风"杜鹃",并结合再分析资料综合分析了台风过境期间西太平洋上层温度的变化规律。研究结果表明台风过境会使海区内上层温度降低,最大降温可达5-6℃,降温范围直径可达上百千米,台风路径右侧温度降低幅度大于左侧,具有明显的右偏性,路径两侧降温最大差异可达4-5℃。台风过境的引起了海水的垂直混合,"冷抽吸"作用将下层温度低的海水混合到海洋上层,影响深度可达200m。海洋上层温度对台风的响应速度与深度密切相关,深度越小,响应速度越快。台风经过后造成的降温区,约在7-15d内恢复到台风经过前的温度。     

南海西北部上层海洋对台风“杜苏芮”的响应分析

基于锚碇观测资料，本文分析了南海西北部陆坡区上层海洋对台风“杜苏芮”的动力学和热力学响应特征。在动力学响应方面，台风“杜苏芮”期间上层流速显著增强，混合层纬向流速可达1.20 m/s；“杜苏芮”经过后上层海水运动以近惯性振荡为主(流向顺时针旋转周期在36～40 h之间)。近惯性能量在垂向分布上存在两个高值中心，分别位于混合层和温跃层深度上。近惯性能量耗散过程的e折时间尺度约为3.7 d，我们认为能量的向下传播在局地近惯性能量衰减过程中起主要作用。对能量谱的分析表明，“杜苏芮”作用期间近惯性频率能量相对于其作用前增大了约29.4倍，而全日和半日频率(K₁和M₂)能量有所减弱。此外，能量谱显示近惯性频率存在明显的“蓝移”现象，即对于纬向和经向流速分量在400 m以浅平均的近惯性振荡频率分别为1.167 f₀和1.170 f₀(f₀为局地惯性频率)。蓝移与近惯性内波的向下传播及正的相对涡度的输入有关。在热力学响应方面，上层海洋在台风的搅拌作用下，40～250 m深度均出现较小增温，最大增温幅度接近1°C；此外70 m以浅盐度的降低可能与台风过境时的降水相关，而Ekman抽吸引起的上升流则可能对70～100 m深度盐度的升高具有重要作用。     

南海反气旋涡旋温度细结构特征分析

基于水下滑翔机观测资料,对南海北部一个反气旋涡旋的温度细结构进行了特征分析.温度细结构强度由温度的脉动值确定,并随着尺度的增加呈指数衰减.在垂直方向上,细结构强度随着深度的加深而减弱,细结构特征在海洋表层(0～100m)和表层以下(＞100 m)存在显著区别.表层内,垂向混合和水平混合对细结构强度均有贡献,细结构强度大...     

台风过境对黄海冷水团及其环流结构的影响

台风能够对黄海的水文结构及人民群众的生产生活产生重要的影响,严重威胁了人们的生命财产安全。利用ROMS(regional ocean modeling system)模式,分析了台风"灿鸿"在过境黄海期间对黄海温度及环流结构的影响过程。结果表明,台风期间强烈的风致混合能够使温跃层的深度增大,强度减弱,同时,使得近岸的底层温度迅速升高,推动底层的温度锋面向黄海内区移动。台风过境也会对黄海冷水团环流产生重要的影响,台风过境前,混合层中的北向流会迅速加深增强,同时伴随着混合层及温跃层的下移,从而使得黄海冷水团环流的流核下移至跃层以下。当台风过境时,黄海上空的气旋式风场会加剧黄海上层的气旋式环流,导致黄海冷水团环流的流幅及流量迅速增加。当台风登陆后,黄海上层的温度及黄海冷水团环流的结构开始逐渐恢复。     

南海东北部上层海洋对台风“莲花”的响应

台风过境会引起所经海域海洋环境要素场剧烈响应。本文通过分析南海东北部上层海域各要素对2015年第10号台风"莲花"的响应过程,发现以下规律:台风过境期间,海表温度(SST)影响台风的移动路径和强度,两次显著的台风移动方向偏转均发生在台风下垫面温度发生显著改变的条件下。台风吸收海表热量引起SST降低0～1.5℃,而这种热量(以短波辐射和潜热通量为主的海表净热通量)吸收引起的海表失热每秒可达60 W/m2,对台风移动过程产生影响。同时,台风过境时(7月6—9日)的SST降低与失热变化都存在一定的"左偏性"。台风引起的Ekman抽吸速率最高可达1.6×10-3m/s,引起台风过后(7月9日之后) SST的降低。通过对海面10 m风场、海表温度、降雨量进行EOF分析发现:风场在南海东北部海域呈东西反位相分布,风场增强持续时间约5天,具有显著"右偏性"且近岸的局部风场特征明显;降雨量在台风期间呈全域一致性的增加,持续时长约4天,具有显著"左偏性"且在吕宋岛北部局部降雨特征明显;SST在南海东北部绝大部分海域呈降温态势,时长超过8天,降温时间滞后风场约2～3天。整个降温过程(7月5—15日)受Ekman抽吸作用较海表失热作用更大,表现为在台风右侧降温更为显著。同时,台风移动速度越慢,降温效果越明显。台风过境时,粤东离岸流显著增强,上升流区的垂直温度降幅可达2.5℃且滞后流场响应约1～2天;垂直盐度降幅可达1.3 psu且滞后流场响应约2～3天。总体上看,温度在台风响应过程中起着重要的联结作用。     

南海北部上层海洋变化的定点观测分析

对南海季风试验(CSMEX)加密观测期(IOP)“实验3”号船在南海北部获得的CTD温盐和声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)海流等观测资料进行分析,给出东沙群岛西南部大陆坡附近IOP两个阶段定点观测的海洋分量部分结果,通过分析海水的动力、热力学结构,描述夏季风暴发、维持期间该测站上层海洋的变化,讨论近表面水的温度、盐度和海流对海面风场的响应.     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

中国海洋腹足类分类学研究进展——纪念中国科学院海洋研究所建所70周年

中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来，在海洋贝类分类学研究领域取得了长足发展与进步，做出一系列开创性研究成果。本文综述了建所以来我所海洋腹足类分类学研究方面的主要进展，概述了取得的主要科研成果，分析了现代腹足类分类学研究的发展趋势以及面临的挑战，并对今后的发展提出了相应对策和建议。     

Mesozooplankton in the Arctic Ocean in summer

The biomass, species and chemical composition of the mesozooplankton and their impact on lower food levels were estimated along a transect across the Arctic Ocean. Mesozooplankton biomass in the upper 200 m of the water column was significantly higher (19–42 mg DW m^-3) than has previously been reported for the Arctic Ocean, and it reached a maximum at ca. 87°N in the Amundsen Basin. The lowest values were recorded in the Chukchi Sea and Nansen Basin, where ice cover was lower (50–80%) than in the central Arctic Ocean. In the deeper strata (200–500 m) of the Canadian and Eurasian Basins, the biomass was always much lower (4.35–16.44 mg DW m^-3). The C/N (g/g) ratio for the mesozooplankton population was high (6.5–8.5) but within the documented range. These high values (when compared to 4.5 at lower latitudes) may be explained by the high lipid content. Mesozooplankton accounted for approximately 40% of the total particulate organic carbon in the upper 100 m of the water column. Mesozooplankton species composition was homogeneous along the transect, consisting mainly of copepods (70–90% of the total number). It was dominated by four large copepod species (Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, C. finmarchicus and Metridia longa), which together accounted for more than 80% of the total biomass. According to measurements of gut pigment and gut turnover rates, the mesozooplankton on average ingested between 6 and 30% of their body carbon per day as phytoplankton. Microzooplankton may have provided an additional source of energy for the mesozooplankton community. These data emphasize the importance of mesozooplankton in the arctic food web and reinforce the idea that the Arctic Ocean should no longer be considered to be a “biological desert”.     

微生物对土壤中镉的固定作用

镉是一种重要的环境污染物,它通过沉淀作用、磷酸肥料的使用等排放到农田中。由于镉具有较高的蒸气压,因此,人为排放的镉大部分来自工业的挥发。排放到大气中的镉通过沉积作用转移到植物、土壤及水体中。在污染的土壤中镉被植物吸收并且在植物体内富集,通过这种机制镉进入了食物链。镉是一种诱导有机体突变的物质,能对动物和人类产生有害影响,并能够抑制植物的光合作用,因此,环境中镉的存在一直被人们所关注。     

海水双壳类受精生物学研究进展

1 研究概况,在海水双壳类中开展的大量受精生物学研究表明,绝大部分的海水双壳类为卵生型,雌雄配子被排放到海水中完成受精。排放的卵子处于第一次减数分裂前期(生发泡期)或中期。精子入卵后,受精卵恢复减数分裂,先后排放出两个极体,形成雌雄原核并最终启动卵裂。